Analog-Digital Converters

By: Saumya Ranjan Behura

Agenda
 Introduction to ADC
 Types of ADC
 Characteristics of ADC in MC9S12C
 Application and Selection of ADC
Introduction of ADC
 What is ADC?
 Why is ADC important?
 How does it work?
What is ADC?
 ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is an electronic device that
converts a continuous analog input signal to discrete digital
numbers (binary)
 Analog
 Real world signals that contain noise
 Continuous in time
 Digital
 Discrete in time and value
 Binary digits that contain values 0 or 1
 Why is ADC Important?

 All microcontrollers store information using digital logic

 Compress information to digital form for efficient storage
 Medium for storing digital data is more robust
 Digital data transfer is more efficient
 Digital data is easily reproducible
 Provides a link between real-world signals and data storage
 How ADC Works

2 Stages:
 Sampling

 Sample-Hold Circuit
 Aliasing

 Quantizing and Encoding

 Resolution

Binary
output
 Sampling

 Reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal

 Achieved through sampling and holding circuit
 Switch ON – sampling of signal (time to charge capacitor w/ V in)
 Switch OFF - voltage stored in capacitor (hold operation)
 Must hold sampled value constant for digital conversion

Simple Sample and Hold Circuit Response of Sample and Hold Circuit
 Sampling
 Sampling rate depends on clock
frequency
 Use Nyquist Criterion
 Increasing sampling rate
increases accuracy of conversion
 Possibility of aliasing

Sampling Signal: Tw
1
Sampling Period: Ts = f
s

Nyquist Criterion: fs > 2 ∗ f max

 Aliasing
 High and low frequency samples are indistinguishable
 Results in improper conversion of the input signal
 Usually exists when Nyquist Criterion is violated
 Can exist even when: fs > 2 ∗ f max
 Prevented through the use of Low-Pass (Anti-aliasing) Filters
 Quantizing and Encoding
 Approximates a continuous range of values and
replaces it with a binary number
 Error is introduced between input voltage and output
binary representation
 Error depends on the resolution of the ADC
 Resolution

 Maximum value of quantization error

 Error is reduced with more available memory

Vrange=Input Voltage Range

n= # bits of ADC
resolution = Vrange /( 2 n − 1)
Example:
Vrange = 7.0V
n=3 Qerror = ± resolution / 2
1V = 7V /( 23 − 1) = ±.5V

Resolution
 Resolution
 Increase in resolution improves the accuracy of the conversion

Minimum voltage step recognized by ADC

Analog Signal Digitized Signal- High Digitized Signal- Low

Resolution Resolution
 Types of A/D Converters

Flash A/D Converter

Successive Approximation A/D Converter
Example of Successive Approximation
Dual Slope A/D Converter
Delta – Sigma A/D Converter
 Elements of a Flash A/D Converter

Encoder

Comparator
FLASH A/D CONVERTER

Resolution

23-1 = 7 Comparators

3 Bit Digital Output

 Flash A/D Converter Contd.

Pros Cons
• Fastest (in the • Each additional bit
order of nano of resolution
seconds) requires twice the
• Simple number of
operational comparators
theory •Expensive
• Speed is limited • Prone to produce
only by gate and glitches in the
comparator output
propagation delay
 Elements of Dual-Slope ADC

Integrator
Dual-Slope ADC

*
 Elements of the Successive Approximation ADC

Successive Approximation Register

Digital to Analog Converter

Takes in a Combination of Bits
SUCESSIVE APPROXIMATION A/D CONVERTER
 Example

Show the timing waveforms that would occur in SAR ADC when
converting an analog voltage of 6.84V to 8-bit binary, assume that the
full scale input voltage of the DAC is 10V.
Vin = 6.84 V

Vref = 10
V
 5

7.5
7.5

6.25
6.25 Cumulative
DAC Input DAC Vout Voltage
6.875 D7 5.0000 5.0000
D6 2.5000 7.5000
6.5625
6.5625 D5 1.2500 8.7500
D4 0.6250 9.3750
6.71875
D3 0.3125 9.6875
6.796875
6.796875 D2 0.15625 9.84375
D1 0.078125 9.921875
6.8359375
6.8359375 D0 0.0390625 9.9609375

6.84 V
 Dual Slope A/D Converter Contd.

Pros Cons
• High accuracy • Slow
• Fewer adverse • Accuracy is
affects from noise dependent on the
use of precision
external
components
Delta-Sigma ADC
 Delta-Sigma ADC contd.

#1 Delta-Sigma Modulator
 Delta-Sigma ADC contd.

#2 Digital Filter

Decimator
 Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Contd.

Pros Cons
•High Resolution • Slow due to over
•No need of sampling
precision • Good for low
components bandwidth
 ADC Comparison

Type Speed(relative) Cost(Relative)

Dual Slope Slow Med

Flash Very fast High

Successive approx Medium fast Low

Sigma-Delta Slow Low

ATD10B8C on MC9S12C32

 Presented by:
 Michael Hochman
MC9S12C32 Block Diagram
ATD10B8C Block Diagram
ATD10B8C Key Features
 Resolution
 8/10 bit (manually chosen)
 Conversion Time
 7 usec, 10 bit
 Successive Approximation ADC architecture
 8-channel multiplexed inputs
 External trigger control
 Conversion modes
 Single or continuous sampling
 Single or multiple channels
ATD10B8C External Pins
 12 external pins

 AN7 / ETRIG / PAD7

 Analog input channel 7
 External trigger for ADC
 General purpose digital I/O

 AN6/PAD6 – AN0/PAD0
 Analog input
 General purpose digital I/O

 VRH, VRL
 High and low reference voltages for ADC

 VDDA, VSSA
 Power supplies for analog circuitry
ATD10B8C Registers

 6 Control Registers ($0080 - $0085)

 Configure general ADC operation

 2 Status Registers ($0086, $008B)

 General status information regarding ADC

 2 Test Registers ($0088 - $0089)

 Allows for analog conversion of internal states

 16 Conversion Result Registers ($0090 - $009F)

 Formatted results (2 bytes)

 1 Digital Input Enable Register ($008D)

 Convert channels to digital inputs

 1 Digital Port Data Register ($008F)

 Contains logic levels of digital input pins
Control Register 2
Control Register 3
Control Register 4
Control Register 5
Single Channel Conversions
Multi-channel Conversions
Status Register 0
Status Register 1
Results Registers
ATD Input Enable Register
Port Data Register
Setting up the ADC
Applications For ADC
 What are some applications for Analog to
Digital Converters?
 Measurements / Data Acquisition
 Control Systems
 PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)
 Sensor integration (Robotics)
 Cell Phones
 Video Devices
 Audio Devices
Measurements / Data
Acquisition
NI X-Series Data Acquisition
What is Data Acquisition
Card
 The sampling of the
real world to generate
data that can be
manipulated by a
computer
 (DSP) Digital Signal
Processing first
requires a digital signal
 Eg. Analysis of data
from weather balloons
by the National
Weather Service
 Control Systems
e*(∆t) u*(∆t)
e e*

0010

1011
0101
0011

1001

0101
0010
1010
Controller

t t ∆t ∆t

e*(∆t) u*(∆t)
R + e S/H Digital D/A u Y
& CPU & Plant
- ADC Co ntro lle r Hold

Clock

Digital Control System

Transduce
r
The Old Way…. Analog
Computers

Comdyna  GP6
 The New Way
e*(∆t) u*(∆t)
e e*

0010

1011
0101
0011

1001

0101
0010
1010
Controller

t t ∆t ∆t

Analog
Analog
Output
Input
ADC D/A
Programmable Logic
Controllers
ADC in PLCs Rockwell PLC
 PLCs are the industry standard Analog I/O Module
for automation tasks including:
 Motion Control
 Safety Systems
 designed for:
 multiple inputs and output
arrangements
 extended temperature ranges
 immunity to electrical noise
 resistance to vibration and impact
 Most I/O are Boolean, however
most PLC systems have an
analog I/O module
Sensor Integration (Robotics)
 Many robots use
microprocessors
 ADC allows robots to
interpret environmental
cues and compensate
 If the algorithm needs
to be changed it’s a
simple matter of
modifying the code
 Analog control
systems require a
complete circuit
redesign
Cell Phones

Why Digital?
 Digital signals can be easily
manipulated
 Digital phones convert your voice
into binary information and then
compress it
 This compression allows between
three and 10 digital calls to
occupy the space of
a s ing le  analog call.
 The analog-to-digital and digital-
to-analog conversion chips
translate the outgoing audio
signal from analog to digital and
the incoming signal from digital
back to analog
Audio Devices

Examples ADC From Sound Card

 ADCs are integral to
current music reproduction
technology
 They sample audio
streams and store the
digital data on media like
compact disks
 The current crop of AD
converters utilized in music
can sample at rates up to
192 kilohertz
 Sound Cards
Video Devices

TV Tuners
 Analog video and audio
signals are converted to
digital signals for
display to user
 Slingbox converts
analog input stream
and rebroadcasts it
across the internet in
digital form
 CCDs use ADCs to
process image data
Selection of an ADC
 Important Considerations:
 Input Type – Differential or Single Ended
 Resolution - Most Important
 Scaling - allows the user to divide or multiply the input
voltage to more closely match the full scale range of the
ADC
 Sample Rate - The sample rate must be at least twice the
frequency the you are measuring, but 5 times is much
better
 Channel Scan Rate - The channel scan rate is the
maximum rate that the ADC can select a new channel and
make a measurement. many ADCs have a relatively slow
scan rate (when compared to the sample rate.)
 Eg. To achieve a sample rate of 600Hz on three channels, you
will need a channel scan rate of at least 1.8kHz
Example: Selecting an ADC
 We want to digitize a vibration signal
measured by an accelerometer with the
following characteristics (PCB 301A10):
 Sensitivity: (±2.0%) 100 mV/g
 Measurement Range: ±50 g pk
 Frequency Range: (±5%) 0.5 to 10000 Hz
 Select a satisfactory Analog to Digital
Converter….
Example Continued
 Desired Signal:
 Sensitivity: (±2.0%) 100 mV/g
 Measurement Range: ±50 g pk
Solution
 Frequency Range: (±5%) 0.5 to 10000 Hz
10
 Resolution:
Vrange ln( + 1)
resolution = n n= 0 .1 = 6.66 bit ⇒ 8 bit
2 −1 ln(2)

 Minimum Sampling Freq: f s min = 2 * f max

f s min = 5 *10000 Hz
 Ideal Sampling Freq: f s min = 5 * f max = 50000 Hz
Choosing AD7892
 From Analog Devices:
 The AD7892 is a high speed, low
power, 12-bit A/D converter that
operates from a single +5 V
supply. The part contains a 1.47
µs successive approximation
ADC, an on-chip track/hold
amplifier, an internal +2.5 V
reference and on-chip versatile
interface structures that allow
both serial and parallel
connection to a microprocessor.
The part accepts an analog input
range of ±10 V or ±5 V.
Overvoltage protection on the
analog inputs for the AD7892-1
and AD7892-3 allows the input
voltage to go to ±17 V or ±7 V
respectively without damaging
the ports.
References
 Cetinkunt, Sabri. Mechatronics 2007
 www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_course
 en.wikipedia.org/
 www.engineer.tamuk.edu/
 www.scm.tees.ac.uk
 Bishop, Ron. Basic Microprocessors and the 6800
 MC912SC Family Data Sheet
 MC912SC Reference Manual
 MC912SC Programming Reference Guide
THANK YOU