Your School Name

City Name

Chemistry Project File

Year

Submitted By :- Submitted To :-

Student Name Mr. Teacher Name

(12th Science)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Student Name of

Class 12thScience has successfully completed

this project report titled “Chemistry in
Everyday life” under my guidance. I wish
him my best wishes for his future.

MR. Teacher Name

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank you my Chemistry
teacher MR. Teacher Name, who helped me
to put together this report without his
encouragement this report would have seen
the light of the Day.

Student Name

Class 12th Science

 Abstract
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a
natural environment that causes instability,
disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e.
physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can
take the form of chemical substances or energy,
such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the
elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or
energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally
occurring, they are considered contaminants when
they exceed natural levels.
 Contents
1. Modern Awareness
2. Forms of Pollution
3. Littering
4. Sources and Causes
5. Conclusion
6. Pollution control devices
7. Bibliography
Topic Name

Environmental
Pollution
  Modern Awareness
Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due
to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing.
Then a non-nuclear event, The Great Smog of 1952 in
London, killed at least 4000 people. This prompted some
of the first major modern environmental legislation, The
Clean Air Act of 1956. Pollution began to draw major
public attention in the United States between the mid-
1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise
Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and
the National Environmental Policy Act.

Bad bouts of local pollution helped increase consciousness.

PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl)

Dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the

EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term dioxin
contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a
national news story in 1978 and led to the Superfund
legislation of 1980. Legal proceedings in the 1990s helped
bring to light Chromium-6 releases in California--the
champions of whose victims became famous.
The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name
Brownfield, a term now common in city planning. DDT
was banned in most of the developed world after the
publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.

The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive

contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for
hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay, named by
the World watch Institute as the "most polluted spot"
on earth, served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union
throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Second place may go
to the area of Chelyabinsk U.S.S.R. as the "Most
polluted place on the planet".

Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War,

sometimes near inhabited areas, especially in the earlier
stages of their development. The toll on the worst
affected populations and the growth since then in
understanding about the critical threat to human health
posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive
complication associated with nuclear power. Though
extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential
for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three
Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public
mistrust. One legacy of nuclear testing before most forms
were banned has been significantly raised levels of
background radiation.

International catastrophes such as the wreck of the

Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978
and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the
universality of such events and the scale on which efforts
to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature
of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the
implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue
of global warming. Most recently the term persistent
organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of
chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though
their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing
to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected
in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial
activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and
bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of
widespread use. Growing evidence of local and global
pollution and an increasingly informed public over time
have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental
movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on
the environment.

 Forms of Pollution
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with
the particular pollutants relevant to each of them:

Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates

into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and
motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created
as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight.
Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their
micrometer size PM10 to PM2.5.

Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination

and astronomical interference.
  Littering
Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise,
aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-
intensity sonar. Soil contamination occurs when
chemicals are released intentionally, by spill or
underground leakage. Among the most significant soil
contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals,
MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.

Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th

century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear
power generation and nuclear weapons research,
manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters
and actinides in the environment.)

Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in

natural water bodies caused by human influence,
such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of
overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred
landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of
trash or municipal solid waste.

Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater

from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally
or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of
untreated domestic sewage, and chemical
contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated
sewage; release of waste and contaminants into
surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including
urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may
contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides);
waste disposal and leaching into groundwater;
eutrophication and littering.
  Sources and Causes

Air pollution comes from both natural and man-made sources.

Though globally man made pollutants from combustion,
construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly
significant in the air pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions
are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United
States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air
pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include
chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,
petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators,
large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC
factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and
other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from
contemporary practices, which include clear felling and burning of
natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides.

About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are

generated each year. The United States alone produces about
250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of
the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s
CO2, and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste. In
2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world's
biggest producer of CO2.

In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500
scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120
countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of
global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse
gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a
major climate report concluded. But in order to change the
climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to
occur within decades, according to the final report this year from
the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated

hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium–
found in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint,
aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc,
arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a series of press reports
culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread
practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting
in the contamination of the soil with various metals.

Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical

substances entering the soil environment (and often
groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse
accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from
pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in
the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for
simplicity, such as TCDD(2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin).

Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For

example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from
sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or
automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not
uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some
sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers,
can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when
accidents occur. In the case of noise pollution the dominant
source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent
of all unwanted noise worldwide.

 Pollution control devices:

Dust collection systems

1. Baghouses

2. Cyclones

3. Electrostatic precipitators

Scrubbers

1. Baffle spray scrubber

2. Cyclonic spray scrubber

3. Ejector venturi scrubber

4. Mechanically aided scrubber

5. Spray tower

6. Wet scrubber
  Conclusion
Pollution control is a term used in environmental
management. It means the control of emissions and
effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution
control, the waste products from consumption, heating,
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and
other human activities, whether they accumulate or
disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of
controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are
more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a similar
technique for the prevention of urban runoff.
 Bibliography

1. En.wikipedia.org
2. Google.com
3. Sciencedaily.com
4. Chem4kids.com
5. Sciencedirect.com
6. Dir.yahoo.com/Science/chemistry
7. Newspapers/Magazines etc.