3 Functions and Graphs

3. a > 0: The graph opens upwards.

3 Functions and Graphs a < 0: The graph opens downwards.

Activity Activity 3.2 (p. 3.27)

1. The graph opens upwards.
Activity 3.1 (p. 3.17)
1. 2. (a) The smallest value of (x − 1)2 is 0.
(b) The minimum value of y is 2. The corresponding value
of x is 1.
Graph of
3. The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are (1, 2).
The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 1.
2
– 2x x2 + 2x + 1
Classwork

Does it have Classwork (p. 3.5)

(a) (i) Yes
(ii) No
(b) (i) The domain of the function is the collection of 1, 2, 3
Does it have and 4.
The range of the function is the collection of 1, 8, 27
and 64.
(ii) Possible co-domains of the function are the collection
of all positive numbers or the collection of all real
Direction of upwards downwards numbers. (or any other reasonable answers)

Classwork (p. 3.7)

opening 1. (a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
Does it intersect
2. (a) d = 6t
Number of (b)
1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) 6 12 18 24 30 36

Graph of

x2 –4x + 3 2x2 – 4x – 2

Does it have
Classwork (p. 3.20)
eflectional
2. (i),(ii) (a) (i) p > 0
(ii) r < 0
(b) (i) p > 0
(ii) r = 0
(c) (i) p > 0
(ii) r > 0
(d) (i) p < 0
(ii) r = 0
(e) (i) p < 0
(ii) r > 0
(f) (i) p < 0
(ii) r < 0

55
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

Classwork (p. 3.31) Quick Practice 3.3 (p. 3.10)

 12 
2
1 1 1
(a) x 2 + 12 x +   = ( x + 6) 2 (a) h  = 6  +
 2  2 2 1
 
2 2
8
(b) x 2 − 8 x +   = ( x − 4) 2 =5
2
1 1 1
 14 
2 h  = 6  +
(c) x + 14 x +   = ( x + 7) 2
2
    1
3 3
 2  
 3
2
6 =5
(d) x 2 − 6 x +   = ( x − 3) 2
2 1 1 1
h  = 6  +
9 
2
9
2
 
6  
6  1
(e) x2 + 9x +   =  x +   
 2  2 6
2 2 =7
5  5
x 2 − 5x +   =  x − 
∵
(f)
2  2 1 1
(b) h  • h  = 5 × 5
2 2  2  3
2 1  1
(g) x2 + x+  =x+  = 25
5 5  5
1
2 2 and h  = 7
1 1  1 6
(h) x2 − x +   =  x − 
3 6  6
∴ 1 1
2 3
1
h  • h  > h 
    6
Quick Practice
∴ 1 1
 2  3
1
h  • h  = h  is not true.
6
∵
Quick Practice 3.1 (p. 3.8)
(a) (i) From the graph, the independent variable t may
Quick Practice 3.4 (p. 3.11)
∴
be any real number from 0 to 23 inclusively.
(a) ∵ F(1) = −2
The domain of the function is the collection of
the real number t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 23. ∴ 2(1) 2 + k (1) + 3 = −2
(ii) From the graph, k = −7
when h = 8, t = 10.5.
∴ It takes 10.5 s for the depth of the liquid to rise to
(b) From (a), we have F(x) = 2x2 – 7x + 3.
∵ F(x) = 0
(b)
8 cm.
From the graph, the dependent variable h may be any ∴ 2x2 − 7 x + 3 = 0
real number from 0 to 14 inclusively. (2 x − 1)( x − 3) = 0
∵ The co-domain must include all possible values 1
x = or x = 3
of the dependent variable, i.e. the collection of 2
the real number h, where 0 ≤ h ≤ 14.
∴ Angel’s claim is not correct since the suggested
Quick Practice 3.5 (p. 3.11)
co-domain does not include the collection of the
real number h, where 12 < h ≤ 14. 2a + 1
(a) f (2a + 1) =
2(2a + 1) + 3
Quick Practice 3.2 (p. 3.9)
2a + 1
2
(a) f (4) = (4) + 5(4) − 3 =
4a + 2 + 3
= 16 + 20 − 3
2a + 1
= 33 =
∴ The value of the function is 33 when x = 4.
4a + 5
1
(b) f (−2) = (−2) 2 + 5(−2) − 3
1 b
= 4 − 10 − 3 (b) f =
 b  2 1  + 3
= −9  
∴ The value of the function is −9 when x = −2.
b
1
2
1 1 1
(c) f   =   + 5  − 3 = b
2  2 2 2 + 3b
1 5 b
= + −3
4 2 1
=
1 2 + 3b
=−
4
∴ The value of the function is −
1
4
1
when x = .
2

56
 3 Functions and Graphs

Quick Practice 3.6 (p. 3.17) Quick Practice 3.9 (p. 3.23)
(a) ∵ The graph cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (−2, 0) and (a) ∵ The graph of y = −2x2 + 3x – k touches the x-axis at
(0, −4) respectively. one point.
∴ x-intercept = −2 and y-intercept = −4 ∴ ∆=0
(b) ∵ The graph passes through (0, −4). i.e. 3 2 − 4(−2)(−k ) = 0
∴ By substituting (0, −4) into y = ax + b, we have 9 − 8k = 0
−4 = a(0) + b 9
b = −4 k=
∵ The graph passes through (−2, 0).
8

∴ By substituting (−2, 0) and b = –4 into y = ax + b, we

The corresponding quadratic equation is
9
have − 2 x 2 + 3x − = 0
8
0 = −2a − 4
16 x 2 − 24 x + 9 = 0
a = −2
∴ a = −2 and b = −4 (4 x − 3) 2 = 0
3
x=
Quick Practice 3.7 (p. 3.21) 4
2
(a) y = −( x + 1) + 2 ∴ The x-intercept of the graph is
3
4
3
, i.e. q = .
4
= −x2 − 2x −1 + 2 (b) (i) ∵ The graph touches the x-axis at one point
2
= −x − 2x +1 3 
∵ Coefficient of x2 = −1 < 0
Q  , 0  , i.e. Q is the vertex.
4 
∴
∴
The graph opens downwards. 3 
Also, the y-intercept of the graph of y = −(x + 1)2 + 2 is 1. Coordinates of the vertex =  , 0 
4 
(b) y = ( x + 2)(2 x − 5) + 9
= 2 x 2 + 4 x − 5 x − 10 + 9 3
(ii) The axis of symmetry is x = .
4
= 2x2 − x −1
∵ Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0 (iii) y-intercept = −
9
∴ The graph opens upwards. 8
Also, the y-intercept of the graph of y = (x + 2)(2x – 5) + 9
is −1. Quick Practice 3.10 (p. 3.29)
(a) Consider the function y = 2x2 + 1.
Quick Practice 3.8 (p. 3.22) (i) ∵
Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0
3
2
(a) Consider y = − x − 4 x − .
∴
The minimum value of y = 2x2 + 1 is 1.
2 (ii) For the graph of y = 2x2 + 1, the coordinates of the
vertex are (0, 1), and the axis of symmetry is x = 0.
2
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 (b) y = 3 − 2( x − 1)
= −2( x − 1) 2 + 3
−1. −1.
(i) ∵Coefficient of x2 = −2 < 0
∴The maximum value of y = 3 – 2(x – 1)2 is 3.
(ii) For the graph of y = 3 – 2(x – 1)2, the coordinates of
the vertex are (1, 3), and the axis of symmetry is x = 1.

Quick Practice 3.11 (p. 3.32)

2
(a) y = 3x + 12 x + 7
= 3( x 2 + 4 x) + 7
= 3( x 2 + 4 x + 2 2 − 2 2 ) + 7
= 3( x 2 + 4 x + 4) − 12 + 7
= 3( x + 2) 2 − 5
(b) (i) The axis of symmetry is x = −2.
∵ Coefficient of x2 = 3 > 0
(ii) Coordinates of the vertex = (−2, 2.5)
(iii) The graph opens downwards.
∴ The minimum value of y = 3x2 + 12x + 7 is −5.

(iv) y-intercept = −1.5

(v) The x-intercepts of the graph are – 3.6 and – 0.4.
(c) ∵ The y-coordinate of the maximum point of the graph
is 2.5.
∴ The maximum value of the quadratic function is 2.5.

57
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

(b) y = −2 x 2 + 4 x − 3 Further Practice

2
= −2( x − 2 x ) − 3
Further Practice (p. 3.12)
= −2( x 2 − 2 x + 12 − 12 ) − 3 1. (a) f (2) = 4 − 6(2)
= −2( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 2 − 3 = −8

= −2( x − 1) 2 − 1  2  2
f −  = 4 − 6 − 
∵ 2
Coefficient of x = −2 < 0  3  3
∴ The maximum value of y = −2x2 + 4x − 3 is −1. =8
2
Quick Practice 3.12 (p. 3.33) (b) f (k ) = −
2 3
(a) y = x + 8 x − k 2
4 − 6k = −
= ( x 2 + 8x + 42 − 42 ) − k 3
= ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) − 16 − k 7
k=
9
= ( x + 4) 2 − 16 − k
∵ The minimum value of y = −7
∴ −16 − k = −7
2. (a)
2
G (−4) = −4
(−4) + a (−4) = −4
k = −9
16 − 4a = −4
(b) For the graph of y = x2 + 8x + 9, the coordinates of the
vertex are (−4, −7), and the axis of symmetry is x = −4. a=5
1
Quick Practice 3.13 (p. 3.34) (b) G (b − 1) − G (3) = −2
3
(a) H = 8t − 5t 2
1
(b − 1) 2 + 5(b − 1) − (3 2 + 5 × 3) = −2
= −5t 2 + 8t 3
 8  b 2 − 2b + 1 + 5b − 5 − 8 = −2
= −5 t 2 − t 
 5  b 2 + 3b − 10 = 0
 8 4 4 
2 2
(b + 5)(b − 2) = 0
= −5t 2 − t +   −   
 5  5   5   b = − 5 or b = 2
 8 16  16
= −5 t 2 − t +  +
∵
Further Practice (p. 3.29)
 5 25  5
1. (a) (i) The y-intercept of the graph of
2
 4  16 y = (x + 2)2 + k is 5.
= −5 t −  +
 5 5 ∴ 5 = (0 + 2 ) 2 + k

∴ The maximum height that the ball can reach is

16
5
m,
k =1
(ii) The minimum value of y = (x + 2)2 + 1 is 1.
i.e. 3.2 m. (b) For the graph of y = (x + 2)2 + 1, the coordinates of the
(b) From (a), the maximum value of H is attained when t = 0.8.
∴
vertex are (−2, 1).
The ball will reach its maximum height after 0.8
second. 2. (a) ∵ The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 1.

Quick Practice 3.14 (p. 3.34)

∴ h =1

1 b −3
A = x • (4 − 2 x) =1
2 2
= x( 2 − x) b=5
By substituting (–3, 0) and h = 1 into
= −x 2 + 2x
y = −( x − h) 2 + k , we have
= −( x 2 − 2 x + 12 − 12 )
0 = −(−3 − 1) 2 + k
2
= −( x − 2 x + 1) + 1
k = 16
= −( x − 1) 2 + 1
∵ The maximum value of A is 1.
(b) When x = 0, y = −(0 − 1) 2 + 16

∴ The maximum area of rectangle PQRS is 1 m2.

∴
= 15
The y-intercept = 15
The coordinates of the maximum point are (1, 16).

58
 3 Functions and Graphs

Further Practice (p. 3.34) 3. (a) g (1) = 41 + 1

2
1. (a) y = 2 x − 4 x + 7 =5
= 2( x 2 − 2 x + 1) − 2 + 7 ∴ The value of g(x) is 5 when x = 1.
= 2( x − 1) 2 + 5 (b) g ( 0) = 4 0 + 1
∴ The minimum value of y = 2x2 – 4x + 7 is 5. =2
(b) The minimum value of y is attained when x = 1. ∴ The value of g(x) is 2 when x = 0.
(c) g (−2) = 4 −2 + 1
2
2. y = 12 x − x + c 1
= +1
= −( x 2 − 12 x) + c 16
17
= −( x 2 − 12 x + 36) + 36 + c =
16

∴
= −( x − 6) 2 + 36 + c
The coordinates of the vertex are (6, 36 + c).
∴ The value of g(x) is
17
when x = −2.
∴
16
2k = 6
k =3 4. (a) f (30°) = cos 30°
36 + c = 3 3
=
c = − 33 2
(b) f (45°) = cos 45°
2
3. (a) C = 6 x − 600 x + 15 120 2 1 
=  or 
= 6( x 2 − 100 x) + 15 120 
2 2 

= 6( x 2 − 100 x + 2500) − 15 000 + 15 120 (c) f (60°) = cos 60°
= 6( x − 50) 2 + 120 1
=
∵ The minimum value of C is 120. 2
∴ The minimum cost of producing an oven is $120.
(b) From (a), the minimum value of C is attained when 1
x = 50. 5. (a) f (1) =
∴ The corresponding number of ovens produced per
9(1) 2 + 1
1
day such that the cost is minimum is 50. =
9 +1
Exercise 1
=
10
Exercise 3A (p. 3.12)
1 1
Level 1 (b) f = 2
1. Case (I):  3 1
9  + 1
(a) A = 2n + 5(6 − n)  3
∴ A = 30 − 3n
=
1
(b) The domain of function A is the collection of 1, 2, 3, 4 1
and 5. 9  + 1
Case (II): 9
1 1
(a) A = x • (20 − 2 x ) =
2 1+1
= x(10 − x) 1
=
= 10 x − x 2 2
(b) The domain of function A is the collection of the real 1
number x, where 5 ≤ x < 10. (c) f ( 3) =
9( 3 ) 2 + 1
2. (a) f (3) = 2(3) 3 − 1 1
=
27 + 1
= 54 − 1
1
=
= 53
∴ The value of the function is 53 when x = 3.
28

(b) f (0) = 2(0) 3 − 1 6. (a) f (2) = 3(2) − 2

= −1
∴ The value of the function is −1 when x = 0.
=4
f (4) = 3(4) − 2
(c) f (−2) = 2(−2)3 − 1
= 10
= −16 − 1
= −17
∴ The value of the function is −17 when x = −2.

59
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

(b) [ f ( 2)]2 = 4 2 11. (a) f (3) = 20

= 16 32 + a(3) + 2 = 20
But f (2 2 ) = f (4) 3a + 11 = 20
= 10 a =3
∴ [ f (2)] ≠ f (2 2 )
2
(b) f ( x) = 6
(c) f ( 4 ) = f (2) x 2 + 3x + 2 = 6
=4 x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0
But f (4) = 10 ( x + 4)( x − 1) = 0
∴ f ( 4) ≠ f ( 4) x = − 4 or 1

7. (a) G (2) = 2[2(2) − 1] 12. (a) g ( −1) = −1

=6 (−1 + k )(−1 − 2) = −1
( −1 + k )(−3) = −1
1 1 1 
G   = 2  − 1 3 − 3k = −1
2 2 2  4
k=
=0 3
1 (b) 3 g (4) + 6 g (−2)
(b) G   = 0
2
 4  4
1 1 = 3 4 + (4 − 2) + 6 − 2 + (−2 − 2)
But =  3  3
G ( 2) 6
 16   2
∴ 1
G  ≠
 
2 G
1
( 2)
= 3 (2) + 6 − (−4)
 3  3
= 48
8. (a) 2 f (−4) = 2(−4)(−4 + 1)
13. (a) f (2t ) = 2(2t ) + 3
= 2(−4)(−3)
= 4t + 3
= 24
f (t + 2) = 2(t + 2) + 3
(b) f (2) + [ f (−3)]2 = 2( 2 + 1) + [−3(−3 + 1)]2
= 2t + 4 + 3
= 2(3) + [−3(−2)]2
= 2t + 7
= 6 + 62
1
= 42 (b) f (2t ) = f (t + 2 ) − 1
2
1
9. (a) g (3) + f (0) = 2(3) + (0 2 + 1) 2(2t ) + 3 = [2(t + 2) + 3] − 1
2
= 6 +1 1
=7 4t + 3 = (2t + 7) − 1
2
(b) f (1) • g (−1) = (12 + 1) • [2(−1)] 7
4t + 3 = t + − 1
= 2(−2) 2
1
= −4 3t = −
2
g ( 4) 2(4)
(c) = 1
f (3) 32 + 1 t=−
6
8
=
9 +1 Level 2
8 14. (a) f (0) = 3[23( 0) ]
=
10
= 3(2 0 )
4
= = 3(1)
5
=3

10. h(3) = 1
2
3(3) + m = 1
27 + m = 1
m = − 26

60
 3 Functions and Graphs

(b) f ( x) • g ( x) = 50
 2   3 −  
 2
(b) f  −  = 32  3   2( x − 2)( x − 2) = 50
 3   

2( x 2 − 4 x + 4) = 50
= 3(2 − 2 )
x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 25
1
= 3  x 2 − 4 x − 21 = 0
4
3 ( x − 7)( x + 3) = 0
=
4 x = 7 or − 3

15. (a) 2 g (20°) + g (80°) = 2 sin(20° + 10°) + sin(80° + 10°) 19. f ( 2) = 2

= 2 sin 30° + sin 90° (2 + 2)(2 − 2) + a (2) + b = 2
1 2a + b = 2 LL(1)
= 2  + 1
2 f (−2) = 4
=2
(−2 + 2)(−2 − 2) + a( −2) + b = 4
(b) 2 g (35°) + 3 g (50°) − 2a + b = 4 LL(2)
= 2 sin(35° + 10°) + 3 sin(50° + 10°) (1) + (2):
2b = 6
= 2 sin 45° + 3 sin 60°
b=3
 2  
= 2  + 3 3  By substituting b = 3 into (1), we have
 2   2 
    2a + 3 = 2
3 1
= 1+ a=−
2 2
5
=
2
20. (a) f ( 2 x ) = g (3 x )
2
3( 2 x) − 1 = 3 x − 2
16. (a)  p  p  p
H   = 4  − 8  + 1 6 x − 1 = 3x − 2
 
2  
2 2 3x = −1
 p2  1
= 4  − 4 p +1
 x=−
 4  3
= p2 − 4 p + 1 (b) H ( x) = 3 f ( x) + 2 g ( x)
(b)
2
H (q + 2) = 4(q + 2) − 8(q + 2) + 1 H (a) = 5
3 f (a) + 2 g (a) = 5
= 4(q 2 + 4q + 4) − 8q − 16 + 1
3(3a − 1) + 2(a − 2) = 5
= 4q 2 + 16q + 16 − 8q − 16 + 1
9a − 3 + 2 a − 4 = 5
= 4q 2 + 8q + 1
11a = 12
12
17. f (2) = f (3) a=
11
2 − k (2) + 6 = 32 − k (3) + 6
2

4 − 2k + 6 = 9 − 3k + 6 21. (a) f ( k ) = 2k
k =5
(k + 3)(k + 2) − k 2 = 2k
k 2 + 5k + 6 − k 2 = 2k
18. (a) f (8) = 6 g (4)
3k = −6
2(8 + m) = 6(4 + m)
k = −2
16 + 2m = 24 + 6m
4m = −8
m=−2

61
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

(b) From (a), we have f ( x) = ( x + 3)( x + 2) − 4  x

(b) f ( x) = f  2 • 
2 x − f ( x) = 0  2
2 x − [( x + 3)( x + 2) − 4] = 0 2
x  x
=   + 3  − 4
2 x − ( x 2 + 5 x + 6 − 4) = 0 2 2
2x − x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0 x 2 3x
= + −4
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 4 2

( x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
[(2 x + 1) + (3 x − 2)]x
x = − 1 or x = − 2 25. (a) S ( x) =
2
x(5 x − 1)
22. (a) f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2) 2 − k ( x + 2) =
2
= x 2 + 4 x + 4 − kx − 2k (b) ∵ The area of the trapezium is 60 cm2.
2
= x + ( 4 − k ) x + 4 − 2k ∴ S ( x) = 60
x(5 x − 1)
f ( x − 2) = ( x − 2) 2 − k ( x − 2) = 60
2
= x 2 − 4 x + 4 − kx + 2k x (5 x − 1) = 120
= x 2 − ( 4 + k ) x + 4 + 2k
5 x 2 − x − 120 = 0
(b) f ( x + 2) − f ( x − 2) = kx − 32 ( x − 5)(5 x + 24) = 0
2 2
x + (4 − k ) x + 4 − 2k − [ x − (4 + k ) x + 4 + 2k ] = kx − 32 24
x = 5 or x=− (rejected)
8 x − 4k = kx − 32 5
By comparing coefficients, k = 8 When x = 5, 2 x + 1 = 11
∵ 3 x − 2 = 13
∴
(c) f ( x + 2) = f ( x − 2) + 40
∴ f ( x + 2) − f ( x − 2) = 40 The lengths of AD and BC are 11 cm and 13 cm
respectively.
8 x − 32 = 40 (by (b))
x=9 26. (a) F (50) = 500 + 4(50)
= 500 + 200
2 = 700
f (1) = f  
∴
23. (a)
2 The cost for holding a party with 50 guests is
3(2) $700.
= +5
(b) ∵ The cost for holding a party is $840.
∴
2
=8 F (n) = 840
500 + 4n = 840
4
f ( 2) = f   n = 85
2
3(4)
∴ The number of guests is 85.
= +5 (c) (i) H (n) = 10n − F (n)
2
= 10n − (500 + 4n)
= 11
= 10n − 500 − 4n
 2u  = 6n − 500
(b) f (u ) = f  
 2 
(ii) H (150) = 6(150) − 500
3(2u )
= +5 = 900 − 500
2
= 400
= 3u + 5
∴ The profit is $400 when there are 150
guests.
24. (a) f (2) = f (2 ×1)
= 12 + 3(1) − 4 Exercise 3B (p. 3.23)
Level 1
=0
1. (a) no (b) yes (c) no
f (4) = f (2 × 2)
(d) no (e) yes (f) yes
= 2 2 + 3(2) − 4
= 4+6−4
=6

62
 3 Functions and Graphs

2. (a) ∵ y = 2x – 4 + x2 is a quadratic function of x. y = −7 x + 2 x 2 − 5

∴
(b)
Its graph is a parabola. y = 2 x2 − 7 x − 5
(b) ∵ y = x+
1
is neither a linear function nor a ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0
x
quadratic function of x.
∴ The graph opens upwards.

∴ Its graph is neither a straight line nor a parabola.

Also, the y-intercept of the graph of y = –7x + 2x2 – 5
is –5.
(c) ∵ y =5−
4x
3
is a linear function of x. (c) y = 5 − ( 2 − x) 2
∴ = 5 − (4 − 4 x + x2 )
∴
Its graph is a straight line.
(d) y = 7 − ( x + 1)(2 x − 3) y = − x2 + 4 x + 1
= 7 − (2 x 2 − x − 3) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = –1 < 0
= −2 x 2 + x + 10
∴ The graph opens downwards.
∵ y = 7 − ( x + 1)(2 x − 3) is a quadratic function Also, the y-intercept of the graph of y = 5 – (2 – x)2
is 1.
of x.
∴ Its graph is a parabola. (d) y = ( x + 1)(3 + x) + 2
= x2 + 4x + 3 + 2
3. (a) ∵ The graph cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (–3, 0) ∴ y = x2 + 4x + 5
and (0, 4) respectively. ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
∴ x-intercept = −3 and y-intercept = 4 ∴ The graph opens upwards.
(b) ∵ The graph passes through (0, 4). Also, the y-intercept of the graph of
∴ By substituting (0, 4) into y = ax + b, we have y = (x + 1)(3 + x) + 2 is 5.
4 = a ( 0) + b
b=4 6. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = 2.
∵ The graph passes through (–3, 0). y-intercept = 5
∴ By substituting (–3, 0) and b = 4 into y = ax + b, (b) The coordinates of the vertex are (2, 3).
we have
0 = a (−3) + 4 7. (a) ∵ The graph of y = –x2 + 6x + k touches the x-axis at
4 one point.
a=
3 ∴ ∆=0

∴ a=
4
3
and b = 4
i.e. 6 2 − 4(−1)(k ) = 0
36 + 4k = 0
k = −9
4. (a) ∵ The graph cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (4, 0) The corresponding quadratic equation is
and (0, 4) respectively.
∴ x-intercept = 4 and y-intercept = 4
− x2 + 6x − 9 = 0

(b) ∵ The graph passes through (0, 4).

x2 − 6x + 9 = 0

∴ By substituting (0, 4) into y = ax + b, we have

( x − 3)2 = 0
x=3
4 = a ( 0) + b
∴ The x-intercept of the graph is 3, i.e. p = 3.
∵
b=4
The graph passes through (4, 0).
(b) (i) ∵ The graph touches the x-axis at one point
∴ By substituting (4, 0) and b = 4 into y = ax + b,
∴
P(3, 0), i.e. P is the vertex.
Coordinates of the vertex = (3, 0)
we have
0 = a ( 4) + 4 (ii) The axis of symmetry is x = 3.
a = −1 (iii) y-intercept = k = −9
∴ a = −1 and b = 4
8. y = –x2 + 10x – 17
2 ∵ Q(5, k) is the vertex of the graph of y = –x2 + 10x – 17.
∴
5. (a) For y = –2x + 6x – 4,
∵ Coefficient of x2 = –2 < 0 By substituting (5, k) into y = –x2 + 10x – 17, we have
∴ The graph opens downwards. k = −52 + 10(5) − 17
Also, the y-intercept of the graph of y = –2x2 + 6x – 4 =8
is –4. ∴ The maximum value of the function is 8.

63
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

9. (a) ∵ P(h, 6) is the vertex of the graph of the function 14. (a) x-intercepts = −9 and 9
y = x2 – 6x + 15.
∴
The axis of symmetry of the given graph is x = 0.
6 = h 2 − 6h + 15 (b) ∵ The x-intercepts of the given quadratic graph
2
are –9 and 9.
∴
h − 6h + 9 = 0
The quadratic function is y = A(x + 9)(x – 9),
(h − 3) 2 = 0
where A is a negative real number since the graph
h=3
opens downwards.
(b) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 3. For A = –1, y = –(x + 9)(x – 9), the maximum value of
the quadratic function is 81.
10. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = –1. For A = –2, y = –2(x + 9)(x – 9), the maximum value
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–1, –1). of the quadratic function is 162.
(c) The graph opens upwards. (or any other reasonable answers)
(d) y-intercept = −0.5
(e) x-intercepts: –2.5 and 0.5 Level 2
15. (a) f (2) = k
11. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = –1. − k (2) + 6 = k
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–1, 4). − 2k + 6 = k
(c) The graph opens downwards. k=2
(d) y-intercept = 3
(b) Consider y = –2x + 6.
(e) x-intercepts: –3 and 1 When x = 0, y = –2(0) + 6 = 6
∴ y-intercept of y = –2x + 6 is 6.
12. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.5. When y = 0, 0 = −2 x + 6
x=3
∴ x-intercept of y = –2x + 6 is 3.

∴ △
Area of OBA =
3× 6
2
sq. units

= 9 sq. units

16. (a) ∵ The graph passes through the origin.

∴ By substituting (0, 0) into y = ax + b, we have
a ( 0) + b = 0
b=0
∵ The graph passes through (–k, 3k).
(b) The coordinates of the intersection of the graph and its
∴ By substituting (–k, 3k) and b = 0 into y = ax + b,
axis of symmetry are (1.5, –1.5). we have
(c) ∵ The graph opens upwards. a (−k ) = 3k
∴ The minimum value of the function is –1.5. a = −3
(b) By substituting y = k into y = –3x, we have
13. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = 1. k = −3 x
k
x=−
3
∴ The coordinates of the intersection of y = ax + b
 k 
and y = k are  − , k  .
 3 

(b) The coordinates of the intersection of the graph and its

axis of symmetry are (1, 1.5).
(c) ∵ The graph opens downwards.
∴ The maximum value of the function is 1.5.

64
 3 Functions and Graphs

17. The vertex is the intersection of the quadratic graph and its 20. (a)
axis of symmetry.
3
When x = ,
2
2
3 3 1
y = −  + 3  −
2 2 4
9 9 1
=− + −
4 2 4
=2
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are
3 
 , 2 .
2 

18. (a) The axis of symmetry of the graph is (b) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 5.
−2 + 4 (c) The maximum value of y is 6.3.
x=
2
x =1 21. (a) y = ( x + 1)(1 − x) + 3
(b) When x = 1, = 1 − x2 + 3
y = 12 − 2(1) − 8
= −x2 + 4
= −9 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
The coordinates of the minimum point of the graph are y –5 0 3 4 3 0 –5
(1, –9).

19. (a) y-intercept of the graph = 6

∴ c=6
By substituting (–1, 5) into y = ax2 + bx + 6, we have
5 = a (−1)2 + b(−1) + 6
a − b = −1KK(1)
By substituting (5, 5) into y = ax2 + bx + 6, we have
5 = a(5) 2 + b(5) + 6
25a + 5b = −1KK(2)
(1) × 5 + (2): 5a + 25a = −5 − 1
30a = −6 (b) (i) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 0.
1 (ii) The coordinates of the vertex are (0, 4).
a=− (iii) The graph opens downwards.
5
(iv) y-intercept = 4
1
By substituting a = − into (1), we have (v) x-intercepts: –2 and 2
5
(c) The maximum value of the function is 4.
1
− − b = −1
5
1
4 22. (a) y= x( x − 2) − 2
b= 2
5
1
= x2 − x − 2
(b) The axis of symmetry of the graph is 2
−1 + 5 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x=
2 1 5 1
y 2 − –2 − –2 − 2
x=2 2 2 2
1 4
(c) From (a), we have y = − x 2 + x + 6 .
5 5
When x = 2,
1 4
y = − (2) 2 + (2) + 6
5 5
34
=
5

∴  34 
The coordinates of the vertex are  2,  .
 5 

65
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

(b) (i) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 1. 10. (a) x 2 − 18 x

 5
= x 2 − 18 x + 9 2 − 9 2
(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are 1, −  .
 2
= ( x − 9) 2 − 81
(iii) The graph opens upwards.
(iv) y-intercept = −2 (b) x2 − 7x
(v) x-intercepts: –1.2 and –3.2 2 2
7 7
5 = x2 − 7x +   −  
(c) The minimum value of the function is − . 2  2
2
2
 7  49
=x−  −
Exercise 3C (p. 3.35)  2 4

∵
Level 1
1. (a) Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
∴ The graph opens upwards. 11. (a) y = x2 + 2x + 3
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (2, –4). = x 2 + 2 x + 12 − 12 + 3
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 2. = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 1 + 3

2. (a) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0 = ( x + 1) 2 + 2

∴ The graph opens upwards. (b) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (3, –7). ∴ The minimum value of y is 2.
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 3.

3. (a) ∵ 2
Coefficient of x = –1 < 0
12. (a) y = 2x 2 + 4x + 7

∴ The graph opens downwards. = 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 2 + 7

(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (1, –2). = 2( x + 1) 2 + 5
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
(b) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0
4. (a) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = –3 < 0
∴ The minimum value of y is 5.
∴ The graph opens downwards.
y = −x 2 + 4x
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–3, 1). 13. (a)
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = –3. = −( x 2 − 4 x)

5. ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
= −( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + 4

∴ The minimum value of y is –1. = − ( x − 2) 2 + 4

∵ (b) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = –1 < 0

6.
∴
2
Coefficient of x = 2 > 0
The minimum value of y is 0.
∴ The maximum value of y is 4.

7. ∵ Coefficient of x2 = –2 < 0
14. (a) y = −3 x 2 − 12 x + 5

∴ The maximum value of y is –5. = −3( x 2 + 4 x) + 5

= −3( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 12 + 5
8. ∵ 2
Coefficient of x = –1 < 0
= − 3( x + 2) 2 + 17
∴ The maximum value of y is
3
2
.
(b) ∵ Coefficient of x2 = –3 < 0
∴ The maximum value of y is 17.
9. (a) x 2 + 16 x
15. (a) y = x 2 + 8x − 1
= x 2 + 16 x + 64 − 64
= ( x 2 + 8x + 42 ) − 42 − 1
= ( x + 8) 2 − 64
= ( x + 4) 2 − 16 − 1
2
(b) x + 5x = ( x + 4) 2 − 17
5 5
2

= x 2 + 5x +   −  
2
∴ The minimum value of y is –17.
2 2 (b) The coordinates of the vertex = (−4, − 17)
2
 5  25 The axis of symmetry is x = –4.
= x 2 + 5x +   −
2 4
2
 5  25
=x+  −
 2 4

66
 3 Functions and Graphs

y = 2x2 − 4x + 1 ∴ The maximum value of y is 64.

∴
16. (a)
2 The maximum value of the product of these two
= 2( x − 2 x) + 1
numbers is 64.
= 2( x 2 − 2 x + 12 ) − 2 + 1
= 2( x − 1) 2 − 1 22. Let y cm2 be the area of the triangle.
∴The minimum value of y is –1. 1
y = (2 x)(6 − x)
(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (1, − 1) 2
= −x2 + 6x
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 32 ) + 32
17. (a) y = −x2 + 6x + 3 = − ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 9
2
= −( x − 6 x ) + 3 = −( x − 3)2 + 9
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 3 2 ) + 3 2 + 3 ∴ The maximum value of y is 9.
2
= −( x − 3) + 12
∴ The maximum area of the triangle is 9 cm2, which is

∴The maximum value of y is 12.

attained when x = 3.

(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (3, 12)

23. ∵ The minimum value of the quadratic function is 5.
The axis of symmetry is x = 3. ∴ The quadratic function can be written as
f(x) = a(x – h)2 + 5, where a > 0.
18. (a) y = −4 x 2 − 16 x + 5 Let a = 1 and h = 0, we have
= −4( x 2 + 4 x) + 5 f ( x) = ( x − 0) 2 + 5

= −4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 16 + 5 = x2 + 5
or let a = 1 and h = 1, we have
= −4( x + 2) 2 + 21
∴The maximum value of y is 21.
f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 5.
(or any other reasonable answers)
(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (−2, 21)
24. Let y = a(x – h)2 + k be the quadratic function.
∵
The axis of symmetry is x = –2.
The graph opens downwards and its axis of symmetry
is x = –3.
19. y = x 2 + 10 x + k
= ( x 2 + 10 x + 5 2 ) − 5 2 + k
∴ a < 0 and h = –3.
Let a = –1 and k = 1, we have
= ( x 2 + 10 x + 25) − 25 + k y = –(x + 3)2 + 1.
= ( x + 5) 2 + k − 25 or let a = –1 and k = 0, we have
∴ The minimum value of y is k – 25. y = –(x +3)2.
∴ k − 25 = 8 (or any other reasonable answers)
k = 33
Level 2
25. (a) y = ( x + 2)( x − 4)
20. y = −x2 + 6x + k
= x2 − 2x − 8
= −( x 2 − 6 x) + k
= ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) − 1 − 8
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 32 − 32 ) + k
= ( x − 1) 2 − 9
= − ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 9 + k
∴The minimum value of y is –9.
= −( x − 3) 2 + 9 + k
∴
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (1, –9).
The maximum value of y is 9 + k.
∴
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
9 + k = 12
k =3 26. (a) y = 2(2 − x)( x + 2) − 4 x
= 8 − 2 x2 − 4x
21. Let x be one of the numbers, then the other number is = −2( x 2 + 2 x ) + 8
16 – x, and y be the product of these two numbers.
∴ y = x(16 − x)
= −2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 2 + 8
= −2( x + 1) 2 + 10
= − x 2 + 16 x
By completing the square,
∴The maximum value of y is 10.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–1, 10).
y = − x 2 + 16 x
The axis of symmetry is x = –1.
= −( x 2 − 16 x)
= −( x 2 − 16 x + 8 2 − 8 2 )
= −( x 2 − 16 x + 64) + 64
= −( x − 8) 2 + 64

67
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

27. (a) y = −( x − 1)( x + 3) − 6 x 31. (a) y = x 2 + 2kx + k

2
= −x − 2x + 3 − 6x = ( x 2 + 2kx + k 2 − k 2 ) + k
2
= − x − 8x + 3
= ( x 2 + 2kx + k 2 ) − k 2 + k
2
= −( x + 8 x ) + 3
= (x + k )2 + k − k 2
= −( x 2 + 8 x + 16 − 16) + 3
= −( x 2 + 8 x + 16) + 19
∴ The coordinates of the vertex are (–k, k – k2).
The axis of symmetry is x = –k.
= −( x + 4)2 + 19 (b) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = –4, i.e. k = 4.
∴The maximum value of y is 19. ∴ The minimum value of y
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–4, 19). = 4 − ( 4) 2
The axis of symmetry is x = –4. = 4 − 16
= − 12
28. (a) y = ( x + 1) 2 + 2( x − 1)
= x2 + 2x + 1 + 2x − 2
32. (a) y = 4 − ( x − 1) 2
= x2 + 4x − 1
= −( x − 1) 2 + 4
= ( x 2 + 4 x + 4 − 4) − 1
△
The area of ABC is maximum when C is the vertex.
= ( x 2 + 4 x + 4) − 5 ∴ The coordinates of C = (1, 4)
= ( x + 2) 2 − 5
∴The minimum value of y is –5.
(b) Consider 4 − ( x − 1) 2 = 0 .
4 − ( x − 1) 2 = 0
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–2, –5).
The axis of symmetry is x = –2. ( x − 1) 2 = 4
x − 1 = −2 or x −1 = 2
29. y = ( x − 2)(2 x − 3) + x − k
x = −1 or x=3
= 2 x2 − 7 x + 6 + x − k
= 2 x2 − 6 x + 6 − k
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (–1, 0) and (3, 0)
respectively.
= 2( x 2 − 3 x ) + 6 − k

∴ △ 1
Area of ABC = [3 − ( −1)] (4) sq. units
 3 3  2
2 2

= 2 x 2 − 3x +   −    + 6 − k = 8 sq. units
  2   2  
 9 9
= 2 x 2 − 3 x +  − + 6 − k y = x2 − 6x + k
 4 2 33. (a)

 3 3
2
 = ( x 2 − 6 x + 32 − 3 2 ) + k
= 2 x −  +  − k 
 2 2  = ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) − 9 + k
∴ The minimum value of y is
3
−k . = ( x − 3) 2 + k − 9
2
∴ Coordinates of the vertex = (3, k – 9) = (h, –25)
∴ 3
2
− k = −8 ∴ h=3

19 and k − 9 = −25
k=
2 k = − 16
(b) Consider x 2 − 6 x − 16 = 0 .
30. (a) By substituting (0, –21) into y = (x – 2)(x + 6) + k, we x 2 − 6 x − 16 = 0
have ( x + 2)( x − 8) = 0
−21 = (0 − 2)(0 + 6) + k
x+2=0 or x −8 = 0
− 21 = −12 + k
x = −2 or x=8
∴
k = −9
The coordinates of P and Q are (–2, 0) and (8, 0)
(b) y = ( x − 2)( x + 6) − 9
respectively.
= x 2 + 4 x − 12 − 9 (c) Area of rectangle PQRS
= x 2 + 4 x − 21 = [8 − (−2)] × [0 − (−25)] sq. units
= ( x 2 + 4 x + 22 ) − 22 − 21 = 10 × 25 sq. units
2
= ( x + 4 x + 4) − 25 = 250 sq. units

= ( x + 2) 2 − 25
The coordinates of the vertex are (–2, –25).
The axis of symmetry is x = –2.

68
 3 Functions and Graphs

34. Let x be one of the numbers, then the other number is 20 – x, (b) From (a), y = –2(x – 15)2 + 450
and y be the sum of the squares of these two numbers. ∴ When x = 15, the area of the playground is
∴ y = x 2 + (20 − x )2 maximum.
When x = 15, 60 – 2x = 30
= x 2 + ( x 2 − 40 x + 400)
= 2 x 2 − 40 x + 400
∴ The dimensions of the rectangular playground is
30 m × 15 m.
By completing the square,
y = 2 x 2 − 40 x + 400
37. (a) Let x cm be the length of a side of one of the squares,
= 2( x 2 − 20 x) + 400 then the length of a side of the other square is
= 2( x 2 − 20 x + 10 2 − 102 ) + 400 1
(80 − 4 x ) cm = (20 − x) cm
4
= 2( x 2 − 20 x + 100) − 200 + 400
= 2( x − 10) 2 + 200
∴ Total area of the two squares

∴ The minimum value of y is 200.

= [ x 2 + (20 − x) 2 ] cm 2

∴ The minimum value of the sum of the squares of these (b) Let y cm2 be the total area of the two squares.
two numbers is 200. ∴ y = x 2 + (20 − x) 2
= x 2 + ( x 2 − 40 x + 400)
35. (a) h = 30t − 5t 2 = 2 x 2 − 40 x + 400
2
= −5t + 30t = 2( x 2 − 20 x) + 400
2
= −5(t − 6t ) = 2( x 2 − 20 x + 102 − 102 ) + 400
= −5(t 2 − 6t + 32 − 32 ) = 2( x 2 − 20 x + 100) − 200 + 400
2
= −5(t − 6t + 9) + 45 = 2( x − 10) 2 + 200
= −5(t − 3) + 45 2
∴
∴
When x = 10, y attains its minimum value.
When t = 3, h attains its maximum value.
∴
When x = 10, 20 – x = 10.
The ball will attain its maximum height after ∴ The lengths of the sides of the squares are both
3 seconds. 10 cm.
(b) From (a), h = –5(t – 3)2 + 45
∴ The maximum height reached is 45 m. ∵ △ABC ~ △AFE
∴
38. (a) (AAA)
Half of the maximum height reached is 22.5 m.
By substituting h = 22.5 into h = 30t – 5t2, we have
∴ CB
EF AF
=
AB (corr. sides, ~ △s)
22.5 = 30t − 5t 2 AF
2
EF = • CB
5t − 30t + 22.5 = 0 AB
Using the quadratic formula, 8− x
= • 12 cm
− (−30) ± ( −30) 2 − 4(5)(22.5) 8
t= 3
2(5) = (8 − x) cm
2
30 ± 450 (b) The area of rectangle BDEF = DE • EF
=
10
3
= 0.879 or 5.12 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = x (8 − x) cm 2
2

∴ When t = 0.879 or 5.12, the ball reaches half of its

(c) Let y cm2 be the area of rectangle BDEF.
maximum height. ∴ 3
y = x(8 − x)
2
36. (a) Let x m be the width of the playground, then the length 3
= − ( x 2 − 8 x)
of the playground is (60 – 2x) m, and y m2 be the area 2
of the playground. 3
∴ y = x(60 − 2 x)
= − ( x 2 − 8x + 42 − 42 )
2
= −2 x 2 + 60 x 3 2
= − ( x − 8 x + 16) + 24
= −2( x 2 − 30 x ) 2
3
= −2( x 2 − 30 x + 152 − 152 ) = − ( x − 4) 2 + 24
2
= −2( x 2 − 30 x + 225) + 450 ∴ When x = 4, y attains its maximum value of 24.
= −2( x − 15) 2 + 450 3
∴ The maximum value of y is 450.
When x = 4,
2
(8 − x) = 6

∴ The maximum area of the playground is 450 m2. ∴ The dimensions and the area of the largest
rectangle that can be inscribed in ABC are △
6 cm × 4 cm and 24 cm2 respectively.

69
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

2 2 2
Revision Exercise 3 (p. 3.41) (b) [ g (1)] • f (−1) = [3(1) + 5] • [(−1) − 2(−1)]
Level 1
= 82 • 3
1. (a) By substituting C = 0 and F = 32 into F = aC + b, we
have = 192
32 = a(0) + b 2
f (2) 2 − 2(2)
(c) =
b = 32 g (−2) 3( −2) + 5
By substituting C = 100, F = 212 and b = 32 into =0
F = aC + b, we have
212 = a(100) + 32
6. (a) f (0) = 2
a = 1.8
2(0) + b = 2
(b) F = 1.8C + 32
b=2
1.8C = F − 32
(b) From (a), we have
F − 32 f ( x) = 2 x + 2
C=
1.8 ∴ f (−3) = 2(−3) + 2
5 = −6 + 2
= ( F − 32)
9 = −4

2. (a) Volume of the cylinder = 8π cm 3 7. f (3) = 2 g (1)

2
πr h = 8π 2(3) + k = 2(1 + 2k )
8 6 + k = 2 + 4k
h= 2
r 4
k=
(b) S = πr 2 + πr 2 + 2πrh 3
 8 
= 2πr 2 + 2πr  2 
r  8. (a) f (a + 1) = (a + 1) 2 + 3(a + 1) − 9
16π = (a 2 + 2a + 1) + 3a + 3 − 9
= 2πr 2 +
r
= a 2 + 5a − 5

f (0) = −(0) 2 + 3(0) − 4 (b) f (a + 1) = a

3. (a)
2
= −4 a + 5a − 5 = a
a 2 + 4a − 5 = 0
(b) f (−2) = −(−2) 2 + 3(−2) − 4
(a + 5)(a − 1) = 0
= −4 − 6 − 4
a+5=0 or a −1= 0
= −14
a=−5 or a =1

3 −1
4. (a) f (3) = 9. (a) h( x) = [ f ( x)] 2 − g ( x)
32 + 1
2 = ( x + 2) 2 − ( x 2 − 3 x + 1)
=
10 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 − x 2 + 3x − 1
1 = 7x + 3
=
5
(b) H ( x) = f ( x 2 ) − g ( x )
1
−1 = ( x 2 + 2) − ( x 2 − 3 x + 1)
1
(b) f  = 2 2
2 1 = x 2 + 2 − x 2 + 3x − 1
  +1
2 = 3x + 1

△
1
− 10. (a) Area of OAB = 12 sq. units
= 2
5 1
× AO × OB = 12 sq. units
4 2
2 1
=− × AO × (6 units) = 12 sq. units
5 2
AO = 4 units
5. (a) f (1) + g (2) = [12 − 2(1)] + [3(2) + 5] ∴ The coordinates of A are (−4, 0).
= 1− 2 + 6 + 5
= 10

70
 3 Functions and Graphs

(b) By substituting (0, 6) into y = ax + b, we have 14. (a) y = ( x − 2)( x + 4)

6 = a (0) + b
b=6 x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
By substituting (−4, 0) and b = 6 into y = ax + b, we
have
y 0 −5 −8 −9 −8 −5 0
0 = a (−4) + 6
3
a=
2
3
(c) By substituting (–2, 4) into y = x + 6 , we have
2
L.H.S. = 4
3
R.H.S. = (−2) + 6 = 3
2
∵ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
∴ P(−2, 4) does not lie on the graph of
3
y= x+6.
2 (b) (i) The axis of symmetry is x = −1.
(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are (−1, −9).
11. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
(iii) The y-intercept = −8
(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (1, − 4)
(c) ∵ The graph opens upwards.
(iv) The x-intercepts: –4 and 2

∴
(c) The minimum value of the function is −9.
The minimum value of y is −4.
15. (a) y = 4( x − 2) 2 + 1
12. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = −2.
∵Coefficient of x 2 = 4 > 0
(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (−2, 11)
∴The graph opens upwards.
(c) ∵ The graph opens downwards. (b) The coordinates of the vertex are (2, 1).
∴ The maximum value of y is 11. (c) The axis of symmetry is x = 2.

13. (a) y = −x 2 + 6x − 5 16. (a) y = −2(3 − x) 2 − 4

= −2( x − 3) 2 − 4
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 ∵Coefficient of x 2 = −2 < 0

y −5 0 3 4 3 0
∴The graph opens downwards.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (3, −4).
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 3.

17. y = 3 − (4 + x) 2
= −( x + 4) 2 + 3
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = −1 < 0
∴ The maximum value of y is 3.

18. y = (6 − x ) 2
= ( x − 6) 2
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = 1 > 0
∴ The minimum value of y is 0.

19. y = − x 2 + 6 x − 25

(b) (i) The axis of symmetry is x = 3. = −( x 2 − 6 x ) − 25

(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are (3, 4). = −( x 2 − 6 x + 3 2 − 3 2 ) − 25
(iii) The y-intercept = −5
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 9 − 25
(iv) The x-intercepts: 1 and 5
= −( x − 3) 2 − 16
∵
(c) The maximum value of the function is 4.
Coefficient of x 2 = −1 < 0
∴ The maximum value of y is −16.

71
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

25. (a) y = − x 2 + 4kx + k 2

2
20. y = 2x + 6x +1
= −( x 2 − 4kx) + k 2
2
= 2( x + 3 x ) + 1 = −[ x 2 − 4kx + (2k ) 2 − (2k ) 2 ] + k 2
 3 3 
2 2
= − ( x − 2 k ) 2 + 5k 2
= 2 x 2 + 3x +   −    + 1
  2   2   ∵ The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = −5.

 9 9
∴ 2k = −5
= 2 x 2 + 3 x +  − + 1 5
 4 2 k =−
2
2
 3 7 (b) The maximum value of the function
= 2 x +  −
 2 2 2

∵ 2
Coefficient of x = 2 > 0
 5
= 5 − 
 2
∴ The minimum value of y is −
7
2
.
=
125
4
21. y = x( x + 2) + 10
26. Let x cm be the length of the rectangle. Then the width of
= x 2 + 2 x + 10
1
= ( x 2 + 2 x + 12 ) − 12 + 10 the rectangle is (16 − 2 x) cm .
2
= ( x + 1) 2 + 9 Let y cm2 be the area of the rectangle formed.
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = 1 > 0 1
∴
y = x(16 − 2 x)
The minimum value of y is 9. 2
= x(8 − x)
22. y = (2 − x)( x + 6) − 10 = −x2 + 8x
2
= − x − 4 x + 12 − 10 = −( x 2 − 8 x )
= −x 2 − 4x + 2 = −( x 2 − 8 x + 4 2 − 4 2 )
2
= −( x + 4 x) + 2 = −( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + 16
2 2 2
= −( x + 4 x + 2 − 2 ) + 2 = −( x − 4) 2 + 16
2
= − ( x + 4 x + 4) + 4 + 2 The maximum area of the rectangle formed is 16 cm2.
= −( x + 2) 2 + 6
27. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c be the quadratic function.
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = −1 < 0 ∵
∴
f(1) = 4
The maximum value of y is 6.
∴ a(1) 2 + b(1) + c = 4
a+b+c=4 ……(1)
23. y = x 2 − 8x − k
∵ f(3) = 14
= x 2 − 8x + 4 2 − 4 2 − k
2
∴ a(3) 2 + b(3) + c = 14
= ( x − 8 x + 16) − 16 − k 9a + 3b + c = 14 ……(2)
= ( x − 4) 2 − (16 + k ) (2) − (1): 8a + 2b = 10
∴ The minimum value of y = −(16 + k ) = −12 4a + b = 5 ……(3)
k =−4 Put a = 1 into (3),
4(1) + b = 5
b =1
24. y = − x 2 − kx
Put a = 1 and b = 1 into (1),
= −( x 2 + kx) 1+1+ c = 4
 k
2
k 
2
c=2
= −  x 2 + kx +   −   
 2  2   ∴ f ( x) = x 2 + x + 2
or put a = 2 into (3),
 k2  k2
= − x 2 + kx + + 4(2) + b = 5
 4  4
b = −3
2
 k k2 Put a = 2 and b = −3 into (1),
= − x +  + 2−3+c=4
 2 4

∴ k2 c=5
The maximum value of y =
4
= 16 ∴ f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 5
k = 8 or −8 (or any other reasonable answers)

72
 3 Functions and Graphs

Level 2 △AOB = 9 sq. units

∵
Area of
28. f (1) = −3
∴
1
ab = 9
a (1 + 2)(1 − 2) + b = −3 2
− 3a + b = −3......( 1) 1  2k 
∵ f (3) = 13
 ( 2 k ) = 9
2  k −1
∴ a(3 + 2)(3 − 2) + b = 13 2k 2 = 9(k − 1)
5a + b = 13......( 2) 2k 2 − 9 k + 9 = 0
(2) – (1): (2k − 3)(k − 3) = 0
8a = 16 3
k= or 3
a=2 2
By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
−3(2) + b = −3 32. (a) By substituting (–7, 0) into y = −( x + 5) 2 + k , we have
b=3 0 = −(−7 + 5) 2 + k
k =4
29. (a) h( x) = g (2 x − 1)
By substituting (a, 0) and k = 4 into y = −( x + 5) 2 + k ,
= 2(2 x − 1) − 1
we have
= 4x − 2 − 1
0 = −( a + 5) 2 + 4
= 4x − 3
∴ The algebraic representation of h(x) is (a + 5) 2 = 4
h(x) = 4x − 3. a+5= 2 or a + 5 = −2
(b) g ( p − 2) = h ( p ) a = − 3 or a = −7 (rejected)
2( p − 2) − 1 = 4 p − 3 2
(b) y = −( x + 5) + 4
2p −5 = 4p −3 When x = 0 ,
p = −1 y = −(0 + 5) 2 + 4
= −25 + 4
30. (a) f ( x + 3) = ( x + 3) 2 + 3k = −21
= x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 3k ∴ y-intercept = −21

g ( x − 3) = ( x − 3) 2 + k The coordinates of the vertex are (−5, 4).

= x 2 − 6x + 9 + k 33. (a) From the graph, y-intercept = 8

(b) f ( x + 3) − g ( x − 3) = 12 x + 1 ∴c =8

x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 3k − ( x 2 − 6 x + 9 + k ) = 12 x + 1 (b) Consider x 2 + 6 x + 8 = 0 .
12 x + 2k = 12 x + 1 x2 + 6x + 8 = 0

1 ( x + 2)( x + 4) = 0
k=
2 x = −2 or − 4
∵ α<β
31. Let (−a, 0) and (0, b) be the coordinates of A and B ∴ α = −4 and β = −2
respectively. (c) Coordinates of the mid-point of (α, 0) and (β, 0)
By substituting (−a, 0) into y = (k − 1) x + 2k , we have  −4 − 2 
0 = (k − 1)(− a ) + 2k = , 0
 2 
a (k − 1) = 2k = (−3, 0)
a=
2k ∴ The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = –3.
k −1 2
When x = –3, y = (−3) + 6(−3) + 8
By substituting (0, b) into y = (k − 1) x + 2k , we have
= −1
b = (k − 1)(0) + 2k ∴ The coordinates of the minimum point are
b = 2k (−3, −1).

73
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

34. (a) By substituting (1, 0) into y = x2 + px + q, we have 37. f ( x) = − x 2 + 10 x + 5 .

0 = 1 + p + q KK(1) p and q are two unequal real numbers such that f(p) = f(q).
By substituting (6, 0) into y = x2 + px + q, we have ∴ (p, f(p)) and (q, f(q)) lies on the same horizontal line
0 = 6 2 + p (6) + q and are points on the curve y = f(x).
0 = 36 + 6 p + q KK (2) ∴ The axis of symmetry of the graph of y = f(x)
(2) – (1): p+q
is x = .
0 = 36 + 6 p + q − (1 + p + q ) 2
f ( x ) = − x 2 + 10 x + 5
0 = 35 + 5 p
= −( x 2 − 10 x) + 5
p = −7
= −( x 2 − 10 x + 5 2 − 5 2 ) + 5
By substituting p = −7 into (1), we have
0 = 1− 7 + q = −( x 2 − 10 x + 25) + 25 + 5
q=6 = −( x − 5) 2 + 30

1+ 6 
(b) The mid-point of AB is 
7 
, 0  , i.e.  , 0  .
∴ p+q
2
=5
 2  2 

∴The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = .

7
2
38. (a) x + ( x + 3) + 3 + y + 1 + y + 1 = 30
2 x + 2 y + 8 = 30
7
(c) When x = , y = 11 − x
2
2 (b) A = xy + ( x + 3)(1)
7 7
y =   − 7  + 6 = x(11 − x) + x + 3
2 2
= − x 2 + 12 x + 3
49 49
= − +6 The domain of the function is the collection of the real
4 2 number x, where 0 < x < 11.
25
=−
4 (c) A = − x 2 + 12 x + 3
∴ The minimum value of x 2 + px + q is −
25
4
. = −( x 2 − 12 x) + 3
= −( x 2 − 12 x + 6 2 − 6 2 ) + 3

y = x 2 − 6 x + 11 = −( x 2 − 12 x + 36) + 36 + 3
35.
= ( x 2 − 6 x + 3 2 − 3 2 ) + 11 = −( x − 6) 2 + 39

= ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) − 9 + 11
∴ The maximum area of the cardboard is 39 cm2
when x = 6.
= ( x − 3) 2 + 2
∴ The coordinates of the vertex Q are (3, 2). 39. (a) AP = DS = CR = BQ = (10 − x) cm
∴
∴
Area of OPQR = OP × PQ 1
S ( x) = (10 × 10) − 4 ( x)(10 − x)
= 3 × 2 sq. units 2
= 6 sq. units = 100 − 20 x + 2 x 2
= 2 x 2 − 20 x + 100
36. (a) y-intercept of the graph
(b) S ( x) = 2 x 2 − 20 x + 100
= y-coordinate of B
= –1 = 2( x 2 − 10 x) + 100
∴
The coordinates of B are (0, −1). = 2( x 2 − 10 x + 5 2 − 5 2 ) + 100
y = x 2 − 4x − 1 = 2( x 2 − 10 x + 25) − 50 + 100
2 2 2
= ( x − 4x + 2 − 2 ) − 1 = 2( x − 5) 2 + 50
2
= ( x − 4 x + 4) − 4 − 1 ∴ When x = 5, S(x) attains its minimum value.
= ( x − 2) 2 − 5
∴The coordinates of C are (2, −5).
(b) OA = 2 units
AC = 5 units

∴ Area of △ABC = 12 × OA × AC
1
= × 2 × 5 sq. units
2
= 5 sq. units

74
 3 Functions and Graphs

40. (a) Construct a point E on AB such that CE ⊥AB. 1

f =
1
2
8
2
2 1
CE = 5 2 −   cm = 3 cm (Pyth. theorem)   +4
2 2
∵ △ ACE ~ △
ASP (AAA)
=
1
1
+4
4
4
=
17

∴ 1 1 4
f ( 2) • f   = •
 2  8 17
∴ AP SP
=
AE CE
(corr. sides, ~ △s) =
1
34
x
4−
2 = SP 3. Answer: A
4 3
f ( x − 1) − f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 + ( x − 1) + 1 − ( x 2 + x + 1)
 3 
 12 − x  = x 2 − 2x + 1 + x − 1 + 1 − x 2 − x − 1
SP =  2  cm
 4  = − 2x
 
 
4. Answer: C
 3 
=  3 − x  cm f ( x ) = ( x − 2)( x − 5) g ( x ) + 3 x − 1
 8 
f (2) = ( 2 − 2)(2 − 5) g (2) + 3(2) − 1
∴  3 
Area of PQRS =  3 − x ( x) cm
 8 
2 =5
f (5) = (5 − 2)(5 − 5) g (2) + 3(5) − 1
 3  = 14
=  3 x − x 2  cm 2
 8  ∴ f (2) + f (5) = 5 + 14
(b) Let A cm2 be the area of PQRS. = 19
3
A = 3x − x 2
8 5. Answer: B
3 The graph of y = H(x) is a straight line.
= − ( x 2 − 8 x)
Let y = ax + b, where a and b are constants.
∵
8
The graph passes through (0, 3).
3
= − ( x 2 − 8 x + 4 2 − 42 )
8
∴ By substituting (0, 3) into y = ax + b, we have
3 = a (0) + b
3
= − ( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + 6 b=3
8
∵ The graph passes through (3, 0).
3
= − ( x − 4) 2 + 6
8
∴ By substituting (3, 0) and b = 3 into y = ax + b, we

∴ The maximum value of A is 6.

have

∴ The area of the largest rectangle is 6 cm2.

0 = a (3) + 3
a = −1
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 3.45) ∴ H ( x) = − x + 3
1. Answer: C

∵
Consider P = 15t. 6. Answer: D
When t = 2, P = 15(2) = 30 The graph opens upwards.
When t = 3, P = 15(3) = 45 ∴ a>0
When t = 4, P = 15(4) = 60 ∵ The graph has no x-intercepts.
When t = 5, P = 15(5) = 75
When t = 6, P = 15(6) = 90
∴ The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real
roots.
When t = 7, P = 15(7) = 105
∴ The algebraic representation of the function in the
∴ ∆<0
i.e. b2 − 4ac < 0
table may be P = 15t.
∵ y-intercept > 0
∴ c>0
2. Answer: A
f (2) = 2
1 ∴ I, II and III are true.
2 +4
7. Answer: D
1 The coordinates of the vertex are (h, k).
=
8 From the graph, we have
h < 0 and k < 0

75
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

8. Answer: D s( x) = 4(1 − x − x 2 )
For y = x 2 − 4 x + 6 ,
= −4( x 2 + x) + 4
y = ( x 2 − 4x + 2 2 − 2 2 ) + 6  1 
2 2
1
= ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) − 4 + 6 = −4  x 2 + x +   −    + 4
 2  2  
= ( x − 2) 2 + 2
∴ The axis of symmetry of y = x 2 − 4 x + 6 is x = 2.
 1
= −4  x 2 + x +  + 1 + 4
 4
For y = x 2 + 8 x + 6 , 2
 1
y = ( x 2 + 8x + 4 2 − 4 2 ) + 6 = −4 x +  + 5
 2
= ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) − 16 + 6 ∴ The maximum value of s(x) = 5
= ( x + 4) 2 − 10 ∴ The answer is C, i.e. III and IV only.
∴ The axis of symmetry of y = x 2 + 8 x + 6 is x = −4.
HKMO (p. 3.47)
For y = x 2 − 8 x + 6 , 1. f (4) = f (2) × f (2)
y = ( x 2 − 8x + 4 2 − 4 2 ) + 6 = 3×3
2
= ( x − 8 x + 16) − 16 + 6 =9
= ( x − 4) 2 − 10 f (6) = f (2) × f (3)

∴ The axis of symmetry of y = x 2 − 8 x + 6 is x = 4.

∵
= 3 f (3)
f (6) > 22
For y = − x 2 + 8 x + 3 ,
3 f (3) > 22
y = −( x 2 − 8 x ) + 3
= −( x 2 − 8 x + 4 2 − 4 2 ) + 3 ∴ f (3) >
22
3
= −( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + 16 + 3 ∵ 3<4
2
= −( x − 4) + 19 ∴ 22
< f (3) < f (4)
∴ The axis of symmetry of y = − x 2 + 8 x + 3 is x = 4.
3

∴ III and IV have graphs with x = 4 as the axis of ∴ 22

3
< f (3) < 9
symmetry.
∵ f(3) is an integer.
9. Answer: A ∴ f (3) = 8
y = x 2 + 2 px + p 2 + q
= ( x + p) 2 + q −2 x + 1, when x < 1
2. f ( x) =  2
The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are (−p, q)  x − 2 x, when x ≥ 1
∴ −p = −3 and q = 4
∴
When x ≥ 1, f ( x) = 3
p = 3 and q = 4
x 2 − 2x = 3

10. Answer: C x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
f ( x) = 6 x − x 2 − 14 ( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or − 1 (rejected)
= − x 2 + 6 x − 14
When x < 1, the solution cannot be greater than 3.
= −( x 2 − 6 x) − 14 ∴ d =3
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 3 2 − 3 2 ) − 14
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 9 − 14 3. The area of the rectangle is the largest when the rectangle is
2 a square. The side of the square is 0.25 m.
= −( x − 3) − 5
∴
2
Area of the square = 0.25 × 0.25 m
The maximum value of f(x) = −5
= 0.0625 m 2
For g ( x) = x 2 + 4 x + 9 ,
∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0 ∴  1
∴ The function has a minimum value, but no maximum
b = 0.0625  or 
 16 
value.
h( x ) = 2 x + 4 − x 2
= −x 2 + 2x + 4
= −( x 2 − 2 x ) + 4
= − ( x 2 − 2 x + 12 − 12 ) + 4
= −( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 1 + 4
= −( x − 1) 2 + 5
∴ The maximum value of h(x) = 5

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 3 Functions and Graphs

4. For x 2 − (a − 2) x − a − 1 = 0 , (b) The coordinates of the vertex are

α +β =a−2  6 62 
− 
αβ = −a − 1  2(−1) , − 4(−1) + 0  , i.e. (3, 9).
 
α 2 + β 2 = (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ∴ The maximum area of the region is 9 m2 and the
= (a − 2) 2 − 2(−a − 1) corresponding value of x is 3.
= a 2 − 4a + 4 + 2 a + 2
= a 2 − 2a + 6
= ( a 2 − 2 a + 12 − 12 ) + 6
= (a 2 − 2a + 1) − 1 + 6
= (a − 1) 2 + 5
α 2 + β 2 will be the least when a = 1.

Investigation Corner (p. 3.48)

1. (a) (i) By substituting (r, c) into

y = ax 2 + bx + c , we have
c = ar 2 + br + c
2
ar + br = 0
r (ar + b) = 0
b
r = 0 (rejected) or r = −
a
(ii) y-coordinate of Q = y-intercept of the graph
=c
∴ Coordinates of Q = (0, c)
∵ y-coordinate of Q = y-coordinate of R
∴ QR is a horizontal line.
The axis of symmetry of the graph is
0+r
x=
2
 b
0+− 
x=  a
2
b
x=−
2a
b
(b) When x = − ,
2a
2
 b   b 
y = a −  + b − +c
 2 a   2a 
2 b2
=b − +c
4a 2 a
b2
=− +c
4a
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are
 b b2 
− 
 2a , − 4 a + c  .
 

1
2. (a) The width of the region = (12 − 2 x) m
2
= (6 − x ) m
∴ y = x (6 − x )
= 6x − x 2

77