CHAP 1 followed, security and other
Importance of transport planning
needful information needed to
generate awareness. An
1 ) ECONOMICALLY efficient administration of a
country largely depends on how
macroeconomic level (the
effectively government could
importance of transportation for a
communicate these information
whole economy), transportation to all the country. However,
and the mobility it confers are with the advent of communications,
linked to a level of its importance is slightly reduced.
output, employment and income
within a national economy. In many Political choices in transport
developed countries, These choices may be classified
transportation accounts between as communication, military
6% and 12% of the GDP. movement, travel of persons
and movement of freight. The
primary function of
transportation is the transfer of
microeconomic level (the messages and information. It is
importance of transportation for also needed for rapid movement
specific parts of the economy) of troops in case of emergency
transportation is linked to producer, and finally movement of
consumer and production costs. persons and goods. The political
The importance of specific decision of construction and
transport activities and maintenance of roads has
infrastructure can thus be assessed resulted in the development of
transportation system.
for each sector of the economy.
Usually, higher income levels are
3) SOCIALLY
associated with a greater share of It consolidates social and cultural
transportation in consumption utility and strengthens national
expenses. Transportation accounts integration. It helps to establish
on average between 10% and 15% relationship with foreign countries.
Transportation also helps widen
of household expenditures, while it knowledge and skill in different
accounts around 4% of the costs of sectors. In this way, it helps establish
each unit of output in social utility, uniformity and integrity
manufacturing, but this figure and strengthens national security.
varies greatly according to sub
sectors.
Transportation indicator
1) ACCESSIBILITY
2) POLITICALLY Disabled
Administration of an area
Underage/Children
The government of an area
must be able to send/get Senior Citizens/Elderly/Parents with
information to/about its people. prams
It may include laws to be
Accessibilityto physical comfort regarding vehicles and
urban/commercial/industrial land comfort regarding ambient conditions
use on board or at stops.
Accessibility to rural citizens
2) Availability CHAP 2
Service Availability of a Problem in transportation/urban
transportation system is a measure transport problem
of a performance that has been 1) traffic movement
generally defined according to the - traffic congestion
reliability and maintainability terms
- traffic management
of mean-time-before-failure and
- traffic behaviour
mean-time-to-restore, as borrowed
- traffic accidents
from the aerospace/defense
industry. 2) traffic parking
- shortage of parking
3) reliability
- parking charges
In other words, travel time
is defined as a statistical - traffic enforcement
distribution, where the statistics 3) Public transport
of the (unpredictable or uncertain) - peak hour conditions
variations are thought to exhibit - off-peak service
statistical regularity. In this way,
- funding
travel time reliability can
be defined as a measure of the 4) Pedestrians
dispersion (or spread) of the - accessibilities
travel time distribution. - lack of facilities
5) Environment
4) Safety - air pollution and noise
The aspect linked to safety
indicates the degree of safety from CHAP 3
crime or accidents and the feeling of 1) push & pull
security resulting from psychological - push : to make sure people
factors; therefore, this aspect refers not do not use a private
only to safety from crimes while riding vehicles
or at bus stops and from accidents, but - pull : to attract people use a
also to safety related to the behaviour public transport.
of other persons and to the bus 2) principles of carrot and stick
operation.
carrot or stick approach") is an
idiom that refers to a policy of
5) Comfort offering a combination of
Comfort during the journey is rewards and punishment to
important for transit users, both the induce good behavior. It is
named in reference to a cart
driver dangling a carrot in Why support TOD ?
front of a mule and holding Better use of land resources
a stick behind it. Reduced traffic congestion,
and energy consumption
CHAP 4 Improved environmental
transit oriented development (TOD) quality
- defined as mixed-use community Reduced parking requirements
within typical 2,000 feet / 600m
Reduced need for expensive
walking distance of transit stop and
investment (roads, bridges, and
core commercial area.
parking areas)
The purpose of TOD Better community image
- To reduce the use of Reduced stress from
single-occupant vehicles by commuting by automobile
increasing the number of times Improved marketability of the
people walk, bicycle, carpool, location
vanpool, or take a bus, streetcar or Better return on investment
rail. in transit infrastructure
Necessity for TOD
- Good transit network
Transit use supporting policy TOD Benefits
economic
Land use system supporting
transit use - Non-motorized travel (NMT) is
Amiable walking environment one of the core thrusts to reduce
congestions. Provision of a
convenient and safe pedestrian
walkway and NMT facilities can
solve the problem of car parking in
towns.
Social
Characteristics of TOD - NMT promotes greater physical
A centrally located transit station health and social interactivity
or transit stop. among urban dwellers.
A commercial area immediately - When urban spaces are allocated
adjacent to the station. for people-based rather than
vehicle-based movement, they can
A network of connected streets be exploited for activities.
that branch out into the - Ease of non-motorized travel and
surrounding neighborhood(s). transit use will result in
A variety of housing types, enhancement of City as an
including multi-family. attraction place for both business
and leisure visitors, as vibrant open seasons), 60 km/h in town area.
air social activities and multicultural
events.
- State roads: 90 km/h by default
Environmental (reduced to 80 km/h during festive
- NMT use is beneficial for the seasons), 60 km/h in town area.
environment as it emits zero air and
2) restriction of turning movements
noise pollution.
- measure to smooth the traffic
- Fewer tarmacs for cars and more
flow
grass bed for pedestrians leads to
- and at the same time to
efficient water runoff management,
avoid/reduce accident/congestion
which is essential to prevent flash
a) simple diversion
floods.
- applicable to a difficult right
from a minor to a major
road as this right-turn
CHAP 5
movement then takes place
traffic management
at a minor-minor
- key branch within logistics. It
intersection.
concerns the planning, control and
B) G-turn diversion
purchasing of transport services
- applicable to a right turn off a
needed to physically move vehicles
major road as it changes it to
(for example aircraft, road vehicles,
left turn off the major road
rolling stock and watercraft) and
and a straight-over movement
freight.
at the critical intersection
Regulatory measures include
c) Q-turn diversion
1) speed limits
- the least obstructive diversion,
- modify speeding behaviour
but requires vehicles to travel
- downward change generally
twice through the critical
reduces the number and severity
intersection, thereby
of accidents.
increasing the total volume of
- reduction in fuel consumption
traffic handled there.
- a smoother traffic flow resulting
from a greater proportion of 3) One-way street
vehicles travelling at similar
- simple regulatory tool available
speeds
for the relief of traffic congestion
default speed limits
which does not require expensive
- Expressways: 110 km/h by
policing.
default, but may be reduced to
A) advantages
80 or 90 km/h at dangerous
road capacity is increased,
mountainous stretches, crosswind
odd lanes which were not
areas and urban areas with high
traffic capacity. usable previously can be fully
- Federal roads: 90 km/h by default utilized.
(reduced to 80 km/h during festive slow-moving/stopped vehicles
are more safely overtaken
turning movements at - The number of lanes assigned to
intersections are not delayed each direction of travel varies with
by opposing traffic the time of day
journey times and delays are - so that extra capacity is provided
reduced through more efficient to the heavier traffic flow during,
traffic-signal timing and higher typically, peak commuter periods.
vehicle speeds
public transport operation is
more reliable.
2) disadvantages
vehicles generally travel
further to reach their
destinations.
public transport stops for the
opposing direction of travel
have to be relocated, and A) advantages
walking distances to/from - that extra capacity is provided
stops increased. on the same road at the time
the severity of non-head-on required and, unlike
one-way streets, traffic in
accidents is increased because
the minor direction does not
of higher speeds.
have to move to a
non-local motorists may
complementary street.
become confused and
- Its usage is particularly
additional signs, markings,
applicable to heavily trafficked
channelization and signal
bridges, tunnels and radial
indications may be
roads in urban areas.
required to deal with
unanticipated vehicle B) Disadvantages
movements their implementation can be
displaced traffic may have to expensive.
be routed to a complementary poor implementation can
street through residential areas, result in increasing numbers of
thereby causing increased head-on accidents.
traffic, loss of amenity and central pedestrian refuges
more accidents in these have to be removed
locales. no-parking restrictions are
4) Tidal-flow operation normally imposed
- traffic management tool whereby right turns from minor roads
the total carriageway width may have to be banned
- is shared between two directions bus stops and lay-bys may
of travel in near proportion to the have to be removed if single
flow in each direction.
lanes are used to carry the it is common practice to ration
minor flow. the available spaces so that
parking preference is given to
5) Priority for HOV
persons whose activities
- which focus on increasing the
primarily contribute to the
person-movement efficiency of a
development of these areas,
road or travel corridor
- e.g. shoppers and visiting
- is aimed at addressing traffic
business people.
congestion and environmental
- parking meter and
concerns as well as reducing the
pay-and-display and pre-paid
delays to buses and increasing their
parking card.
reliability.
- include bus-ways on separate
rights of way, exclusive lanes, and
priority for HOVs at intersections.
6) Waiting restriction and parking
control
- to provide for the safe and
efficient movement of people and
goods in.
- to provide access for adjacent
properties.
- Thus, ideally, all stopping and
parking of vehicles should take
place off the carriageway.
A) clearway
- waiting and parking
restriction.
- controlled by
edge-of-thecarriageway
markings and signs
b) bus stop
- to enable passengers to be
picked up and discharged at
locations which meet their
grouped desires.
C) Commercial Vehicle
loading/unloading
- should preferably happen
off-street at loading docks,
service yards and alleyways.
D) Time-limit car parking
- In central and suburban areas
