Three Phase System
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y - Y
system as shown below.
1
Solution 1
Single Phase Equivalent Circuit
Phase a equivalent circuit
VAN
I Aa = ; ZT = (5 j 2) + (10 + j8) = 16.15521.8
ZT
1100
I Aa = = 6.81 21.8
16.15521.8
I Bb = I Aa 120
= 6.81 141.8 A
I Cc = I Aa 24 0
= 6.81 26 1.8 = 6.81 98 . 2 A
4
2
EXAMPLE 2
A balanced delta connected load having an
impedance 20 - j15 is connected to a delta
connected, positive sequence generator
having VAB = 3300 V. Calculate the phase
currents of the load and the line currents.
Solution 2
Z = 20 j15 = 25 36.87
VAB = 3300 V
6
3
Phase Currents
Vab 3300
I ab = = = 13.236.87A
Z 25 38.87
I bc = I ab 120 = 13.2 - 83.13A
I ca = I ab + 120 = 13.2156.87A
Line Currents
I Aa = I ab 3 30
(
= (13.2 36.87 ) 3 30 )
= 22 . 86 6 . 87 A
I Bb = I Aa 120 = 22 . 86 - 11 3 . 13 A
I Cc = I Aa + 120 = 22 . 86 126 . 87 A
4
- Connected Generator with a Y -
Connected Load
EXAMPLE 3
A balanced Y - connected load with a phase
impedance 40 + j25 is supplied by a balanced,
positive-sequence -connected source with a
line voltage of 210V. Calculate the phase
currents. Use VAB as reference.
10
5
Solution 3
the load impedance, ZY and the source voltage, VAB are
ZY = 40+ j25= 47.1732
VAB = 2100 V
11
When the - connected source is transformed
to a Y - connected source,
VAB
Van = 30
3
2100
= 1 30
3
= 121.2 - 30 V
12
6
The line currents are
Van 121.2 30
I Aa = = = 2.57 - 62 A
ZY 47.1732
I Bb = I Aa 120 = 2.57 - 182 A
I Cc = I Aa + 120 = 2.5758 A
13
Summary of Relationships in Y and
- connections
Y-connection -connection
Voltage VL = V
VL = 3V
magnitudes
Current IL = I I L = 3I
magnitudes
Phase VL leads V by IL lags I by 30
sequence 30
14
7
Power
Y - Connected Balanced Load
Average Power
The average power delivered to each phase
The total power to the balanced load is
8
Reactive Power
The reactive power of each phase is
The total reactive power of the load is
Apparent Power
The apparent power of each phase is
The total apparent power of the load is
9
Power Factor
The power factor of the system is
- Connected Balanced Load
10
Average Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Power Factor
11
EXAMPLE 4
Determine the total power (P), reactive power
(Q) and complex power (S) at the source and at
the load.
Solution 4 Single Phase Equivalent Circuit
Phase a equivalent circuit
Known quantities
Vg =VAN= 1100 V
ZY = 10 + j8
Zline = 5 - j2
12
Line / Phase Currents
VAN
IA =
Zline + Z Y
1100
IA =
16.15521.8
= 6.81 21.8 A
Source & Load Power
Ssource = 3V I
= (2087 + j834.6)VA
Ps = 2087 W, Q s = 834.6 VAR
2
SLoad = 3 I Z
= (1392 + j1113)VA
PL = 1392 W, Q L = 1113 VAR
13
EXAMPLE 5
A three phase motor can be regarded as a
balanced Y - load. A three phase motor
draws 5.6 kW when the line voltage is 220 V
and the line current is 18.2 A. Determine the
power factor of the motor
Known Quantities
PLoad = 5600 W
VL = 220 V
IL = 18.2 A
Solution 3.5
Power factor = cos
S = 3V I
= 3 VL I L
Q |S|
= 6935.13 VA
P = S cos P
P 5600
cos = = = 0.8
S 6935.13
14
Example 6
For the Y - connected load in Figure
a) find the average power to each phase and
the total load
b) determine the reactive power to each phase
and the total reactive power
c) find the apparent power to each phase and
the total apparent power
d) find the power factor of the load
Figure
15
Solution 6
a) The average power to each phase is
P = V I cos IV
= 100 20 cos 53.13
= 1200 W
Total load
PT = 3 P = 3 1200 W = 3600 W
b) The reactive power to each phase is
Q = V I sin IV
= 100 20 sin 53.13
= 1600 VAR
Total reactive power
QT = 3 Q = 3 1600 = 4800 VAR
16
c) The apparent power to each phase is
S = V I
= 100 20
= 2000 VA
Total apparent power
ST = 3 S = 3 2000 = 6000 VA
d) The power factor
PT
FP =
ST
3600 W
=
6000 VA
= 0.6 lagging
17
Power relationship - Phase quantities
The power equations applied to Y-or load in a
balanced 3-phase system are
P = 3V I cos P = 3I 2 Z cos Real power
Watts (W)
Q = 3V I sin Q = 3I 2 Z sin Reactive power
Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR)
S = 3V I S = 3I 2 Z Apparent power
Volt-Amps (VA)
- angle between voltage and current in any phase of the load
Power relationship - Line quantities
The power equations applied to Y-or load in a
balanced 3-phase system are
P = 3VLL I L cos Real power
Q = 3VLL I L sin Reactive power
S = 3VLL I L Apparent power
- angle between phase voltage and phase current in
any phase of the load
18
Since both the three phase source and the three
phase load can be either Y or connected, we
have 4 possible connections
1. Y - Y connections (Y - connected source with
Y - connected load)
2. Y - connection (Y - connected source with
- connected load)
3. - connection ( - connected source with
- connected load)
4. - Y connection ( - connected source with
Y - connected load)
1. Y connected generator / source with Y
connected load
Z1 = Z 2 = Z 3
I g = I L = I L
V = E
E L = 3V
19
2. Y - Connection
A balanced Y - system consists of a
balanced Y - connected source feeding a
balanced - connected load
Z/3 Z/3 Z Z
Z
Z/3
Z
ZY =
3
must consists of three equal impedances
3. - Connection
A balanced - system consists of a
balanced - connected source feeding a
balanced - connected load
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
20
4. Y Connection
A balanced - Y system consists of a
balanced - connected source feeding a
balanced Y - connected load
Z/3 Z/3
Z Z
Z Z/3
Example 7
Each transmission line of the 3 wire, three phase
system in Figure has an impedance of 15 + j
20 . The system delivers a total power of 160
kW at 12,000 V to a balanced three-phase load
with a lagging power factor of 0.86.
a. Determine the magnitude of the line voltage
EAB of the generator.
b. Find the power factor of the total load
applied to the generator.
c. What is the efficiency of the system?
21
Figure
Solution 7
VL 12000V
a. V (load) = = = 6936.42 V
3 1.73
PT (load) = 3 V I cos
and PT 160000 W
I= = = 8.94 A
3V cos 3(6936.42)(0.86)
Since = cos-1 0.86 = 30.68o (lagging)
And assigning V = V 0 , a lagging power
factor results in I = 8.94A 30.68
22
For each phase, the system will appear as
shown in figure below.
E AN I Z line V = 0
Or
E AN = I Zline + V
= (8.94A - 30.68)(2553.13) + 6936.42V0
= 223.5V22.45 + 6936.42V0
= 206.56V + j85.35V + 6936.42V
= 7142.98V + j85.35V
= 7143.5V0.68
Then
E AB = 3Eg = (1.73)(7143.5V) = 12358.26 V
b. PT = Pload + Plines
= 160kW + 3( I L ) 2 Rline
2
= 160kW + 3(8.94A ) 15
= 160,000 W + 3596.55W
= 163,596.55W
And PT = 3V L I L cos T
PT 163,596.55W
cos T = =
3VL I L (1.73)(12,358.26V )(8.94A )
And F p = 0.856 < 0.86 of load
c.
P Po 160kW
= o = = = 0.978 = 97.8%
Pi Po + Plosses 160kW+ 3596.55W
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Example 3.8
A 208V three phase power system is shown in Figure 1. It consists
of an ideal 208V Y - connected three phase generator connected to
a three phase transmission line to a Y - connected load. The
transmission line has an impedance of 0.06 + j0.12 per phase and
the load has an impedance of 12 + j9 per phase. For this simple
system, find
(a) The magnitude of the line current IL
(b) The magnitude of the loads line and phase voltages VLL and VL
(c) The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
(d) The power factor of the load
(e) The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the
transmission line
(f) The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the
generator
(g) The generators power factor
0.06 i0.12
+
0.06 i0.12
Z Z
Vcn=120-2400
Van=12000
208V
Z=12+ i9
-
Z
+
Vbn=120-1200
0.06 i0.12
_
Figure 1
24
Solution 8
(a)The magnitude of the line current IL
V line
I line =
Z line + Z load
120 0 V
=
( 0 . 06 + j 0 . 12 ) + (12 + j 9 )
120 0 120 0
= =
12 . 06 + j 9 .12 15 . 12 37 .1
= 7 . 94 37 . 1 A
So, the magnitude of the line current is thus 7.94 A
(b) The magnitude of the loads line and phase
voltages VLL and VL
The phase voltage on the load is the voltage across one phase of the
load. This voltage is the product of the phase impedance and the
phase current of the load
VL = I L Z L
= ( 7 .94 37 .1 A)(12 + j 9 )
= ( 7 .94 37 .1 A)(15 36 .9 )
= 119 .1 0.2V
Therefore, the magnitude of the loads phase voltage is
V L = 119 . 1V
and the magnitude of the loads line voltage is
V LL = 3V L = 206 . 3V
25
(c) The real power consumed by the load is
PLoad = 3V I cos
= 3(119 .1V )( 7 .94 A ) cos 36 .9
= 2270 W
The reactive power consumed by the load is
QLoad = 3V I sin
= 3(119.1V )(7.94 A) sin 36.9
= 1702 var
The apparent power consumed by the load is
S Load = 3V I
= 3(119 .1V )( 7 . 94 A )
= 2839 VA
(d) The load power factor is PF Load = cos
= cos 36 .9
(e) The current in the = 0 .8lagging
transmission line is
7.94 37.1A
(0.06 + j0.12) or
The impedance per phase of the line is
0.13463.4
Therefore, the real, reactive and apparent powers consumed in
the line are 2
2
PLine = 3I Z cos Q Line = 3 I Z sin
= 3(7.94A) 2 (0.134) cos63.4 = 3( 7.94 A) 2 ( 0.134 ) sin 63 .4
= 11.3W 2 = 22 .7 var
S Line = 3 I Z
= 3 ( 7 . 94 A ) 2 ( 0 . 134 )
= 25 . 3VA
26
(f) The real and reactive powers supplied by the
generator are the sum of the powers
consumed by the line and the load
Pgen = Pline + Pload
= 11 . 3W + 2270 W
Q gen = Q line + Q load
= 2281 W
= 22 .7 var + 1702 var
= 1725 var
The apparent power of the generator is the square root
of the sum of the squares of the real and reactive
powers
2 2
S gen = Pgen + Q gen
= 2860VA
(g) From the power triangle, the power factor
angle is
Q gen
gen = tan 1
Pgen
1725 VAR
= tan 1 = 37 .1
2281W
Therefore, the generators power factor is
PF gen = cos 37 . 1 = 0 . 798 lagging
27
A 208V three phase power system is shown in Figure 2. It consists of
an ideal 208V Y - connected three phase generator connected to a
three phase transmission line to a - connected load. The
transmission line has an impedance of 0.06 + j0.12 per phase and
the load has an impedance of 12 + j9 per phase. For this simple
system, find
Assignment 1
a. The magnitude of the line current IL
b. The magnitude of the loads line and phase voltages VLL and VL
c. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
d. The power factor of the load
e. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the
transmission line
f. The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the
generator
g. The generators power factor
Figure 2
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