Chapter 2

Functions and Their Graphs

2.1 Functions
1. (–1,3)

3. We must not allow the denominator to be 0.

x + 4 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −4 ; Domain: {x x ≠ −4}.

5. independent, dependent

7. The intersection of the intervals [0,7] and [–2,5], i.e., [0,5].

9. (g − f )(x ) 11. True

13. True

15. Function 17. Not a function

Domain: {Dad, Colleen, Kaleigh,
Marissa}
Range: {Jan. 8, Mar. 15, Sept. 17}

19. Not a function 21. Function

Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range: {3}

23. Not a function 25. Function

Domain: {–2, –1, 0, 1}
Range: {4, 1, 0}

27. f (x ) = 3x 2 + 2x − 4
f (0) = 3(0) + 2(0) − 4 = − 4
2
(a)
f (1) = 3(1) + 2(1) − 4 = 3 + 2 − 4 = 1
2
(b)
f (−1) = 3(−1) + 2(−1) − 4 = 3 − 2 − 4 = −3
2
(c)
f (−x ) = 3(−x ) + 2(−x ) − 4 = 3x 2 − 2 x − 4
2
(d)
(e) − f (x ) = −(3x 2 + 2x − 4) = −3x 2 − 2x + 4
f (x +1) = 3(x + 1) + 2(x +1) − 4 = 3(x 2 + 2 x + 1)+ 2x + 2 − 4
2
(f)
= 3x + 6x + 3 + 2x + 2 − 4
2

= 3x + 8x +1
2

37
Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs

f (2x ) = 3(2x ) + 2(2x ) − 4 =12 x 2 + 4 x − 4

2
(g)
f (x + h ) = 3(x + h ) + 2(x + h ) − 4 = 3(x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 )+ 2x + 2h − 4
2
(h)
= 3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h2 + 2 x + 2 h − 4

x
29. f (x ) =
x +1
2

0 0
(a) f (0) = = =0
0 +1 1
2

1 1
(b) f (1) = 2 =
1 +1 2
−1 −1 1
(c) f (−1) = = =−
(−1) + 1 1 +1 2
2

−x −x
(d) f (−x ) = = 2
(−x ) + 1 x + 1
2

 x  −x
(e) − f (x ) = −  2  = 2
 x + 1 x + 1
x+1 x+1 x+1
(f) f (x +1) = = 2 = 2
(x + 1) +1 x + 2x +1 +1 x + 2x + 2
2

2x 2x
(g) f (2 x ) = =
(2x ) +1 4 x 2 +1
2

x+ h x+h
(h) f (x + h ) = = 2
(x + h) + 1 x + 2xh + h 2 +1
2

31. f (x ) = x + 4
(a) f (0) = 0 + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4
(b) f (1) = 1 + 4 = 1+ 4 = 5
(c) f (−1) = −1 + 4 = 1+ 4 = 5
(d) f (−x ) = − x + 4 = x + 4
(e) − f (x ) = − ( x + 4 )= − x − 4
(f) f (x +1) = x + 1 + 4
(g) f (2x ) = 2x + 4 = 2 x + 4
(h) f (x + h ) = x + h + 4

2x +1
33. f (x ) =
3x − 5
2(0) +1 0 +1 1
(a) f (0) = = =−
3(0) − 5 0 − 5 5
2(1) + 1 2 + 1 3 3
(b) f (1) = = = =−
3(1) − 5 3 − 5 −2 2
2(−1) + 1 −2 + 1 −1 1
(c) f (−1) = = = =
3(−1) − 5 −3 − 5 −8 8

38
 Section 2.1 Functions

2(−x ) + 1 −2x +1 2x −1
(d) f (−x ) = = =
3(−x ) − 5 −3x − 5 3x + 5
 2 x + 1  −2x −1
(e) − f (x ) = − =
 3x − 5  3x − 5
2(x + 1) + 1 2x + 2 + 1 2 x + 3
(f) f (x +1) = = =
3(x + 1) − 5 3x + 3 − 5 3x − 2
2(2x ) + 1 4x + 1
(g) f (2x ) = =
3(2x ) − 5 6x − 5
2(x + h) + 1 2x + 2h +1
(h) f (x + h ) = =
3(x + h) − 5 3x + 3h − 5

35. Graph y = x 2 . The graph passes the vertical line test. Thus, the equation represents a
function.

1
37. Graph y = . The graph passes the vertical line test. Thus, the equation represents a
x
function.

y =4−x
2 2
39.
Solve for y : y = ± 4 − x 2
For x = 0, y = ±2 . Thus, (0, 2) and (0, –2) are on the graph. This is not a function, since a
distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.

41. x = y 2
Solve for y : y = ± x
For x =1, y = ±1. Thus, (1, 1) and (1, –1) are on the graph. This is not a function, since a
distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.

43. Graph y = 2x 2 − 3 x + 4 . The graph passes the vertical line test. Thus, the equation
represents a function.

2x + 3y =1
2 2
45.
Solve for y:
1− 2x 2 1− 2x 2
2x 2 + 3y 2 = 1 ⇒ 3y 2 = 1− 2x 2 ⇒ y 2 = ⇒ y =±
3 3
1  1   1 
For x = 0, y = ± . Thus,  0,  and  0,−  are on the graph. This is not a function,
3  3  3
since a distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.

47. f (x) = −5x + 4 49. f ( x) =

x
Domain: {x x is any real number } x +1 2

Domain: {x x is any real number }

39
Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs

x x−2
51. g( x) = 53. F( x) =
x − 16
2
x3+ x
x −16 ≠ 0
2
x +x≠0
3

x ≠ 16 ⇒ x ≠ ±4
2 x(x 2 +1) ≠ 0
Domain: {x x ≠ −4, x ≠ 4} x ≠ 0, x 2 ≠ −1
Domain: {x x ≠ 0}

55. h( x) = 3x −12 57. f ( x) =

4
3 x − 12 ≥ 0 x−9
3x ≥ 12 x−9 > 0
x≥4 x>9
Domain: {x x ≥ 4} Domain: {x x > 9}

2 2
59. p( x) = =
x −1 x −1
x −1 > 0
x >1
Domain: {x x > 1}

61. f (x) = 3x + 4 g(x) = 2x − 3

(a) ( f + g)(x) = 3x + 4 + 2x − 3 = 5x + 1
The domain is {x x is any real number }.
(b) ( f − g)(x) = (3x + 4) − (2 x − 3) = 3x + 4 − 2x + 3 = x + 7
The domain is {x x is any real number }.
(c) ( f ⋅ g )(x ) = (3x + 4)(2 x − 3) = 6 x 2 − 9x + 8x −12 = 6x 2 − x −12
The domain is {x x is any real number }.
f 3x + 4
(d)  (x) =
g 2x − 3
2x − 3 ≠ 0
3
2x ≠ 3 ⇒ x ≠
2
 3
The domain is  x x ≠  .
 2

f ( x) = x − 1 g( x) = 2x
2
63.
(a) ( f + g)(x) = x − 1 + 2x 2 = 2x 2 + x − 1
The domain is {x x is any real number }.
( f − g)(x) = ( x − 1) − (2 x ) = x −1 − 2x = −2 x + x − 1
2 2 2
(b)
The domain is {x x is any real number }.

40
 Section 2.1 Functions

( f ⋅ g )(x ) = ( x − 1)(2 x ) = 2x − 2x
2 3 2
(c)
The domain is {x x is any real number }.
f x −1
(d)  (x) =
g 2x 2
The domain is {x x ≠ 0}.

65. f ( x) = x g( x) = 3x − 5
(a) ( f + g)(x) = x + 3x − 5
The domain is {x x ≥ 0}.
(b) ( f − g)(x) = x − (3 x − 5) = x − 3x + 5
The domain is {x x ≥ 0}.
(c) ( f ⋅ g )(x ) = x (3x − 5) = 3x x − 5 x
The domain is {x x ≥ 0}.
f x
(d)  (x) =
g 3x − 5
x ≥ 0 and 3x − 5 ≠ 0
5
3x ≠ 5 ⇒ x ≠
3
The domain is  x x ≥ 0 and x ≠ 3  .
5
 

1 1
67. f ( x) = 1 + g( x) =
x x
1 1 2
(a) ( f + g)(x) = 1 + + =1+
x x x
The domain is {x x ≠ 0}.
1 1
(b) ( f − g)(x) = 1 + − = 1
x x
The domain is {x x ≠ 0}.
( f ⋅ g )(x ) =  1 +  = + 2
1 1 1 1
(c) x x x x
The domain is {x x ≠ 0}.
1 x +1
f 1+
x +1 x
(d)  (x) = 1 x = 1x = ⋅ = x +1
g x 1
x x
The domain is {x x ≠ 0}.

41
Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs
2x + 3 4x
69. f ( x) = g( x) =
3x − 2 3x − 2
2x + 3 4x 2x + 3 + 4 x 6 x + 3
(a) ( f + g)( x) = + = =
3x − 2 3x − 2 3x − 2 3x − 2
3x − 2 ≠ 0
2
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
3
The domain is  x x ≠ 3  .
2
 
2x + 3 4x 2 x + 3 − 4x −2 x + 3
(b) ( f − g)(x) = 3x − 2 − 3x − 2 = 3x − 2 = 3x − 2
3x − 2 ≠ 0
2
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
3
The domain is  x x ≠ 3  .
2
 
 2x + 3  4 x  8x 2 +12 x
(c) ( f ⋅ g)( x) =   =
 3x − 2  3x − 2  (3x − 2) 2
3x − 2 ≠ 0
2
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
3
The domain is  x x ≠ 3  .
 2
 
2x + 3
f 2x + 3 3x − 2 2 x + 3
(d)  (x) = 3x4 −x 2 = ⋅ =
g 3x − 2 4 x 4x
3x − 2
3x − 2 ≠ 0 and x ≠ 0
3x ≠ 2
2
x≠
3
 2 
The domain is  x x ≠ and x ≠ 0 .
 3 

1
71. f ( x) = 3x + 1 ( f + g)( x) = 6 − x
2
1
6 − x = 3x + 1+ g(x)
2
7 7
5 − x = g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 5 − x
2 2

42
 Section 2.1 Functions
73. f (x) = 4 x + 3
f (x + h) − f (x) 4( x + h) + 3 − 4 x − 3
=
h h
4 x + 4h + 3 − 4 x − 3 4 h
= = =4
h h

f ( x) = x − x + 4
2
75.
f (x + h) − f (x) (x + h) 2 − ( x + h) + 4 − ( x 2 − x + 4)
=
h h
x + 2 xh + h − x − h + 4 − x 2 + x − 4
2 2
=
h
2xh + h − h
2
=
h
= 2x + h −1

f ( x) = x − 2
3
77.
f (x + h) − f (x) (x + h) − 2 − (x − 2)
3 3

=
h h
x + 3x h + 3xh 2 + h 3 − 2 − x 3 + 2
3 2
=
h
3x h + 3xh + h 3
2 2
=
h
= 3x + 3xh + h 2
2

79. f ( x) = 2 x 3 + Ax 2 + 4 x − 5 and f (2) = 5 3x + 8

81. f ( x) = and f (0) = 2
f (2) = 2(2) 3 + A(2) 2 + 4(2) − 5 2x − A
3(0) + 8
5 = 16 + 4 A + 8 − 5 ⇒ 5 = 4A + 19 f (0) =
2(0) − A
7
−14 = 4 A ⇒ A = − 8
2 2= ⇒ −2A = 8 ⇒ A = − 4
−A

2x − A
83. f ( x) = and f (4) = 0
x− 3
2(4) − A
f (4) =
4−3
8− A
0=
1
0=8−A
A=8
f is undefined when x = 3.

43
Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs
85. Let x represent the length of the rectangle.
x
Then represents the width of the rectangle, since the length is twice the width.
2
x x2 1 2
The function for the area is: A( x) = x ⋅ = = x
2 2 2

87. Let x represent the number of hours worked.

The function for the gross salary is: G(x) = 10x

H (1) = 20 − 4.9(1) = 20 − 4.9 = 15.1 meters

2
89. (a)
H (1.1) = 20 − 4.9(1.1) = 20 − 4.9(1.21) = 20 − 5.929 = 14.071 meters
2

H (1.2) = 20 − 4.9(1.2) = 20 − 4.9(1.44 ) = 20 − 7.056 = 12.944 meters

2

H (1.3) = 20 − 4.9(1.3) = 20 − 4.9(1.69) = 20 − 8.281 = 11.719 meters

2

(b) H (x ) =15 H (x ) =10 H (x ) = 5

15 = 20 − 4.9x 2 10 = 20 − 4.9 x 2
5 = 20 − 4.9 x 2
−5 = − 4.9x
2
−10 = − 4.9x 2 −15 = − 4.9x
2

x ≈ 1.0204
2
x 2 ≈ 2 .0408 x ≈ 3.0612
2

x ≈ 1.01 seconds x ≈ 1.43 seconds x ≈ 1.75 seconds

(c) H (x ) = 0
0 = 20 − 4.9x 2
−20 = − 4.9x
2

x ≈ 4.0816
2

x ≈ 2.02 seconds

x 36,000
91. C(x ) = 100 + +
10 x
500 36,000
(a) C(500) = 100 + + = 100 + 50 + 72 = $222
10 500
450 36,000
(b) C(450) =100 + + = 100 + 45 + 80 = $225
10 450
600 36,000
(c) C(600) = 100 + + = 100 + 60 + 60 = $220
10 600
400 36,000
(d) C(400) =100 + + = 100 + 40 + 90 = $230
10 400

L L (x )
93. R(x ) =  (x ) = 95. H (x ) = (P ⋅ I )(x ) = P(x )⋅ I (x )
 P P(x )

97. (a) h(x ) = 2x

h(a + b) = 2(a + b) = 2a + 2b = h(a) + h(b)
h(x ) = 2x has the property.

44
 Section 2.1 Functions

(b) g(x ) = x 2
g(a + b) = (a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b2 ≠ a 2 + b2 = g(a) + g(b)
2

g( x) = x does not have the property.

2

(c) F (x ) = 5x − 2
F (a + b) = 5(a + b) − 2 = 5a + 5b − 2 ≠ 5a − 2 + 5b − 2 = F (a) + F (b)
F (x ) = 5x − 2 does not have the property.
1
(d) G (x ) =
x
1 1 1
G(a + b) = ≠ + = G(a) + G(b)
a+b a b
1
G(x ) = does not have the property.
x

99. Answers will vary.

45