CHAPTER THREE
Unbound Pavement Materials
1
Unbound Pavement
Materials
• The choice of pavement material is largely
depends on the type and cost of natural
materials locally available.
• A thorough assessment of the local
resources in road making materials is
essential to select the most economical
pavement.
2
Uses of unbound pavement
materials
• Base course
• Sub base course
• Wearing course (For gravel roads)
• Selected fill (Capping layer)
3
Uses of unbound pavement
materials
4
Aggregate Processing
• Excavation
• Transportation
• Crushing
• Sizing
5
Excavation
* Natural sands and gravels
- Underwater sources
+ Rivers & lakes
+ Barge-mounted dredges, draglines,
scoop, conveyors, or pumps
+ Relatively clean
- Land sources
+ Gravel or sand pits
+ Bucket loader
6
Excavation
7
Excavation
* Crushed stone and rock
- Rock depths < 50 ft., overburden washed
out during processing
- Rock depths > 50 ft., remove overburden
+ Soil stripped with bulldozers
and scrapers
- Blasting required
8
Excavation
NCAT 9
Crushing
NCAT 10
Crushing
River Gravel Partially Crushed
River Gravel
NCAT 11
Transportation
NCAT 12
Transportation
NCAT 13
Transportation
14
Sizing
15
Stockpiling
* Prevent segregation and contamination
* Good stockpiling = uniform gradations
- Short drop distances
- Minimize moving
- Don't use "single cone" method
- Separate stockpiles
16
Stockpiling
17
Aggregate Properties
Toughness
Soundness
Gradation
Deleterious Materials
18
Tests on Aggregates
• Gradation tests
• Atterberg limit tests(SL, LL, PL, PI)
• Compaction tests
• CBR test
• Losangeles Abrasion
• Aggregate crushing value
• Flakiness index test
• Aggregate impact test
• Soundness Test
19
Definitions
* Coarse Aggregate
- Retained on 4.75 mm (No. 4) ASTM D692
- Retained on 2.38 mm (No. 8) Asphalt Institute
- Retained on 2.00 mm (No. 10) HMA Book
* Fine Aggregate.
- Passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) ASTM D1073
- Passing 2.38 mm (No. 8) Asphalt Institute
* Mineral Filler
- At least 70% Pass. 0.075 mm ASTM D242
20
Toughness
* Los Angeles Abrasion (AASHTO T96, ASTM C131):
Resistance of coarse agg to abrasion and
mechanical degradation during handling,
construction and use
* Aggregate at standard gradation subjected to
damage by rolling with prescribed number of steel
balls in large drum for a given number of rotations
* Result expressed as % changes in original weight
21
LA Abrasion Test
- Approx. 10% loss for extremely hard igneous rocks
- Approx. 60% loss for soft limestones and sandstones
22
Soundness
* Estimates resistance to weathering .
* Simulates freeze/thaw action by successively wetting
and drying aggregate in sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate solution
+ One immersion and drying is considered one
cycle
* Result is total percent loss over various sieve intervals
for a prescribed number of cycles
+ Max. loss values typically range from
10 to 20%per 5 cycles
23
Soundness
24
Soundness
Before After
25
Gradations
• Aggregate Gradation
– The distribution of particle sizes expressed as
a percent of total weight.
– Determined by sieve analysis
26
Steps in Gradation Analysis
• Part 1 - Washed sieve analysis
– Dry aggregate and determine mass
– Wash and decant water through 0.075
mm sieve until water is clear
– Dry aggregate to a constant mass
27
Washed Sieve
28
Steps in Gradation Analysis
Part 2 - Mechanical sieve analysis
– Place dry aggregate in standard stack of
sieves
– Place sieve stack in mechanical shaker
– Determine mass of aggregate retained on
each sieve
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Mechanical Sieve
Individual Sieve Stack of Sieves
30
Mechanical Sieve
Stack in
Mechanical
Shaker
31
Gradations - Computation
Sieve Mass Cumulative
Retained Mass Retained % Retained % Passing
9.5 0.0
4.75 6.5
2.36 127.4
1.18 103.4
0.60 72.8
0.30 64.2
0.15 60.0
0.075 83.0
Pan 22.4
32
Gradations - Computing
Cum. Wt Retained
% Retained = * 100
Original Dry Wt.
% Passing = [ 1 - Cum. Wt Retained
Original Dry Wt.
] * 100
33
Gradations - Computation
Sieve Mass Cumulative
Retained Mass Retained % Retained % Passing
9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
4.75 6.5 6.5 1.2 98.9
2.36 127.4 133.9 24.8 75.2
1.18 103.4 237.3 44.0 56.0
0.60 72.8 310.1 57.5 42.6
0.30 64.2 374.3 69.4 30.6
0.15 60.0 434.3 80.5 19.5
0.075 83.0 517.3 95.8 4.2
Pan 22.4 539.7 100.0 0.0
34
Questions - ?
35
THIS IS THE END!!!
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
TOLERANCE
NCAT 36
