Form 3 Revision Exercise on Laws of Indices

Revision Notes
1. Zero index and negative integral indices
When a 0 and n is a positive integer, we have:
(a) a 0 1
e.g. ( 2 x 0 ) 3 ( 2 1) 3 8

11
(b)1a n
2
a 32 n

3 1 1 1
2
e.g. 3 2
3 3 9 2

4 2 a 2b ac bc
e.g. 2a 2 b 2
c 1 a 16 8a
4 4
y x2 x8
e.g. 2

x y y4
2. Laws of integral indices
When m and n are integers and a, b 0 , then
(a) am an amn e.g. 42 45 = 42 + 5 = 47 = 16384
am 37
(b) amn e.g. 37 2 35 = 243
an 32

(c) (a m ) n a m n e.g. ( 2 3 ) 5 2 3 5 215 = 32768

(d) ( ab) m a m b m e.g. (2x)4 = 24 x4 = 16x4

m 4
a am x4 x4
e.g.
x
(e)
b bm 3 34 81

3. Scientific Notation
(a) When a positive number is expressed as a 10 n , where 1 a 10 and n is an integer, we
say that the number is expressed in scientific notation.

(b) The method of expressing a number x in scientific notation:

(i) x 10 : Move the decimal point n places to the left until we get a ( 1 a 10 ).

P.1
 Then x = a 10 n .
e.g. 87 395 = 8.739 5 10 4 move the decimal point 4 places to the left

(ii) 0 x 1 : Move the decimal point n places to the right until we get a ( 1 a 10 ).
Then x = a 10 n .
e.g. 0.00 314 = 3.14 10 3 move the decimal point 3 places to the right

(iii) 1 x 10 : Multiply the number by10 0 . Then x = x 10 0 .

e.g. 3.5 = 3.5 10 0 .

(iv) x 0 : Express the number which has the negative sign removed in scientific
notation, then
add back the negative sign.
e.g. 102.534= 1.02534 10 2 .

(c) For an approximate value expressed in scientific notation, we can definitely determine its
level of accuracy.

(d) For numbers of many digits, we can use scientific notation not only to simplify the
operations involving them, but also to compare them easily.

Multiple Choice Section

1. x 2 6

x2
A.
x6
x6
B.
x2
C. x 2 x6
D. x 2 x 6

P.2
2. Simplify (a 2 a m )3 .

A. a6m
B. a5 m

C. a 5 3m

D. a 6 3m

1
3. Simplify ( ab 2 )3 .
5
1 3 6
A. ab
125
1 3 6
B. ab
125
1 2 5
C. a b
15
1 3 5
D. ab
15

(3 x 2 y ) 3
4. Simplify .
9x5 y 2

A. 3x 4 y

B. 3x3 y

1
C. xy
3
D. 3xy

2a 4a 3 2
5. Simplify ( 2
)3 ( ) .
3b 3b

1
A.
2 a 2b 3

P.3
 1
B.
6a 3b 4
1
C.
6 a 2b 3
128a9
D.
243b8

6. Simplify 3 3 n 3 3 n 2 .
A. 9 3n 2

B. 8 3n 3

C. 8 3n 2

D. 24 n 2

4 3n 9n
7. Simplify .
3n 2
A. 5
13
B.
9
4n
C.
2
4 3n
D.
9

ss rr
8. Simplify .
sr r s
A. ( sr ) s r

s
B. ( )r s
r
s
C. ( )s r
r

P.4
 D. 4( sr )1 r

9. Which of the following is correct?

A. a0 a7 a7

B. a0 a7 a0

C. a 0 a 7 a 7

D. a 0 a 7 7 a

10. Which of the following is incorrect?

A. a m n a ( n m)

am
B. am n
an

an
C. am n
am
1
D. am n nm
a

ab 2 0
11. Simplify ( ) .
b3
A. 1
a
B.
b5
a
C.
b5
a
D.
b

P.5
 3 2
12. Simplify ( )3 ( ) 2 .
4 3
16
A.
3
28
B.
35
35
C.
28
3
D.
16

13. Simplify [(x 2 y) 3 ] 2 and express your answer in positive indices.

y6
A.
x12
x12
B.
y6

C. x12 y 6

1
D. 12 6
x y

7
14. Simplify ( x 0 y 1 ) 2 .
2
4 y2
A.
49
49
B.
4 y2
49
C.
4 y2

4 y2
D.
49

P.6
15. Solve the exponential equation 3 3x 729.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 6
D. 27

16. Solve the exponential equation 11 x 1.

1
A.
11
B. 0
C. 1
D. 11

17. Solve the exponential equation 7 x 7 2x 1.

1
A.
3
B. 0
1
C.
3
D. 1

18. Solve the exponential equation 2 x + 3 + 2 x 144 0.

A. 4
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

P.7
19. Express 40 in scientific notation.
A. 4 1
B. 4 10 1
C. 4 10 1
D. 4 10 1

20. Express 4 050 10 24 in scientific notation.

A. 4.05 10 21
B. 4.05 10 21
C. 4.05 10 26
D. 4.05 10 27

21. Express 0.001 453 10 21 in scientific notation.

A. 1.453 10 24
B. 1.453 10 23
C. 1.453 10 19
D. 1.453 10 18

1
22. Evaluate 103 , express your answer in scientific notation and correct to 3 significant
100
figures.
A. 1 10 5
B. 1.00 10 5
C. 0.001 10 4
D. 0.01 10 3

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 49 10 9
23. Evaluate , express your answer in scientific notation and correct to 4 significant
64 10 9
figures.
A. 8.750 10 17
B. 0.875 10 9
C. 8.750 10 8
D. 0.875 10 0

24. Evaluate 3.903 10 4 4.03 10 3 , express your answer in scientific notation and correct to
4 significant figures.
A. 3.640 10 3
B. 3.640 10 3
C. 3.500 10 2
D. 3.500 10 2

25. Use all the numerals 1, 8 and 7 (without repetition) to form the greatest denary number.
A. 178
B. 718
C. 817
D. 871

26. Find the place value of the digit 7 in 1 070.

A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1 000

27. Express 3 094 in the expanded form with base 10.

P.9
 A. 3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 4
B. 3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 4 10 0
C. 3 1 000 + 9 100 + 0 10 + 4 1
D. 3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 0 10 1 + 4 10 0

28. If the digit 6 in 69 385 is replaced by digit 1, what is the difference between the numbers?
A. 50
B. 500
C. 5 000
D. 50 000

29. In 219 324, how many times is the place value of the left-most digit 2 to that of the right-
most digit 2?
A. 10 000 times
B. 1 000 times
C. 100 times
D. 10 times

30. Convert 1 101 101 2 into a denary number.

A. 77
B. 93
C. 109
D. 218

31. Convert 25 into a binary number.

A. 10 011 2
B. 11 001 2
C. 11 011 2
D. 11 111 2

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32. Which of the following binary numbers is even?
A. 10 110 2
B. 10 111 2
C. 10 101 2
D. 11 111 2

33. Arrange the following binary numbers in descending order.

101 110 2 , 110 011 2 , 111 010 2 , 100 111 2
A. 111 010 2 > 110 011 2 > 101 110 2 > 100 111 2
B. 101 110 2 > 110 011 2 > 111 010 2 > 100 111 2
C. 111 010 2 > 110 011 2 > 100 111 2 > 101 110 2
D. 100 111 2 > 101 110 2 > 110 011 2 > 111 010 2

34. Which of the following is not a hexadecimal number?

A. E07 16
B. AB09 16
C. AC07 16
D. AK47 16

35. Find the value of the digit F in 4CF2 16 .

A. 16
B. 16 2
C. 15 16
D. 15 16 2

36. Convert 9CE 16 into a denary number.

P.11
 A. 2 496
B. 2 510
C. 39 936
D. 40 160

37. Convert 222 into a hexadecimal number.

A. EF 16
B. DE 16
C. CD 16
D. BC 16

P.12
Section A(1)

1. If a and b are non-zero numbers, m and n are positive integers (where m > n), simplify the
following expressions.
(a) am an (b) am an (c) (a m ) n

a
(d) ( ab) n (e) ( )n (f) a0
b

2. Simplify the following expressions.

(a) ( x 2 )( x 6 ) (b) x12 x 5

3. Simplify the following expressions.

x3
(a) x 2 2 x 3 3x 4 (b) ( 2
)3
y

4. Simplify the following expressions.

(3a 2 ) 3 6a 9
(a) (b)
(a 3 ) 2 (3a 2 ) 2

5. Simplify the following expressions.

x3
(a) (x x3 )2 (b) ( 2
)3
x

6. Simplify the following expressions.

(3 xy ) 3
(a) (4 x 2 ) 3 (b)
9x 2 y

P.13
 7. Evaluate the following without using a calculator.
1
(a) 2 2 2 5 (b)
2 3

8. Evaluate the following without using a calculator.

(a) 2 3 2 0 (b) (3 1 ) 1

9. Evaluate the following without using a calculator.

4
(a) ( ) 2 (b) 12 2 2 4
3

10. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
a 3 ab 2
(a) (b)
a 2 a 2 b 1

11. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a) a 2 a 7 (b) ( a 0 b 2 ) 1

12. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a) ( 2 x 1 y 2 ) 1 (b) ( x 2 y 3 ) 2

13. Solve the following exponential equations.

P.14
 1
(a) 2 x 64 (b) 3 x
27

14. Solve the following exponential equations.

(a) 125 x 1 (b) 3 2 x 81

15. If 5 x 1 125 0 , find the value of x.

16. (a) Express 14 700 000 in scientific notation.

(b) Express the value of 1.414 10 3 as a decimal number.

17. (a) Express 0.000 102 5 in scientific notation.

(b) Express the value of 6.023 10 5 as an integer.

18. Evaluate (1.53 10 4 ) ( 4 10 2 ) without using a calculator and express your answer in
scientific notation.

19. Evaluate (3 10 5 ) (6 10 7 ) without using a calculator and express your answer in

scientific notation.

20. Evaluate (4.8 10 6 ) (0.3 10 7 ) (2 1015 ) without using a calculator and express your
answer in scientific notation.

P.15
 0.000 000 000 021 70 000 000 000
21. Evaluate without using a calculator and express your
0.000 000 000 6
answer in scientific notation.

22. Write down the place value of each underlined digit in the following denary numbers.
(a) 72 3 (b) 4 0 71 (c) 300

23. Express the following denary numbers in expanded form with base 10.
(a) 34 (b) 598 (c) 1 024

24. Express the following as denary numbers.

(a) 4 10 3 2 10 2 0 10 3 1

(b) 5 10 4 0 10 3 7 10 2 3 10 0 1

25. Write down the place value of the digit 0 in each of the following binary numbers.
(a) 1101 2 (b) 11011 2 (c) 10111 2

26. Express the following binary numbers in the expanded form with base 2.
(a) 1012 (b) 11011 2

27. Convert the following denary numbers into binary numbers.

(a) 27 (b) 42

P.16
28. Convert the following binary numbers into denary numbers.
(a) 1012 (b) 1101 2

29. Write down the place value of the digit A in each of the following hexadecimal numbers.
(a) 3A16 (b) A1B16

30. Express the following hexadecimal numbers in the expanded form with base 16.
(a) A216 (b) 2BF16

31. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into denary numbers.

(a) AF16 (b) 30016

32. Convert the following denary numbers into hexadecimal numbers.

(a) 31 (b) 168

Section A(2)

33. Simplify the following expressions.

( 4a )(3a ) 2
(a) x ( 2 x 2 )(3 x 3 ) (b)
( 2a ) 3

34. Simplify the following expressions.

P.17
 ( xy 2 ) 3
(a) ( x 2 y 3 ) 4 ( xyz ) 2 (b)
x4 y5

35. Simplify the following expressions.

y x a 2b 3
(a) ( 2
)3 ( 2
)2 (b) ( )2 ( )
x y 2 a
b

36. Simplify the following expressions.

(3a 3 b 4 ) 2 3p2q 3
(a) (b) ( )
a 6b3 4 pq

37. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.

[( 4a 2 )(3a )] 2 (2ab) 2 (a 2 b)(bc) 2

(a) (b)
a3 a 3b 3 c 3

(2 x 2 y 3 ) 5
38. Simplify and express your answer in positive indices.
(3 xy 2 ) 2 ( 2 x) 2

39. Simplify the following expressions.

3n 1 3n 1
(a) (b)
3n 1 27 n

40. Simplify the following expressions.

3 9n 4 n 1 2 n 1
(a) (b)
3n 1 2 3n 1

P.18
41. Simplify the following expressions.
4 n 1 4 n 1 2(3 n ) 3 n 1
(a) (b)
4n 2(3 n 1 )

42. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
x x 1 2x3 y 2
(a) (b) ( ) 2
x2 x0 y3

43. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
1 3 2
(a) ( 2 x 0 y 2 )( x y ) (b) ( 2 x 4 y 3 ) ( x 4 y 2 )
2

(2 y 2 ) 3 3( x 2 ) 1
44. Simplify and express your answer in positive indices.
( 2 y 1 ) 3 x 2

5 x 2 y 3
45. Simplify ( ) ( 225 x 3 y 2 ) 2 and express your answer in positive indices.
z

1
729 y 3
46. Simplify ( ) 3 and express your answer in positive indices.
125 x 6 z 9

1
47. If , find the value of x.
x 22

P.19
48. If 3 2 x 3 9 5 x , find the value of x.

49. If 7 x 1 1 , find the value of x.

1
50. If ( x p )( x 2 p ) ( x 3 ) 4 , find the value of p.

3
51. If 2 0 2 x 2 1 1 , find the value of x.
4

1
52. If 27 x , find the value of x.
9

53. If (81 x )(2 2 x ) 16 2 x , find the value of x.

54. If 3 x 1 3 x 162 0 , find the value of x.

55. If 5 x 1 5 x 1 650 0 , find the value of x.

P.20
56. It is given that the weight of one million oxygen atoms is 5.31 10 17 g .
(a) Find the weight of one oxygen atom.
(b) Find the weight of a certain volume of gas which contains 2 1013 oxygen atoms only.
(Express your answers in scientific notation.)

57. Express the following numbers in scientific notation (correct your answers to 3 significant
figures) and arrange them in ascending order.
1314 , 1413 , 1215 , 1512

58. (a) Use all the numerals 0, 1 and 2 (without repetition) to form all possible 3-digit denary
numbers.
(b) Hence, write down the smallest 3-digit denary number.

59. (a) (i) Write down the smallest 4-digit denary number.
(ii) Write down the greatest 4-digit denary number.
(b) Hence, find the difference between the smallest and the largest 4-digit denary numbers.

Section B

60. (a) If 2 x y 16 , express x in terms of y.

2 x y 16
(b) Hence, if , find the values of x and y.
2 x y 2

61. (a) Convert the following binary numbers into hexadecimal numbers.

Binary 0000 2 00012 0010 2 00112 0100 2 01012 0110 2 0111 2

number

P.21
 Hexadecimal
number

Binary 1000 2 10012 1010 2 10112 1100 2 1101 2 1110 2 1111 2

number

Hexadecimal
number

(b) According to the results of (a), convert the following binary numbers into hexadecimal
numbers.
(i) 1010 1111 2 (ii) 000110112
(c) According to the results of (a), convert the following hexadecimal numbers into binary
numbers.
(i) 3A16 (ii) C 2D16

P.22
Answer
Multiple Choice Section

1. A
x2
x26
x6

2. D
(a 2 a m ) 3 (a 2 m ) 3
a 3( 2 m )
a 6 3m

3. B
1 2 3 1
( ab ) ( ) 3 a 3 b 6
5 5
1 3 6
a b
125

4. D
(3 x 2 y ) 3 33 x 6 y 3

9x5 y 2 9x 5 y 2
27 x 65 y 32

9
3xy

5. B

P.23
 2a 4a 3 2 (2a ) 3 (3b) 2
( 2
)3 ( )
3b 3b (3b 2 ) 3 ( 4a 3 ) 2
8a 3 9b 2

27b 6 16a 6
1

6 a 6 3 b 6 2
1

6a 3 b 4

6. C
3 3n 3 3n 2 3 3n 2 3 3n 2
9 3 n 2 3 n 2
8 3n 2

7. D
4 3n 9 n 4 3n 32n

3n2 3n 32
3 n (4 3 n )

3n 32
4 3n

9

8. C
ss rr
r s
ssr rr s
s r
s s r r ( s r )
ssr

rsr
s
( ) s r
r

P.24
 9. A
a0 a7 1 a7
a7
a 0 a 7 a 7 is correct.

10. C
1 am
a m n a (n m) or a m n
an m an

an
am n is incorrect.
am

11. A
ab 2
( 3
)0 1
b

12. D
3 2 3 1
( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 3
4 3 4 ( 3)2
2

33 22

43 32
33 2

2 6 2
3

24
3

16

13. A

P.25
 [( x 2 y ) 3 ]2 ( x 6 y 3 ) 2
x 12 y 6
y6

x12

14. D
7 0 1 2 7
( x y ) ( ) 2 (1) 2 ( y 1 ) 2
2 2
1
2
y2
( 2 )
7

1
49
y2
4
4
y2
49
4y2

49

15. A
3 3 x 729
33 x 3 6

3x 6
x2

16. B
11x 1
11x 110
x0

17. B

P.26
 7 x 7 2x 1
7 x2 x 1
7 3x 1
7 3x 7 0

3x 0
x0

18. D
2 x 3 2 x 144 0
2 3 2 x 2 x 144 0
8 2 x 2 x 144 0
9 2 x 144
2 x 16
2 x 24
x4

19. C
40 4 10 1

20. D
4 050 10 24 4.05 10 3 10 24
4.05 10 27

21. A
0.001 453 10 21 1.453 10 3 10 21
1.453 10 24

P.27
22. B
1
10 3 0.01 10 3
100

1.00 10 5 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

23. C

7 2 10 9 1

49 10 9 ( 9
)2
8 2 10
9
64 10 9
7 10 2

8 10 2
9

0.875 10 9

8.750 10 8 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.)

24. B

3.903 10 4 4.03 10 3 0.390 3 10 3 4.03 10 3

3.639 7 10 3

3.640 10 3 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.)

25. D
The greatest denary number is 871.

26. B
The place value of the second digit from right to left is tens, so the place value of the digit
7 is 10.

P.28
27. D
3 904 3 1 000 + 9 100 + 0 10 + 4 1
3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 0 10 1 + 4 10 0

28. D
New number 19 385
The difference 69 385 19 385
50 000

29. A
The place value of the left-most digit 2 is 10 5 and that of the right-most digit 2 is 10 1 .
10 5
The place value of the left-most digit 2 is times 10 000 times that of the right-
101
most digit 2.

30. C
1 101 101 2 1 2 6 + 1 2 5 + 0 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 0 2 1 + 1 2 0
64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
109

31. B
2 25
2 12 ......1
2 6 ......0
2 3 ......0
2 1 ......1
0 ......1

P.29
 25 11 0012

32. A
If the last digit of a binary number is 0, the number is even.
10 110 2 is even.

33. A
101 110 2 1 2 5 + 0 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 0
25 + 23 + 22 + 21
46
110 011 2 1 2 5 + 1 2 4 + 0 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 1 2 0
25 + 24 + 21 + 20
51
111 010 2 1 2 5 + 1 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 0
25 + 24 + 23 + 21
58
100 111 2 1 2 5 + 0 2 4 + 0 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 1 2 0
25 + 22 + 21 + 20
39
111 010 2 > 110 011 2 > 101 110 2 > 100 111 2

34. D
In the hexadecimal system, sixteen basic numerals are required, they are
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
AK47 16 is not a hexadecimal number.

35. C

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 The value of the digit F is 15 16.

36. B
9CE 16 9 16 2 + 12 16 1 + 14 16 0
9 256 + 12 16 + 14
2 510

37. B
16 222
16 13 ......14(E)
0 ......13(D)
222 DE 16

P.31
Section A(1)

1. (a) am an am n

(b) am an am n

(c) ( a m ) n a mn

(d) ( ab) n a n b n

a an
(e) ( )n n
b b

(f) a0 1

2. (a) ( x 2 )( x 6 ) x 2 6
x8

(b) x 12 x 5 x 12 5
x7

3. (a) x 2 2 x 3 3x 4 6 x 2 3 4
6x 9

x3 x9
(b) ( 2
)3
y y6

(3a 2 ) 3 33 a 6
4. (a)
(a 3 ) 2 a6
27

P.32
 6a 9 6a 9

2 2
(b) (3a ) 9a 4
2
a5
3

5. (a) (x x3 )2 (x 4 )2
x8

x3
(b) ( 2
)3 x3
x

6. (a) (4 x 2 ) 3 4 3 x 6
64 x 6

(3 xy ) 3 33 x 3 y 3
(b)
9x 2 y 9x 2 y
3 xy 2

7. (a) 2 2 2 5 2 2 5
23
8

1
(b) 3
23
2
8

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 2 3 2 0 2 3 1
8. (a) 1

23
1

8

(b) (3 1 ) 1 3 ( 1)( 1)
3

4 3
( ) 2 ( ) 2
9. (a) 3 4
9

16

1 1
12 2 2 4
2
12 24
(b)
1
16
144
1

9

a 3
10. (a) a 3 ( 2)
a 2
a 3 2
a 1
1

a

P.34
 ab 2
a 1 ( 2) b 2 ( 1)
2 1
(b) a b
a 3 b 1
a3

b

a 2 a 7 a 2 ( 7 )
11. (a)
a 9
1
9
a

(b) ( a 0 b 2 ) 1 [ (1)b 2 ] 1
b ( 2)( 1)
b 2

(2 x 1 y 2 ) 1 2 1 x ( 1)( 1) y 2 ( 1)
12. (a) 1
xy 2
2
x

2y2

( x 2 y 3 ) 2 x 4 y 6
(b) 1

x y6
4

P.35
13. (a) 2 x 64
2 x 26
x6

1
(b) 3x
27
1
3x
33

3 x 3 3
x 3

14. (a) 125 x 1

125 x 125 0

x 0

(b) 3 2 x 81

32 x 34

2x 4
x 2

15. 5 x 1 125 0

5 x 1 125

5 x 1 53

x 1 3
x 4

16. (a) 14 700 000 1.47 10 7

(b) 1.414 10 3 0.001 414

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17. (a) 0.000 102 5 1.025 10 4
(b) 6.023 10 5 602 300

4 2 4 2
18. (1.53 10 ) ( 4 10 ) (1.53 4) (10 10 )
6.12 10 2

5 7 3 5 7
19. (3 10 ) (6 10 ) ( 6 )(10 )

(0.5)(10 12 )
(5 10 1 )(10 12 )
5 10 13

4 .8
( 4.8 10 6 ) (0.3 10 7 ) ( 2 1015 ) ( 2)[10 6 ( 7 ) 15 ]
20. 0 .3
(32)(1016 )
3.2 10 1016
3.2 1017

0.000 000 000 021 70 000 000 000 (2.1 10 11 ) (7 1010 )

21.
0.000 000 000 6 6 10 10

P.37
 2.1 7
( )[10 11 10 ( 10 ) ]
6
(5 10 2 )(10 11 )
5 10 13

22. (a) 10
(b) 100
(c) 1

23. (a) 3 10 4
(b) 5 10 2 9 10 8

(c) 1 10 3 0 10 2 2 10 4

24. (a) 4 203

(b) 50 730

25. (a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8

26. (a) 1 2 2 0 2 1
(b) 1 2 4 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 2 1

P.38
 2 27
2 13 ......1
2 6 ......1
27. (a)
2 3 ......0
2 1 ......1
0 ......1
27 11 0112

2 42
2 21 ......0
2 10 ......1
(b) 2 5 ......0
2 2 ......1
2 1 ......0
0 ......1
42 101 010 2

28. (a) 1012 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0

4 0 1
5

(b) 11012 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0
8 4 0 1
13

29. (a) 1
(b) 256

30. (a) 10 16 2 1

P.39
 (b) 2 16 2 11 16 15 1

31. (a) AF16 10 161 15 16 0

160 15
175

(b) 30016 3 16 2 0 161 0 16 0

768

32. (a) 16 31
16 1 ......15(F)
0 ......1

31 1F16

(b) 16 168
16 10 ......8
0 ......10(A)

168 A816

Section A(2)

33. (a) x( 2 x 2 )(3 x 3 ) 6 x1 2 3

6x 6

P.40
 (4a )(3a ) 2 ( 4a)(3 2 a 2 )
3

( 2a ) 23 a 3
(b)
( 4)(9) 1 2 3
(a )
8
9

2

34. (a) ( x 2 y 3 ) 4 ( xyz ) 2 ( x 8 y 12 )( x 2 y 2 z 2 )

x10 y 14 z 2

( xy 2 ) 3 x3 y 6

(b) x4 y5 x4 y5
y

x

y x y3 x2
( 2
)3 ( 2
)2 ( 6
)( )
35. (a) x y x y4
1

x4 y

a 2b 3 a 2 23 b 3
( 2
)2 ( ) ( 4 )( 3 )
(b) b a b a
8

ab

(3a 3 b 4 ) 2 32 a 6b 8
36. (a)
a 6b3 a 6b3
9b 5

P.41
 3p2q 3 3
( ) ( p) 3
4 pq 4
(b)
33
p3
43
27 3
p
64

[(4a 2 )(3a )] 2 (12a 3 ) 2

37. (a) a3 a3
12 a 6
2

a3
144a 3

( 2ab) 2 ( a 2 b)(bc ) 2 ( 4a 2 b 2 )( a 2 b)(b 2 c 2 )

(b) a 3b 3 c 3 a 3b 3 c 3
223
4a b 2 1 2 3c 2 3
4ab 2 c 1
4ab 2

c

P.42
 (2 x 2 y 3 ) 5 2 5 x10 y15

( 3xy 2 ) 2 ( 2 x) 2 ( 3) 2 x 2 y 4 2 2 x 2
38. 2 5 2 10 2 2 15 4
x y
( 3) 2
2 3 6 11
x y
9
8 x 6 y11

9

3n 1 3 n 1 (3) 2
39. (a) n 1

3 3n 1
9

3n 1 3n 1
(b) n

27 3 3n
3 n 1 3n
31 2 n

3 9n 3 32n
40. (a)
3n 1 3n 1
3 1 2 n ( n 1)
3n

P.43
 4n 1 2n 1 2 2( n 1) 2 n 1
(b) 3n 1

2 2 3n 1
2 2 n 2 n 1 3n 1
20
1

4n 1 4n 1 4 n 1 ( 4 2 1)

41. (a) 4n 4 n 1 ( 4)
15

4

2(3 n ) 3 n 1 3 n 1 ( 2 3 1)

(b) 2(3 n 1 ) 3 n 1 ( 2)
5

2

x x 1
2
x1 1 2
42. (a) x
x 2
1
2
x

2x 3 y 2 2 x 3 2
( ) 2 ( )
x0 y3 y
(b)
y
( 3
)2
2x
y2

4x 6

P.44
 1 3 2 2
43. (a) ( 2 x 0 y 2 )( x y )( )( x 3 ) y 2 2
2 2
x3

( 2 x 4 y 3 ) ( x 4 y 2 ) 2 x 4 ( 4 ) y 3 ( 2)
(b) 2 x 8 y 1
2 x 8

y

(2 y 2 ) 3 3( x 2 ) 1 2 3 y 6 3 x 2

44. (2 y 1 ) 3 x 2 2 3 y 3 x 2
2 3 ( 3) 3 x 2 ( 2) y 6 3
3 y 9
3
9
y

5 x 2 y 3
( ) (225 x 3 y 2 ) 2 [(5) 3 x 6 y 3 z 3 ] (3 2 5 2 x 3 y 2 ) 2
45. z
(5 3 x 6 y 3 z 3 )(3 4 5 4 x 6 y 4 )
3 4 5 1 y 1 z 3
1

405 yz 3

P.45
 1 1
729 y 3 36 y 3
( )3 ( )3
125 x 6 z 9 53 x 6 z 9
46.
32 y

5x 2 z 3
9y

5x 2 z 3

1

x 2 2
47. 1

(x 2 )2 22
x 1 4
1
x
4

48. 32 x 3 95 x
3 2 x 3 3 2 (5 x )

2 x 3 10 2 x
4x 7
7
x
4

49. 7 x 1 1
7 x 1 70

P.46
 x 1 0
x 1

1
50. ( x p )( x 2 p ) ( x 3 ) 4
3
p 2p
x x4

3
3p
4
1
p
4

3
51. 2 0 2 x 2 1 1
4
1 7
1 2x
2 4
7 1
2x 1
4 2
724
2x
4
1
2x
4

2 x 2 2
x 2

1
52. 27 x
9

33 x 3 2
3x 2

P.47
 2
x
3

53. (81 x )( 2 2 x ) 16 2 x

( 2 3 )1 x 2 2 x ( 2 4 ) 2 x

23 3x 2 2 x 28 x

23 3x 2 x 28 x
3 3x 2 x 8 x
3x 3
x 1

54. 3 x 1 3 x 162 0

3(3 x ) (3 x ) 162

2(3 x ) 162

3 x 81

3 x 34
x 4

55. 5 x 1 5 x 1 650 0

5 2 (5 x 1 ) (5 x 1 ) 650

(25 1)(5 x 1 ) 650

650
5 x 1
26

5 x 1 25

5 x 1 52
x 1 2

P.48
 x 3

5.31 10 17
56. (a) Weight of one oxygen atom g
1 000 000
5.31 10 23 g

(b) Weight of the gas [(5.31 10 23 ) ( 2 1013 )] g

1.062 10 9 g

57. 1314 3.94 1015 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

1413 7.94 1014 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
1215 1.54 1016 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
1512 1.30 1014 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
1512 1413 1314 1215

58. (a) 102, 120, 210, 201

(b) 102

59. (a) (i) 1 000

(ii) 9 999
(b) Difference between the smallest and the largest 4-digit binary numbers
9 999 1 000
8 999

Section B

P.49
60. (a) 2 x y 16

2 x y 24
x y 4
x4 y

2 x y2
(b)
x y 1 [By the result of (a)]
x y 1
4 y y 1
2y 3
3
y
2

3
Substitute y into x y 1 ,
2
3
x 1
2
5

2
5 3
x , y
2 2

61. (a)

Binary 0000 2 00012 0010 2 00112 0100 2 01012 0110 2 0111 2

number

Hexadecimal 016 116 216 316 416 516 616 716

number

Binary 1000 2 10012 1010 2 10112 1100 2 1101 2 1110 2 1111 2

number

Hexadecimal 816 916 A16 B16 C16 D16 E16 F16

number

P.50
(b) (i) 1010 1111 2 1 2 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 0 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0
2 4 (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 ) (1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 )
16 (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 ) (1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 ) ... (1)

According to the results of (a), both

1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 (i.e. 1010 2 ) and 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 (i.e. 1111 2
) can be expressed as hexadecimal numerals. Thus, (1) is the expanded form of a
hexadecimal number.
1010 1111 2 AF16

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(ii) 000110112 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 2
2 4 (0 2 3 0 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 ) (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 )
16 (0 2 3 0 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 ) (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 ) ... (2)

According to the results of (a), both

0 2 3 0 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 (i.e. 00012 ) and 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 (i.e. 10112
) can be expressed as hexadecimal numerals. Thus, (2) is the expanded form of a
hexadecimal number.
000110112 1B16

(c) (i) 3A16 3 161 10 16 0

3 2 4 10
According to the results of (a),
316 00112 0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0
A16 1010 2 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0

3A16 2 4 (0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 ) (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 )
0 2 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 1 2 4 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0
111010 2

(ii) C2D16 12 16 2 2 161 13 16 0

12 2 8 2 2 4 13
According to the results of (a),

P.51
C16 1100 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 0 2 0
216 0010 2 0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0
D16 1101 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0

C 2D16 2 8 (1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 0 2 0 )

2 4 (0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 )
(1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 )
1 211 1 210 0 2 9 0 2 8 0 2 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 0 2 4
1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0
1100 0010 1101 2

P.52