Vakyanirmanam

-
VAKYANIRMANAM
.
Sentence formation
(With transliteration and English translation)
ModuleIII
C P Brown Academy
The Alpha Foundation
Hyderabad, India
www.cpbrownacademy.org
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vakyanirmanam
.
Managing Editor: GRK Murty
Senior Consultant: M Hanumantha Rao
Original in Telugu: D Sujatha Devi
Translator: Y V Ramakotaiah
Editorial Support:
Y Anand, V Aruna Devi
Chief Visualizer: A Bangaru Babu
Cover Design and Illustrations: B Anjaneyulu
@ 2008 C P Brown Academy. All Rights Reserved.
Every effort has been made to make this book the most accurate, veritable and helpful means of its kind.
However, the publisher regrets any error that may yet have crept in. The information contained in this
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authors, editor, publisher or sellers.
Neither this book nor any part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Only the publishers can export this book from India. Infringement of this condition of sale will lead to
civil and criminal prosecution.
First Edition: 2008
Printed in India
Published by
C P Brown Academy
The Alpha Foundation
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Megacity # 200, Dwarakapuri Colony,
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Preface
Essentially, language is used as a tool to communicate ones ideas, emotions, and
desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols, which is a purely human
and non-instinctive method. Therefore each language has its own set of sounds, nay
words, recognized and distinguished by its speakers. And, these sounds, words being
the means to formulate and communicate thoughts simply ask for a thorough
comprehension of their right usage from the user.
However, words, by themselves, may mean very little. It is only when they are arranged
- feeling. In order to transform the words from
in a particular order, they emote bhava
- one needs to arrange them in a particular order. It is this
a mere 'sabda to bhava,
sentence.
arrangement of words in the required order that is called a vakya,
Each language has built a convention of its own unique style of framing sentences
a word order of its own. Again, in a sentence, each word stands in a unique relationship
with the association of other words. Interestingly, words have more than one meaning.
Quite often, we witness the same word conveying different meanings in different
contexts. Maybe, meanings are layered on words by their place in a sentence.
The great linguist of yore, Bhartrhari said: The word is the very essence of all objects,
- - said: word and
and creation. It is indestructible. The great Sanskrit. poet, Kalidasa,
.
its meaning are eternally united. It is precisely for this reason that each language
demands a specific arrangement of words in a sentence for conveying the intended
- This is why language is often perceived as a transient integration of words.
bhava.
A native speaker acquires command in integrating words into comprehensible sentences
by mere practice. No wonder, he may not even be aware of the underlying scheme
the science of grammar of formulating such well meaning sentences. But, for a new
learner it makes a great sense to learn a little about the established order of making
sentences so that he could quickly master the art of framing sentences.
Lastly, it is essential to remember that what is important in practicing a newly learnt
language is intelligibility in its usage rather than the accuracy of a native speaker.
The present module aims at providing the reader with the necessary wherewithal to
frame simple but meaningful sentences in Telugu that are intelligible and thereby
encourage a new learner to practice its usage with least hesitation.
We shall feel that we have achieved our mission, if the current module facilitates such
learning to the newly initiated. Feedback is solicited.
GRK Murty

Transliteration Scheme of Telugu Alphabet

Vowels (: Acculu)
.ru
.lu
.lu
ru
.
ai
u
e
o
o
au
am
.
Consonants (: Hallulu)
ah.
kh
ch
jh
d.
dh
.
dh
gh
t.
th
.
th
ph
bh
s.
n.
l.
ksh
* Not in common use.

*
r.
-.
munduga- oka mata
A word in advance
- - '
- - - mudava
'srenilo
i vakyanirmanam
ma- balasikshasamagri
pustakam.
.
.
.
Vakyanirmanam
(sentence and its structure or sentence-building in Telugu) is the
.
third book in the Telugu Learning Kit series being brought out by C. P. Brown Academy.
- - dwara
- - telugu aksharamala
- paricayamaindi. dinito
modati. pustakam varnamala
unna
.
abhyasa pustakam valana aksharalu nercukovadam,
pratilekhanam anaga translitaresan
. .
.
- - palike- vidhananni
- dwara
telusukovadam
jarigindi.
.
- You
Telugu alphabet was introduced to the learners through the first book varnamala.
.
have learnt how to write the Telugu characters and to pronounce them by means of
transliteration.
- - rakarakala
- padalu
- telikainavi,
'
rendava
pustakam sabdamalalo
kastamainavi
akshara
..
.
kramamlo ivvadam
. jarigindi.
- presented different easy and hard words in an alphaThe second module,'sabdamala,

betical order.
- - ipudu
vakyam
rayatam
gurinci teliyacestundi.
. mi cetilo unna vakyanirmanam
.
.
Now the book in your hands, vakyanirmanam,

helps you understand how to form
.
a sentence.

- kalipite- padalu
- ituvanti padala
- avutayi.
- kalayikatomanam nercukunna
aksharalu
.
.
vakyam
rupondincavaccu.
If the letters (characters) of the alphabet you have learnt are arranged in an order
forming a unit of grammar, they are called words. A group of words arranged in a
particular order which makes sense and gives a clear meaning is called a sentence.
- vakyalu
- - amarikato- cinnavi,
padala
peddavi, sulabhamainavi, kastamainavirakarakala
..
- ivi miru
- baga
- - nercukovadaniki,
- - istunnam.
telugu padalu
cakkaga- matladadaniki
.
. . .
upayogapadavaccu.
.
These sentences may be short or long, easy and difficult. Such sentences are used to
express a statement, a question, a command or some sudden feeling. They help you to
speak Telugu fluently and to write it well.

- . 1 Lesson 1
patham
- ippudu
- kada!
- telusukunnam
intaku mundu manam telugu aksharalu,
padalu
.
vakyam
gurinci telusukundam.
- (alphabet) and words (sabdamala).

'
We have already learnt about Telugu aksharamala
Let us now learn about Telugu vakyanirmanam
(sentence formation).
.
- arthanni
- purti
icce- pada samudayanni
vakyam
(sentence) antaru.
.
sentence)
A group of words which makes complete sense and gives a clear meaning is called a
sentence.
atadu
. ramudu.
.
idi caduvu.
He is Ramudu.
.
Read this.
-' - bhojanam
cesava?
- - idi nijama?
emiti!
.
Did (you) have your meal?
What! Is it true?
- - nalugu
manam cadivina nalugu
vakyalu
rakalu.
Those are four different kinds of sentences.
- - gurinci ippudu telusukundama?

a- nalugu
rakala
.
Let us now study those four kinds of sentences.

ramudu
.
. vaccadu
sita navvindi
Ramudu
. came.
Sita smiled.

- edcindi.
papa
.
lalita pilicindi.
Baby cried.
Lalita called.
- - manaku kaccitamga- telusu. anduke- avi niscayarthaka

'
paina ceppina visayalu
vakyalu
.
antaru.
.
We know for certain what is said in the foregoing sentences. That is why we call them
- - (declarative or assertive sentences.)
'
niscayardhaka
vakyalu
- - ivi rendu
. padalu matrame upayogincina cinna vakyalau. inkoncem pedda vakyalu
- raddam.

These are short sentences comprising two words. Let us now expand these
sentences a little.
ramudu
. badiki
. vaccadu.
.
sita andamga- navvindi.
- biggaraga- edcindi.
papa
.
lalita pelliki
. . pilicindi.
Ramudu
. came to school.
The baby cried loudly.
Sita smiled pleasantly.
Lalita invited us to the wedding.
- teliyani vatini
- gurinci ila- kaccitamga- cebutam.
telisina visayala
. adigi
.
.
. telusukuntam.
When we are sure of something, we are assertive.When we want to know something,

we ask others.
adigi
telusukundam.
.

Let us ask to know
-' - homework cesava?
lata vaccinda?
Have you finished your home-work?
Has Lata come?

- - pusinda?
gulabi
pani purtainda?
Has the rose blossomed?
Is the work over?
- - antaru.
- kada!
- teliyalante
' vitini
prasnarthaka
vakyalu
edaina
.
.
. itarulanu adagali
.
'
prasnincatam
. ante
. adagadam.
.
.
- - (interrogative sentences). We need to ask others

' They are called prasnarthaka
vakyalu
about what we do not know. To question is to ask.
- - - ive- vakyalanu
koncem peddavi cesi
cuddama?
Let us expand these sentences a little:

- - pusinda?
erra gulabi
- nundi vaccinda?
lata skul
.
Has the red rose blossomed?
Has Lata returned from school?

-' - ninnati
. homework cesava?
- ceppina pani purtainda?

nenu
Have you done your yesterdays homework?
(Have you) finished the work I gave you?
- - '
- prasnalaku
- vidhanam
telusukovalsina
visayanni
batti
untundi.
samanyamga
.. adige
.
.
.
- evaru, ekkada, enduku, eppudu, emiti,
- padalu
upayogince
.
. enta, enni (hu, ver, vai,
.
- hau, haumeny). vitini
- ven, vat,
. ela upayogincalo telusukundam.

The mode of asking depends upon the nature of matter we like to know. Words
such as who, whose, whom, where, why, when, and how are interrogative pronouns.
Let us know how to use them.
atanu evaru?
nannu enduku pilicavu?
-' i bomma ela- vesavu?
- -sita eluru eppudu

. veltundi?
.
Who is he?
How did you draw this picture?

a- pustakam vela enta?
What is the price of that book?
ippudu
. taimenta?
.
Why did you call me?
-When will Sita go to Eluru?

mamayya
vijayavada
. nunci eppudu
.
vastadu?
.
When will maternal uncle come from

Vijayawada?
.
meri ekkada
. undi?
What is the time now?

stesanku
enni gantalaku
vellali?
..
. .
.
Where is Mary?
- niku enni mamidipandlu
.
. kavali?
At what time should we go to the station?
How many mangoes do you want?

-- -
- -
'
oka visayam
adesapurvakamga
ceppalante. ila.....
.

When we command others .
idi caduvu.
- ti. tisukura.
Read this.
akkadiki
..
. vellu.
Bring tea.
ramuki
ivvu
Go there.
Give this to Ramu.
- - ~- - pai vakyalanu
ajnapurvaka
vakyalu
antamu.
.
- ~- - - (Imperative sentences).
The above sentences are called ajnapurvaka
vakyalu
- - vitini
koncem pedda vakyalu
ceddam.
.
Let us expand these sentences a little:

idi sayantram
caduvu!
- ti
. ippude
. tisukura!
- akkadiki vellu!
repu
..
.
i pustakam ramuki
ivvu
Read this in the evening.
Go there tomorrow.
Bring tea immediately.
Give this book to Ramu.
- -
'
a ! ascaryam!
Oh! marvelous
a! idi nijama?
- padipoyada!
- - ayyo!
.
.
Is it true?
Alas! has he fallen!

- - tajmahal
aha!
enta bagundi!
- bomma bagundi!
'sabhas!
.
- Mahal is!
Ah! How beautiful the Taj
The picture is nice, well done!
- -'
- - antamu.
pai vakyalanu
ascaryarthaka
vakyalu
.
- - (Exclamatory sentences).
'
The above sentences are called -ascaryarthaka
vakyalu
- ascaryam
- miku
-'
- tivramaina
- eppudaina
antuleni
kaligite- ila- antaru.
andolana
kaligina.
.
.
inte!
To express some strong emotions such as fear, surprise, agony or distress, we say
like this:
- - - -i gudi enta prasantamga
- undi!
'aha!
a! miru ceppindi nijama!
.
Ah! How serene is the ambience of this temple!

-' - -i bomma baga
- - vesavu!
- - - 'sabhas!
- raju
- metla mida
ayyo!
nunci padipoyada!
.
.
.
.
O! Is what you said true?
- fallen from the stairs? What a

Has Raju
pity!
Well done! You have drawn this picture

nicely.

- - rayavaccu.
- - kuda
inka- pedda vakyalu
.
We can write still longer sentences.

- - - - unte- miku
- matladutu
ala rayadam
telustundi.
. .
.
.

You will know how to write them as you talk.
-ala- teliyalante
. emito
. mundu vakyam ante
. teliyali.
For you to be able to write, you need to know what a sentence is.
adi ippudu
. manam telusukundam.
Let us know it now.

- . 2 Lesson 2
patham
- amsalu
- - untam.
- avi karta, karma, kriya
' - manam custu
- mudu
sahajamga- vakyamlo
.
.
Three components are required to write a sentence in Telugu. They are: subject,
object and verb in that order.
manam oka vakyam
rasinappudu
. oka vyakti gurinco, vastuvu gurinco cebutam.
- - ante
. vakyaniki kendram a vyakti leka vastuvu avutundi. ade karta.
When we speak a sentence, we say something about a person or thing. So, the person
or thing mentioned is called the subject. It means the subject is the central point of
the sentence, and the meaning revolves round the subject.
- karma.
karta nirvahince- karyam
kriya avutundi. kriya yokka phalitam anubhavincedi
Job done by karta (subject) is kriya (verb). Result of kriya is received by karma
(object).
udaharanalu
: examples:
.
- ramudu
i vakyamlo- ramudu
. kukkanu kottenu.
..
. karta.
Ramudu
. beat the dog. In this sentence, Ramudu
. is karta.
-' ramudu
. . . anaga kottuta
. . . kriya.
. emi cesadu?
. kottadu.
What Ramudu
. did? He beat. That is beat is kriya.
denini
kottadu?
. . . kukkanu. kriyaphalitam anubhavincindi kukka kanuka, kukka karma.
Whom he beat? Dog. Dog has received the result of kriya. Hence dog is karma.

- antaru.
nauns miku telusu. naunsnu telugulo- namavacakalu
.
You know the nouns. In Telugu nouns are called Namavacakalu.

- ~ - namavacakamulu
- namavacakamulu
avi sanjna
(proper nouns), jati
(common
nouns), samuha namavacakamulu (collective nouns), guna
. namavacakamulu (abstract
nouns) antaru.
.
~- namavacakamulu
Those nouns in the Telugu language are called sanjna
(Proper nouns),
jati namavacakamulu (common nouns), samuha namavacakamulu (collective nouns)
and guna
. namavacakamulu (abstract nouns).
raju caduvutunnadu.
.
lalita padutunnadi
.
- is reading.
Raju
Lalita is singing.
dhilli
mana rajadhani.
.
-'
bharatadesam
mana matrubhumi.
- (India) is our motherland.

Bharat
- - - raju,
-'
- lalita vyaktula perlu.
- bharatadesam
pai vakyalalo
dhilli
oka pattanam
peru.
.
.. .
-'
- perlanu
- - padalanu
~ - namavacakalu
- antaru.
oka desam
peru.
teliyacese
samjna
.
Delhi is our capital.
- and Lalita in the above sentences are the names of persons. Delhi
Words like Raju
- is the name of a country. All such names are called
is the name of a city, and Bharat
- (proper nouns)
~ - namavacakalu
sanjna
amma uyala
uputunnadi.
Mother is rocking the cradle.

- 'vidyarthi
pathasalaku
veltunnadu.
.
.
.
The student is going to school.

- - andamaina totalu
a- urilo
. unnavi.
There are beautiful gardens in that village.

- namavacakalu
- (Common nouns). amma, vidyarthi,
- ' - uru,
ivi jati
pathasala,
tota,
.
.
- oka jatiki
i padalanni okko rakamaina jatini
sucistunnayi.
sambandhincinavi kanuka
- namavacakalu.
ivi jati
The words mother, student, school, village, garden, in the above sentences are
common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. So, they are called
Common nouns.
ramudu
.
. gorrela mandanu tolukuveltunnadu.
.
Ramudu
. is tending his flock.
pakshula gumpu sayantraniki
gutiki
. cerutundi.
Swarms of birds return to their nests by evening.

- ceruvu gattuna valindi.
kongala baru
..
A row of cranes alighted on the shores of the lake.

- - vinapadadu.
- emi
i jana samuhamlo
.
Nothing is audible in this milling crowd.

- - - manda, gumpu, baru,
- namavacakalu.
- janasamuham
- samuha
pai vakyalaloni
anevi
- - - pakshula samuhanni
- gorrela samuhanni
manda antaru.
alage
gumpu antaru.
.
.
- ani, manusulanu janasamuhamani
kongalni baru
antaru.
.
.
Words like flock, swarms, row (group), in the above sentences are called
Collective nouns. So a Collective noun denotes a number of similar things taken
together and regarded as one whole: A flock of sheep; a swarm or group of birds; a
row of cranes and groups of people, etc.

manisiki
. santosam
. mukhyam.
- - untundi.
- vediga
- gali
vesavilo
.
.
Happiness is essential for man.
The air in summer is hot.
- mana 'satruvu.
mana kopame
- nadi tiramlo callaga- untundi.

.
Our anger is our enemy.
It is cool near rivers.
- - - santosam,
- ane- padalu,
pai vakyalalo
kopam,
vedi
gunanni,
bhavananu
.
.
.
- sucince
- bhavanaku
teliyacestunnavi.
i padalu
rupam
ledu.
ituvanti
vatini
telipe- perlu
.
.
.
guna
.
. namavacakalu antaru.

In the above sentences, the words happiness, anger hot, do not have a definite
shape. Such nouns denote some quality, state, or action. They are called guna
.
namavacakalu or bhava namavacakalu (Abstract nouns).

- . 3 Lesson 3
patham
- - vaccindi. rani
- snehituralu.
- maku
- raniki
rani
. ti. iccanu.
.
.
- came. Rani
- is our friend. I gave tea to Rani.
Rani
.
.
.
- - caduvutadu.
- baga
raju
. rajuku eppudu
. manci markulu vastayi.
- studies well. Raju

- always gets good marks.
Raju
- kada!
- anadam bavundaledu
- perlu
- rendumudusarlu
ila- rani....raju
.
.
.
.
.
- does not look nice.

- and Raju
So, the repetition of the words Rani
.
- ala- namavacakanni
tirigi tirigi anakunda
.
. namavacakaniki baduluga
. undalante
- - - - sarvanamanni
- sarvanamanni
vadali.
inglisulo
pronaun antam.
.
.
.
To avoid repetition of nouns we use pronouns. A pronoun (meaning for a noun) is

a word used instead of a noun. The pronoun is called sarvanamam
in the Telugu
language.
udaharanalu
: examples:
.
- - - atadu,
. itadu,
. ame. ime, adi, idi, sarvanamalu. indakati
. vakyalu ippudu
. cudandi.
. .
The words I, we, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, are pronouns.
- - vaccindi, ame
- ma- akkaku snehituralu.
rani
ameku
ti. iccanu.
.
- came. She is the friend of my elder sister. I gave her tea.

Rani
.
- - caduvutadu.
- baga
- vadiki
raju
. eppudu
.
. manci markulu vastayi.
- studies well. He always scores good marks.

Raju

- - - i kinda iccina vakyalalo sarvanamalu

gurthincandi.
.
Point out the pronouns in the following sentences:

- - bommalu vestundi.
rama baga
ameku
bahumati vaccindi.
Rama draws pictures nicely. She got a prize.

- nadavalekapotunnanu.
na- kaliki
debba tagilindi, nenu
.

My leg is hurt. I am unable to walk.
- tagindi.
pilli palu
amma danini
kottindi.
..
The cat drank the milk. Mummy hit it.

- - - ninnu andaru- istapadataru.
nuvvu cakkaga- matladatavu,
..
. .
.

You speak agreeably. Everybody likes you.
javabulu
Answers
-ame
nenu
danini
ninnu
I
it
You
She
- . 4 Lesson 4
patham
- - untam.
- - vidhaluga
- - vadutu
- gamanince- untaru
sarvanamalanu
mudu
. pathamlo
.
.
. idi miru kindati
.
.
You must have observed that in the previous lesson we made use of pronouns in three
ways.
- vivaranga- cuddam!
- marala- okasari
Let us look at them in detail.

mana gurinci manam ceppinappudu
.
. nenu, memu, nayokka, naku antamu.
The words used about oneself: I, we, me, my, mine.

- - gurinchi ceppinappudu nuvvu, miru,
edutivari
miyokka, miku upayogistamu.
.
.
The words used to address those who are in front of us or spoken to: thou,
you, thee, thy, thine, your, yours.
ekkado
. ame, adi, atanini, ameku, daniki,
. unnavari gurinci ceppinappudu
. atadu,
- - upayogistamu.
amenu,
varini,variyokka
ane- padalu
The words used about the person or thing spoken of: he, his, himself, she,
herself, it, itself, they, them, theirs.
- - madirigane
- - telugulo- kuda
- - vitini
inglishu
.
.
. bhasalo
. ila vargikarincaru :
As in the English language, in Telugu also they are classified in the following ways:
tanagurinci uttama purusa
. nenu, naku, nayokka anu matalu.
.

Uttama Purusa
. (First Person). It denotes the person speaking : I, we, myself.
- gurinci madhyama purusa nivu,
edutivari
niku, niyokka anu matalu.
.
.
.
Madhyama Purusa
. (Second Person). It denotes the person spoken to: thou,
you, thyself.

ekkado
atanu, ame,
ataniki,
.
. unnavari gurinci prathama purusa
ataniyokka anu matalu.
.

Prathama Purusa
. (Third Person). It denotes the person or thing spoken of: he,
she, it, they, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
- - marikonni vakyalu
cuddam.
Let us see some more sentences:

uttama purusa
.
(First Person)
- cesukuntanu.
na- pani nenu
.
naku
ayana gurinci telusu.
- -' a- samavesaniki
nannu pilicaru.
a- pustakam nadi.
I do my own work.
They called me to that conference.
madhyama purusa
.
I know about him.
That book is mine.
(Second Person)
nuvvu manci vadivi.

.
niku a- bahumati vastundi.
You are a good man.
You will get that award.
ninnu cudakunda
..
.
. vellanu.
i pani nide- anuko.
I will not go without seeing you.
Treat this work as yours.
prathama purusa
. (Third Person)
vallaku
manam vaccinatlu
..
. teliyadu.
- vastaru.
- repu
vallu
..
They do not know that we have come.
They will come tomorrow.

idigo- niku kavalasina pustakam. dinini radha

iccindi.

Here is the book you needed. Radha
gave it.
vallanu
akkadiki
..
. rammani ceppanu.
I told them to come over there.

- badhyata
- e- nirnayam tisukunna
vallu
vallade.
.
..
..
Whatever decision they take, it will be their responsibility.

- - - - gurtinci e- purusalo
- - i kindi vakyalalo
sarvanamalu
. unnayo rayandi.
.
Pick out every pronoun that you can find in the following sentences and name its
person.
- - iccadu.
- atanu tana saikil gopalki
ramu
manci abbayi.
.

- Ramu
is a good boy. He gave his bicycle to Gopal.

- - tanu caduvukontundi kuda.

- sita tana talliki panullo- sayam
cestundi.
tana pathalu
.
.
.

Sita helps her mother in her daily chores. She also studies her lessons.
-' - - ni- kosam
nuvvu ninna raledu.
andaru- edurucusaru.
You did not come yesterday. Everybody waited for you.

- - -i roju
nenu
akkadiki
. ralenu. naku jvaram vaccindi.

Today I cannot come there. I have fever.
- - evaru- ceppaledu.
- - velle- vadine.
a- sangati naku
cebite- nenu
.
...
Nobody told me about it. Had I been told, I too would have gone there.
- - - - enduku?
niku naku
madhya vallu
..
Where is the need for them between you and me?

-
javabulu Answers
atanu (prathama purusa)
.
- (uttama purusa)
nenu,
naku
.
he (Third person)
I, to me (First person)
tana, tana, tanu (prathama purusa)

.
- - (uttama purusa)
naku,
nenu
.

her, her, she (Third person)
nuvvu, ni (madhyama purusa)

.
you, your (Second person)

to me, I (First person)
- niku- madhyama purusa

. naku uttama
- prathama purusa
purusa,
.
. vallu
..
to you (Second person); to me (First

person); them/they (Third person).

patham
5 Lesson 5
.
- - manamu linga bhedamunu
i pathamlo
.
In this lesson we learn about variations of gender.

- rakalu.
- avi 1) pumlingam; 2) strilingam;
lingamulu mudu
3) napumsakalingam.
.
;;
Genders are of three kinds. They are: 1. masculine gender; 2. feminine gender and
3) neuter gender.
- e- lingamo- telusukundam.
i kinda iccina'sabdalu
The following table shows examples of the three kinds of genders:

pumlingam
strilingam
napumsakalingam
masculine gender
raju
feminine gender
rani
.
neuter gender
kurci
King
devudu
.
Queen
devata
chair
God
Goddess
temple
racayita
racayitri
racana
author
atadu
.
he
nayakudu
.
hero
authoress
ame
she
nayika
heroine
gudi
.
script
adi
it
natana
.
acting

- -'
- '
i mudu
. konni ubhayalinga sabdalu vunnayi. a sabdamulu
. rakamule kakunda
- pumlingamulaku- vartistayi.
srilingamulaku,
The names which can be applied either to a male or a female are of the Common
Gender (Ubhayalingamulu).
- naukaru, vyakti modalainavi.
- kodi,
' '
udaharana
. : sisuvu, anatha, vidyarthi, ledi,
.
.
Examples: child, orphan, student, deer, fowl, servant, person.
ramudu
. vaccadu.
.
sita vellindi.
..
Ramudu
. came.
Sita went.
pustakam sancilo- undi.
The book is in the bag.

sita vellindi
antunnam.
ramudu
sita strilingam-ramudu
..
. vaccadu
.
.
.
. antunnam.
- kriyapadalu.
- sita vellindi ani, ramudu
- anevi
pumlingam.ikkada
vellindi,
vaccadu
..
.
..
.
.
- ani- annamu.
- dini
vaccadu
napumsakalingamaina
pustakaniki
undi
annam.
valana
.
- karta yokka linganni
batti
. . kriya marutundi. ide vidhamga namavacakalaku baduluga
- - kuda
- - - sarvanamalu
- - lingabhedaniki
- maratayi.
- vade
anugunamga
.
.
.

In Telugu sentences we say:
Sita went. feminine gender
Ramudu
. came. masculine gender.
The book is in the bag. neuter gender.
Similarly, pronouns will change as per the gender:

- - 'i sutranni teliyacese- marikonni udaharanalu

. parisiliddam.
Let us see some examples in support of this rule:

- atadu bajaru
- velladu.
ramudu
.. .
.
. ledu,
.
Ramudu
. is not here. He has gone to the market.
- ani rasamu.
-' -'
ramudu
.
. pumlingam anduvalana kriyasabdam velladu
Ramudu
is pumlingam (masculine gender). So, the verb ending in Telugu is du
.
-.
(velladu).
.. .
- - ledu,
sita kuda
ame
nillu
..
.
.. tevadaniki vellindi.
Sita also is not here. She has gone to fetch water.

- - ceppamu.
sita strilingam. anduvalana sita ledu, vellindi,
ani kriyapadam
marci
..
Sita is feminine gender. That is why the verb endings in Telugu are changed to ledu,
vellindi.
..
pustakam sancilo- undi; danini
cadavali.
The book is in the bag. I have to read it.
- - inkoka visayam telusukundam.

i pathamlo
.
.
Let us learn another point in this lesson.
- avi : ekavacanam,
- - padalu
- vacanalu.
- vacanalu
- rendu vidhalu.
sankyanu teliyacese
.
bahuvacanam.
Words indicating numbers are known as singular number, plural number.

- vyaktinigani,
- pradesanni
-' - sucincinapudu
namavacakam
oka vastuvunigani,
gani
. adi
-ekavacanam. okatikanna- ekkuva sankhyanu sucincinapudu
.
. adi bahuvacanam.
If a noun indicates one place, person, or thing, it is said to be in Singular Number.

When a noun indicates more than one, it is in the Plural Number.
- gamanincandi.
munduga- i kindi padalu
.
Before we move on, read the following words.

ekavacanam
bahuvacanam
Singular Number
avu.
Plural Number
-avulu.
cow.
mamidikaya.
.
mango.
tota.
.
garden.
cows.
mamidikayalu.
.
mangoes.
totalu.
.
gardens.
- - avu
- ante- oka
pai padallo
ekavacanam,
avulu
bahuvacanam. mamidikaya
.
.
- bahuvacana'sabdam ceratam
- teliyacestundi.
mamidikayane
mamidikayalu
ane
.
.
. valla
okatikanna
ekkuva ani teliyacestundi. ade vidhamga tota,
.
. totalu
. kuda.
.
In the above words, the word cow is in singular number; cows is in plural number. Mango indicates one mango fruit. By making that word plural mangoes it
indicates more than one fruit. So also the words garden and gardens.

- - - - - nambarnu batti kuda

linga bhedanni
batti
..
. . kriyapadalu, sarvanamalu marinattugane
..
.
- - - marpunu
- - -i kindi vakyalalo
maratayi.
gamanincandi.
.
Depending on the changes in the gender, there will be corresponding changes in

the verb and pronoun pattern in the Telugu language. Similarly, there will be changes
in verbs and pronouns depending on the changes in the number. Notice such changes
in the following sentences:
- pakkane- oka kalava
ma- uri
undi.
- cuttu- mudu
- kalavalu
ma- uri
unnavi.
..
.
- - oka devalayam
- ma- urilo
undi.
- - nalugu
- - - unnavi.
ma- urilo
devalayalu
There is a canal by the side of our village.
There is a temple in our village.

- - oka jama
ma- totalo
cettu
.
.. undi.
There is a guava tree in our garden.
There are three canals around our village.
There are four temples in our village.

- - padi jama
ma- totalo
cetlu
.
. unnavi.
There are ten guava trees in our garden.

- na- snehitudu
repu
. vastadu.
.
- ma- snehitulu
repu
vastaru
My friend will come tomorrow.
Our friends will come tomorrow.
- '
unnadi, unnadu,
. . . kasindi, pusindi vanti. sabdalu ekavacananni
. vaccindi, velladu,
- unnaru,
- - ru, lu, vu, yi 'sabdalu
- bahuvacananni
- - vaccaru,
teliyacestayi.
teliyacestayi.
- (he is), vacchindi (she / it

In the Telugu language, words like unnadi (it is), unnadu
.
came), velladu
.. . (he went), kasindi (bore fruit), pusindi (bloomed), denote singular
number. Words which end in ru, lu, vu, yi, denote plural number. For example:
- (they are).
- (they came), unnaru
vaccaru
i vindhamga- -ekavacanam, bahuvacanam vadatam
. . jarugutundi.
Thus we use both singular and plural numbers.
ayite- konni padalaku

matram
ekavacana,
bahuvacanalunnappatiki
ekkuvaga.
bahuvacaname- vadutuntamu.
.
.
Though some words have both singular and plural forms, in most cases only plural
form is used.
uda- : pesalu, godhumalu,
kandulu, vadlu,
.
Example: Pesalu (green gram); godhumalu

(wheat); kandulu (red gram), vadlu
. (paddy).
- vadali.
- - vatini
- undadu. bahuvacanam matrame
konni padalaku
ekavacaname
.
. nitya
.
- uda- : palu,
- nillu.
- antam.
bahuvacanalu
.
..
Some words do not have the singular form at all. We have to use them as plurals.
They are called nitya bahuvacanamulu (forever plural forms). Examples: palu
(milk), nillu
. . (water).

patham
6 Lesson6
.
- kosindi.
sita pulu
- kosindi.
sita errati. pulu
- navvindi.
papa
- gaunu vesukunna
pula
papa
navvindi.
Sita plucked the flowers.
The baby smiled.
Sita plucked the red flowers.
The baby in the embroidered gown laughed.

- kosindi
- ipudu errani pulu
intaku mundu manam sita pulu kosindi
annam.
annamu.
.
Earlier we said, Sita plucked the flowers. Now we have said, Sita plucked the
red flowers.
- - erraga- unnayani,
- gaunu vesukundani
- pula
- - pulu
i matala
dwara
papa
vivarana
.
.
'
istunnam. ave visesanalu.
. .
Thus we are explaining that the flowers are red and the gown is embroidered.
These words are adjectives.
- - - ' i kindi vakyalalo
visesanalu
gurtincandi.
. .
.
Point out the adjectives in the following sentences:

a- pedda ceruvulo- erra tamaralu
unnayi.
There are red lilies in that big tank.

- - mi inti
. pakka intilo
. ma mamayya unnadu.
.
Your next-door neighbour is my maternal uncle.

- - cinnavadu.
ramu
na- kanna- cala
.
Ramu is much younger than me.

- - muggu vestundi.
amma gummam mundu pratiroju
Mother daily decorates the doorway with patterns made with lines of flour.
- unnade- raju
- illu.
a nallagetu
.
Rajus
house is the one with the
black gate.
atadu
. dhairyavantudu.
.

He is a brave man.
ati telivi anarthadayakam.
- tiyani
niku repu
mamidipallu
. .. istanu.
I will give you sweet mangoes tomorrow.

- pedda nagaram.
bengaluru
.
- is a big city.
Bengaluru
adi lotaina
ceruvu.
Over-smartness is harmful.
That is a deep tank indeed.
turpu
vaipuna unna bhavanam
granthalayam.
pustakam pedda ballamida undi.

The east-side building is a library.
The book is on the big table.

javabulu
Answers
pedda, erra
-cala
intipakka
.
red
pratiroju
daily
ati
over
pedda
big
next-door
nalla
black
turpu
vaipuna
east-side
lotaina
deep
much
dhairyavantudu
.
brave
tiyani
sweet
pedda
big
' - - antam.
ila- namavacakam
yokka gunanni
vivaranga- ceppe- padalanu
visesanalu
.
. .
.
- spastamga- ceppadaniki
- - -i padala
'namavacakam
gurinci vivaramga,
visesanam
kavali.
..
.
. .
- - manam namavacakam
' - dwara
gurinci ekkuva vivarana
. .
. ivvagalugutamu. visesanalanu
- inglisulo
antaru.
. .
. edjektives
.

The adjective goes with a noun or pronoun adding to its meaning. Adjectives qualify
the nouns that follow them adding value to the sentence.

patham
7 Lesson 7
.
- kada!
- - panulanni- kriyalu ani ceppukunnam
manam cese

We have already explained that our actions are known as verbs.
ramudu
. vaccadu.
.
Ramudu
. came.
- sita padindi.
.
- paddadu.
raju
.. .
- fell.
Raju
- navvindi.
papa
Sita sang.
The baby smiled.
-'
- kriyasabdalu.
paina rasina
vaccadu,
paddadu,
padindi,
navvindi anevi
.
.
.
.
.
- -'
kriyasabdalanu
inglisulo
verbs antaru.
.
.
The underlined words in the above sentences are verbs indicating the action of the subject.
- venakki paddadu.
sita madhuramga- padindi.
raju
.. .
.
amma aratipallu
. .. premato iccindi.
- kilakila navvindi.
papa
- fell on his back.

Raju
Sita sang sweetly.
Mother gave bananas with love.

The baby smiled charmingly.
- - kriyavisesanalu.
- padalu.
- kriyalu
'
kinda gita gisina padalu
avi kriyala gurinci teliyaceyu
. .
- - entavaraku jarugutayo teliyaceyu
eppudu
ela- jarigayo,
. jarugutayo, ekkada
.- jarugutayo,
- - ' - - vitini inglisulo
- - kriyavisesanalu.
padale
edverbs
antaru.
.
.
.
.
.
The underlined words in the above sentences are adverbs. An adverb is a word which
modifies or qualifies and expands the sense of a verb. So, an adverb goes with a verb
adding to its meaning when and where a certain action has taken place, and how
long it has taken, etc.

- - cuddam.
- - ' - - - kurcina
' - - mariyu kriyavisesanalato
ippudu
marikonni vakyalu
. .
. visesanalu,
. .
' - Let us study some more sentences containing adjectives (visesanalu)

and adverbs
. .
'
(kriyavisesanalu).
. .
nalla kukkapilla parugetti adutondi.

.
The black puppy is running playfully.

- - - adataru.
a- pillalu prati adivaram
banti ata
. .
Those children play ball games every Sunday.

- pusindi.
malle mokka ninduga
.
The jasmine plant is in full bloom.

- rangu pensil mukkaluga- viricindi.
rani
.
- broke the colour pencil into pieces.

Rani
.

- - telivaina abbayi.
gopal
amma pullati
konnadi.
. mamidikayalu
.

Mummy bought sour mangoes.
- - is an intelligent boy.
Gopal
- nalugava
radha
phlat
antasthulo- undi.
.
- phutbal
- - -- raju
. baga adatadu
. .
- plays football well.

Radhas flat is on the fourth floor.
Raju
- kattindi.
- a- pedda cettu mida
kaki
cakkaga- gudu
..
.
..
The crow built its nest neatly on that big tree.

- - munduku padindi.
- gadapa dataleka
pillikuna
.
.
.
Unable to cross the threshold, the feeble kitten fell headlong.

- oka tellatipitta
nillalo
.. munigindi.
. .. budungumani
.
A white bird suddenly dived into the water.

- gadiyaram
pedda goda
thangumani
ganta
.
.
..
. kottindi.
.
The big clock on the wall struck with a bang.

- callaga- vistundi.
sayantram
gali
The evening breeze blows pleasantly.
- visesanalu
- - rendusarlu
- ' - - ane- visayam cakkaga- kriyavisesanalu
- cadivite- evi
' - - evi
pai vakyalu
.
. .
. .
.
- - telusikondi.
- avuno- kado
- - kindi pattika cusi
mike telustundi. sariaina javabu
..
.
. ilanti
- - rayandi.
- - konni miru kuda
vakyalu
.
.
If you read the above sentences carefully, you will understand which words are
adjectives and which ones are adverbs. Now write some similar sentences yourself.
Verify your answers from the following list :

javabulu
Answers
- '- kriyavisesanalu
. .
'- visesanalu
. .
nalla
Adjectives
prati
every
black
rangu
colour
pullati
.
telivaina
sour
intelligent
nalugava
fourth
pedda
big
pedda
tellati
.
big
white
sayantram
evening
Adverbs
parugetti
playfully
ninduga
.
banti ata
.

football
mukkaluga-
full
- baga
into pieces
well
cakkaga-
neatly
budungumani
.

suddenly
munduku
headlong
thangumani
.
with a bang
callaga-
pleasantly

patham
8 Lesson8
.
- - manam ippudu
siddamga- unnam.
. cinna cinna vakyalu rayadaniki
.
Now we are ready to write small sentences.

- edaina
- ninna jarigina visayama,
- visayam ceppinappudu manam ceppedi
- -i roju
kani
.
.
.
- spastamga
- repu
- - visayama- anedi
- jaragaboye
- undali.
jarigina visayama,
.
..
.
.

Whatever we say, it should be very specific whether we are indicating the present
action, or a past action or a future action.
- -- ala- undalante
.
. e kalam gurinci cebutunnamo teliyali.
For this, we should know the tense of the verb we are writing about.
- ninna uttaram rasanu.
-' nenu
I wrote a letter yesterday.

- - i vakyam jarigipoina
visayam
dinini bhutakalam
antamu.
.
.

This sentence describes a past action.
- bhutakalam
anaga- jarigipoyindi.
- Time that is past is called bhutakalam

(Past Tense).
- uttaram rastunnanu
nenu
I am writing a letter.
- - kalam
i vakyam ippudu
dinini vartamana
. jarugutunna visayam
.
antamu.
.

This sentence mentions a present act. This is known as simple present tense.

vartamana kalam
anaga- jarugutunnadi.
Time now is called the vartamanakalam

(Present Tense).
- - repu
- uttaram rastanu.
nenu
I will write a letter tomorrow.

- - - danini
i vakyam jaragaboye
dinini bhavisyat kalam
antam.
.
This sentence talks of a future act. Time to come is future tense.

- vastayi.
- linga
- - - telugulo- kriyalu vakyaniki
samanyamga
civaraga
intavaraku,
- - - - vacana bhedalalonu
- - - - kriya- 'sabdalu
- maradam
bhedalalonu,
. gurinci telusukunnam.
- - kriyasabdam
-'
- - parisiliddam.
'kalam
marinappudu
marutundi.
i kindi vakyalu
.
. kuda
In Telugu sentences, verbs usually come towards the end of the sentence. We have so
far learnt that verbs change depending on the changes in gender and number. When
there is a change of tense, the verb also changes. Let us study some sentences:
sita ninna vaccindi.
ramudu
. ninna vaccadu.
.
sita ippudu
. vastundi.
ramudu
. ippudu
. vastunnadu.
.
- came yesterday.
Sita
Sita comes now.
- sita repu
vastundi.
- will come tomorrow.

Sita
Ramudu
. came yesterday.
Ramudu
. comes now.
ramudu
.
. repu vastadu.
Ramudu
. will come tomorrow.

- - --'
ramudu
. anaga bhutakalanni sucince ninna annappudu
. kriyasabdam
. ninna vaccadu.
-- repu
- bhavisyat kalanni
vaccadu
sucince
annappudu
.
. annamu. repu vastadu
.
.
'
kriyasabdam vastadu
. ani marindi. sita strilingam kanuka vaccindi, vastundi annamu.
- annamu.
ramudu
. pumlingam kanuka vaccadu,
.
. vastadu
- Ramudu
ninna (yesterday) indicates bhutakalam
. came yesterday. Here, the word
(past tense). Hence the verb vaccadu
. (came). When we use the word repu
(tomorrow), it indicates bhavisyatkalam
(future tense). Hence the verb vastadu
.
.
(will come). Sita being feminine gender, the verb in the past tense is vacindi; and in
the future tense the verb will be vastundi. So also, Ramudu
. being-masculine gender,
and
in
the
future
tense
vastadu.
the verb in the past tense is vaccadu,
.
.
- -- - - lekapote
- - - mi- matalaku
mukyamaina i mudu
artham undadu.
. .
.
.
. kalalu telusukuni matladali.
When we talk we must be mindful of these three tenses. Otherwise, what we

talk will not make sense.
- - - i mudu
.
. kalalu kaka jarugutu vunna kalam marokati
. undi. danini inglisulo
kantinyuvas
tens antaru.
mudu
. kalallonu aya samayalalo jarugutunna panini gurinci
.
.
adi teliyacestundi.

In addition to these three tenses, there is another one called Continuous Tense. The
vartamanakalam
(Present Continuous Tense) describes an action taking place. And
so the action is incomplete. So is the case with Past Continuous Tense and Future
Continuous Tense.
jarugutu- unna kalam.
Continuous tense:
- pustakam caduvutu- untundi.

radha
repu
.
radha
ninna pustakam caduvutu- undindi.
.
Radha
was reading the book yesterday.
Radha
will be reading the book tomorrow.

radha
pustakam caduvutu- undi.
Radha
is reading the book.
- testu- undindi. testu- undindi ane- kriya bhutakalamlo

- - jaruguturadha
ninna pulu
.
.
unnadanni
teliyacestundi.

Radha
was bringing flowers yesterday. (The verb was bringing is in the Past
- Continuous tense a continuing work in bhutakalam).
- - - unnadu.
- bommalu vestu
- - unnadu.
- anaga- prastutam bommalu vestu
- kabatti
raju
.
.. i vakyam
.
- kalamlo
- pani jarugutunnatluga- teliyacestundi.
vartamana
.
- is drawing pictures. (The verb is in the Present Continuous Tense a continuing

Raju
work in vartamanakalam
the Present tense.)
- - untadu.
- bommalu vestu
- repu
raju
. kriya bhavisyat
.
. kalamlo jarugutu unde
. visayam
. . ikkada
teliyacestundi.

- will be drawing pictures tomorrow. (The verb, here, is in the Future Continuous
Raju
Tense) a continuous tense in the bhavisyatkalam.
.
- unnadu.
ramu
ninna banti adutu
.
.
Ramu
was playing with a ball yesterday.
- (The verb is in the Past Continuous tense a continuing work in bhutakalam.)
ramani
. pulu testu undi.
Ramani
. is bringing flowers.
- pulu
- testu- untadu.
- repu
raju
. .
- will be bringing flowers tomorrow.

Raju

- - unnadi.
sita pata
. padutu
.
Sita is singing a song.

(The verb is in the Present Continuous tense a continuing work in vartamanakalam.)
- laibrariki
- undindi.
- ninna uyala
a- samayaniki
raju
veltu
papa
ugutu
. unnadu.
.
.
ramani
.
. pulu testu untundi.
- uyala
- unnadi.
papa
ugutu
- was going to the library at that time.

Raju
The baby was swinging yesterday.
Ramani
. will be bringing flowers.
The baby is swinging.
- teccindi.
radha
ninna pulu
- uyala
- - untundi.
- repu
papa
ugutu
.
Radha
brought flowers yesterday.
- - ramani
. roju pulu testundi.
Ramani
. brings flowers daily.
The baby will be swinging tomorrow.

- repu
- pulu
- testadu.
raju
.
- will bring flowers tomorrow.

Raju

- koyadaniki
radha
pulu
veltu
.
. untundi.
.
- - - sayantram
repu
sita eluru
veltu
.
. untundi.
- Sita will be going to Eluru

tomorrow evening.
Radha
will be going to pluck flowers.
-- - telugulo- mukhyamga- bhutakalam,

vartamanakalam,
bhavisyatkalalanu
anusarinci
.
'
kriyasabdam
marutundi.

When the tenses are changed, the verb also changes.
- - ippudu
. alanti. marpunu i kindi vakyala dwara gamaniddam.
Shall we look at some more sentences to know such changes?

- bhutakalam
vartamanakalam
Ranganna goes to the

market.
- - badiki veltunnadi.
meri
.
.
Ranganna will go to the

market tomorrow.
- - ellundi badiki veltundi.
meri
.
.
.
rahim pandlu
. teccadu.
.
Mary will go to school the

day after tomorrow.
- rahim pandlu
. testadu.
.
. rahim sayantram pandlu
. testunnadu.
Past tense
- velladu
ranganna bajaru
.. .
Ranganna went to
the market.
- - badiki vellindi.
meri
.
..
Mary went to school.
Rahim brought fruits.
bhavisyatkalam
.
Present tense
Future tense
ranganna bajaru veltunnadu
.
. .
. ranganna repu bajaru veltadu.
Mary goes to school.
Rahim brings fruits.
Rahim will bring fruits in the

evening.

- padindi.
karuna
.
. pata
.
karuna
.
. padutunnadi.
- padutundi.
karuna
.
.
. repu pata
Karuna
. sang a song.
Karuna
. sings a song.
amala ninna vaccindi.
amala vastunnadi.
Karuna
. will sing a song
tomorrow.
- vastundi.
amala repu
Amala came yesterday.

Amala comes.
Amala will come tomorrow.
- avi nirantara kriyalu. vatini
konni kalamto- nimittam lekunda
. eppudu
.
. jarigevi untayi.
.
- - - antaru.
inglisulo
yunivarsal
truts
.
.
There are some universal truths, true at any time and for all times:
vantena kinda nunci nadi pravahistundi. suryudu
. turpuna udayincunu.
The river flows under the bridge.

- - mallelu pustayi.
vesavilo
The sun rises in the east.

vennela callaga- undunu.
.
Jasmines bloom in summer.
The moonlight is cool.

- - - e- kalaniki
kinda iccina vakyalu
sambandincinavo- gurtincandi.
.
Name the tenses of the following sentences:

sita a- pustakam cadivindi.

Sita read that book.
radha
padutunnadi.
.

- sings.
Radha
- - badiki veltu- undindi.

meri
.
.
.
Mary was going to school.

- pustaka pradarsanaku
- repu
'
memu
veltamu.
.

We will go to the book exhibition tomorrow.
- -i samayaniki
- repu
nenu
ma- uriki
veltu
.
. untanu.

By this time tomorrow, I will be going to our village.
ame,
monna ma- intiki
. vaccindi.
She came to our house the day before yesterday.

- caduvukuntu- untini.
- vaccesariki
ame
nenu
.
.
By the time she came, I was reading.

- suryudu
bhumi
. cuttu
.. tirugutundi.

The earth goes round the sun.

- poyina
-' - uttaram rasadu.
abraham
samvatsaram naku
.
Abraham wrote me a letter last year.

- - - rendu samvatsarala
- kritam kaleji
- cesindi.
- - caduvu purti
ayesa
.
.
- -Ayesa
. completed her collegiate studies two years back.
inko- samvatsaraniki
hari injaniring purtavutundi.

Haris engineering will be completed in a years time.
javabulu
Answers
- unnadi jarugutu- unna vartamanakalam

padutu
.

is singing present continuous tense.
- cadivindi bhutakalam.

read past tense.
padutunnadi
vartamanakalam.
.
sings simple present tense.

- veltu
jarugutu- unna bhutakalam
. undindi
.

was going past continuous tense.
veltamu
bhavisyatkalam
.
.
will go future tense.

veltu
jarugutu- unde
. untanu.
.
. bhavisyatkalam
.

will be going future continuous tense.

- vaccindi. bhutakalam
came simple past tense.

- chaduvukuntu
jarugutu unna bhutakalam
. untini.
.

was reading past continuous tense.
tirugutundi. nirantaram jarigedi
goes round ever happening action. (This simple present tense is also used
to express some general fact or eternal truth.)
-' - rasadu.
. bhutakalam
wrote past tense.

- purticesindi.
bhutakalam
completed past tense.

purtavutundi.
bhavisyatkalam
.

will be completed future tense.

patham
9 Lesson9
.
-i pathamlo
- ane- padala
- gurinci telusukundam.
- madya
- manam avyayalu
- rendu padala
.
.
- - linga, vacana, kala
- bhedalanu
- - teliyacestayi.
nunna sambandanni
i avyayalu
batti
- . .avyayalu maravu. vitini
i padalanu inglisulo
.
.
. vibhaktyarthaka padalani kuda antaru.
pripojisans
antaru.
.
.
- which means indeclinable words words

In this lesson let us learn about avyayalu
not liable to change. They are immutable, eternal. In English they are called
prepositions. They are used to show the relationship of a word to other words in a
sentence. They are also called vibhaktyardhaka padamulu in Telugu.
udaharanalu
:examples:
.
a- cettukomma
mida cilaka unnadi.
balla kinda pensilu padindi.
..
.
There is a parrot on a branch of the tree. The pencil has fallen under the table.
balla, pensilu rendu
ani ceppadam
. padalu. pensilu ballakinda padindi
. valana adi
.
oka ardhavantamaina vakyam ayindi.

Table and pencil are two words. When we say, The pencil has fallen under the
table, it is a complete and meaningful sentence.
- unnadu.
- - madhya'syam
ramuki,
rajuki
.
' Shyam is in between Ramu

and Raju.
- - radhanu
tiki
. pilicanu,ayina raledu.
I invited Radha
for tea; but she did not turn up.
- - - -krusna
. . kosame custunna, kani raledu.
Krisna
. . has not come yet; I am waiting for him.

samuccayalu
Conjunctions
- rendu padalanu
- rendu vakyalanu
- kaluputayi.
- - samuccayalu
- telugu bhasalo
gani,
gani
.
.
.
- - kanjenkshans antaru.
- samana
- dharmam kala vakyalane
- - - ivi
samuccayalanu
inglisulo
.
.
kaluputayi.
- (Conjunctions) in the Telugu language connect words with words as

Samuccayalu
well as sentences with sentences. (However, the words connected must be of the same
grammatical part of speech and of the same grammatical construction.)
- - - kamala mariyu sita akka cellellu

.. ane vakyamlo sitaku, kamalaku unna sambandham
mariyu ane- samuccayam teliyacestundi.
Kamala and Sita are sisters. Here the conjunction and connects two nouns showing
their relationship.
- cadavagaladu, mariyu rayagaladu
ramu
.
.
Ramu
can read, and write as well.
- kalamu, pensil rendu

- oka kalam ayina- pensil ayina- ivvandi. ane- vakyamlo
naku
.
.
- - okati kavali
- - ani ardham, ayina- ane- padam valla vaccindi.
vastuvulalo- edo
.
Give me either a pen or a pencil.

In this sentence, a choice is expressed. Either or is an alternative conjunction
denoting either a pen or a pencil.
- - anavaccu.
ikkada
.
. kalamu leka pensil ani kuda
In this sentence we can use only or to convey the meaning. Give me a pen or a
pencil.

- ikkada
. ayina, leka ane padalu emi teliyacestunnavi? naku pennu kani pensilu kani
- - kavalani.
i vidhamga- rendu
. padalanu gani, vakyalanu gani kalipe padalu samuccayalu.

In these sentences, what do the words either or and or indicate? I want a pen or
a pencil. Conjunctions therefore connect words with words as well as sentences with
sentences.
- anduvalana, vale, varaku, ayinappatiki- vanti padalu
- samuccayalu.
mariyu, kani,
.
.
Some other conjunctions are: and, but, therefore, like, too, till, however, as well as,
further, neither-nor, either or, moreover.
- - - samuccayalanu
i kindi vakyalalo
gurtincandi.
.
Point out the conjunctions (samuccayalu)

in the following:
- mancivadu
- mariyu telivainavadu.
gopi
.
.
- is a good boy and intelligent as well.

Gopi
- - caduvutadu
- kani
- baga
- allari cestadu.
- raju
.
.

- reads well, but plays mischief.
Raju
- ayevaraku
- undu, lekapote
- - vellu.
na- pani purti
..
.
Wait till I complete my work, or else you can go.

- ayina- nijayiti
- - parudu.
atadu
.
.
. pedavadu

Though poor, he is honest.
-- vaccindi andukani ma- akka raledu.

ninna sayantram
vana

It rained last evening; so my sister did not come.

javabulu
Answers
mariyu
kani
- lekapote
and
ayina-
though
but
andukani
or else
so (reason for an action)

patham
10
.
Lesson10
- - - manam -i pathamlo
- - telugulo- vibhaktulu vunnayi.
- vatini
inglisulo
keslu unnatlugane
.
.
.
.
Just as there are cases in the English language, there are vibhaktulu in the Telugu
language. Let us learn about these vibhaktulu (cases) in this lesson.
- - vibhaktulu.
- madhya gala sambandhanni
- padala
vakyamlo
teliyacesevi
Vibhakti indicates relationship between the words in a sentence.

- karta edi?
ramudu
ane- vakyamlo
karta ramudu.
..
. kukkanu kottenu
. ramudu
. emi
-' cesadu?
kriya. evarini? kukkanu. kukka karma.
.. .
.. . anaga kottadam
. kottadu.
Ramudu
. is the subject.
. beat the dog. What is the subject in this sentence? Ramudu
What did Ramudu
. do? He beat. (Beating is an action. So it is the verb.) Whom did
he beat? He beat the dog. So, dog is the object.
- - - ramudu,
.. . anedi kriya.
. namavacakale. kottuta
. kukka ivi rendu
Ramudu
. and dog are nouns.Beat is the verb.
kukka 'sabdaniki
nu ane- vibhakti ceradam
valana adi ramudu
. kukkanu kottenu.
..
.
ane ardhavantamaina vakyamga marindi. anaga karta cese panini teliyacestunnadi.

Adding nu to the word dog made it a meaningful sentence. In other words, that
case-ending nu makes the work of the subject very clear.

- inko- udaharana
. cuddam.
Let us see another example:

idi sita kalamu.
This is Sitas pen.

ante
. adi sita yokka kalamu.
ikkada
. sitaku kalaniki unna sambandhamemiti?
. yokka ane padam sita hakkunu
teliyacestunnadi.
It means, this pen belongs to Sita. Here, what is the relation between Sita and pen? It
is Sitas pen. Sita possesses it. She has a right over the pen.
maroka vakyam
Let us consider another sentence:

- sita radha
koraku pandlu
. teccindi.
Sita brought fruits for Radha.

sita pandlu
. teccindi. evari koraku? radha koraku.
sita cesina
kriya, pandlu
evarikoraku radha
koraku.
. tevadam.
.
ikkada
. koraku anedi vibhakti.
Sita brought fruits.

For whom?
For Radha.
What did Sita do? She brought fruits. That was her action kriya (verb).
For whom? For Radha.
The fourth case-ending for (koraku) is used to indicate syntactic
relation between Sita, Radha
and fruits.

- - karta, karma, kriyalaku gala sambandhanni

- oka vakyamlo
i vidhamga,
avi cese
- panulanu, cesina
vidhananni
vivaranga- ceppadaniki
vibhaktulu upayogapadatayi.
.
.
telugulo- edu
upayogincedi
.
. mukhyamaina vibhaktulu. okarini pilavadaniki
- cerikato
- padala
- vibhakti. ivanni- okati rendu aksharala,
- vakyaniki
- sambodhana
.
.
- - arthalanu
- -i kindi vibhaktulu cudandi.
ververu
istayi.
. .
Vibhaktulu (cases) are therefore used to show the syntactic relation between the subject,
object and verb, and to explain clearly the work they do and how they do it. In the
Telugu language, vibhaktulu are of seven kinds. Various case-forms are expressed with
the aid of various prepositions or case-endings. Examine the following vibhaktulu
(cases): There is another case form to address others. It is known as vocative case or
Nominative case of address.
prathama- vibhakti
nominative case
du,
mu, vu, lu
.
du,
. mu, vu, lu.
'
'du'
. pumlinga sabdalaku vastundi.
uda- : ramudu,
.. .
. krusnudu,
The first case-ending du

. is applicable to masculine nouns.
Eg: Ramudu,
Krisnudu.
.
.. .
'mu' napumsakalingalaku
vastundi.
uda : daivamu, vanamu, vrukshamu
mu is applicable to nouns of neuter gender.

Eg: deity, forest, a tree.

- - 'sabdalaku,
- 'sabdaniki
'vu' ukaranta
go
vastundi.
uda :jantuvu, taruvu, madhuvu, govu
Vu is applicable to words ending with U sound and to the word go (cow).

Eg: animal, tree, honey, cow.
'lu' bahuvacanamlo vastundi.
- govulu
uda- : strilu,
lu is aplicable to plural forms.

Eg: strilu (women), govulu
(cows).
atadu
.
. ramudu
He is Ramudu.
.
-avu sadhu
jantuvu.
Cow is a domestic animal.
- vikasincayi.
'
pulu
The flowers have bloomed.

a vanamu andamuga- unnadi.
That garden is beautiful.

- - vadina
paina cadivina ramudu,
vanamu, jantuvu ane- padalalo
du,
. mu, vu, lu
.
.
prathama- vibhakti.
In the above sentences, Ramudu,

. vanamu, jantuvu .du, mu, vu, are the first case
(prathama vibhakti or Nominative Case) endings.
dwitiya- vibhakti
ni, nu, la, gurci,

gurinci
accusative case ni, nu, la, gurchi,

gurinchi.
karmaku sambandhinci dwitiya- vibhakti vastundi. kriya yokka phalanni
evaru
anubhavistaro, varu karma

The case that relates to the object in a sentence is called Accusative or Objective Case
- - vibhakti or second case in the order). A noun or noun equivalent is in the
(dwitiya
Accusative or Objective Case when it is used as the direct object of a transitive verb.

sitanu pilicanu.
I called Sita.
ikkada
pilavadam
kriya. evarini pilicanu?
sitanu. sita karma. 'nu' ane- dwitiya- vibhakti
.
.
sitanu cerindi.
Here, called is the verb. Whom did I call? Sita. (Sitanu)

So, Sita is the object. In Telugu, it is Sitanu. In the second case, the case-ending
nu is added to the object Sita.
tallini mincina daivamu ledu.
rajuni
rammanu.
- naku
- teliyadu.
atani gurci
- telusu.
ni gurinci naku
- to come.
Ask Raju
No deity is greater than mother.
I do not know anything about him.
I know about you.
trutiya- vibhakti
cetan,
ce(n),
todan,
to(n)
.
instrumental case chetan,

che, todan,
to.
.
- - - varu
- karta. trutiya
-'
- - paniki evaru asrayam
kriya cese
avutaro
vibhakti kartaku cerutundi.
A noun or its equivalent about which something is said (predicated) in a sentence is

called the subject. The third case (trutiya- vibhakti) relates to the subject.
- ceta
- pustakam cadivincu.
papa
Get the book read by the girl.

- papaceta.
- cadivincadam
kriya-evari ceta?
.
To make the baby read (chadivincu) is the verb.

By whom (evariceta)?
- By the girl (papaceta).
Other sentences can be similarly formed.

- - vastanu.
nito- nenu
- saukyamu untundi.
'santam
toda
.
.
I will also come with you.
Happiness exists along with peace.
- - ramani kuda
- - vaccindi.
rajuto
.
.
Ramani
. also came along with Raju.
caturthi vibhakti
dative case
koraku, kai
koraku, kai.
evari nimittam kriya jarugutundo- variki

caturthi vibhakti vastundi.
The case of nouns or pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them,
indicating an indirect object or recipient, is known as Dative Case (caturthi vibhakti
for, to).
atadu
. ramuni koraku vaccadu.
.
ramuni
koraku.
He came for Rama.

atadu
.
. vaccadu.
He came.
enduku?
For Ramu.
- radhakai
- teccanu.
nenu
pulu
I have brought flowers for Radha.
Why?
- paramatmudu
anekasarlu
avatarincadu.
.
.
. dharma rakshnakai
God manifested Himself time and again on the earth to protect righteousness
(Dharma).

pancami vibhakti
ablative case
valana, kante,
..
. patti
valana, kante,
..
. patti.
apayamu,
bhayamu, parajayam,
pramadam,
alasyam
modalainavi jariginappudu,
. avi
enduku jarigayo a karanam
ceppadaniki
pancami vibhakti vastundi.
.
.
The case of nouns or pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them
indicating an agent, instrument or location is Ablative Case (pancami- vibhakti
valana, kante,
.. by, than, on account of). It indicates the cause of certain effect
. patti
or result.
coruni
valana bhayamu kaligindi.
Fear was caused by the thief.
i pani ni valana alasyam

ayindi.
This work has been delayed on account of you.

- telisindi.
hanumantuni valana sitamma jada
.
The whereabouts of Sitamma were made known by Hanuman.

- - vaccadu.
rajuni
batti
. . ranga kuda
.
.
Ranga also came on account of Raju.

- kante ramana balavantudu.
vasu
.
.
.
Ramana
. is stronger than Vasu.

- sasti
. . . vibhakti ki, ku, yokka, lo, lopala
- lopala.
genitive case ki, ku, yokka, lo,
- sambandhanni
teliyacesetappudu
. . . vibhakti vastundi.
.
. sasti
The Genitive Case primarily expresses possession, and from that it has been extended
to many kindred relations. This is the sasti
vibhakti with sixth case-ending of ki, ku,
.
.
yokka, lo, lopala to. of, in, and s.
-i visayam teliyadu.
rajuki
idi ramani(yokka)
pennu.
.
.
This is Ramanis
. pen.
- does not know about this matter.

Raju
- telusu; niku
a- visayam
naku
telusu.
.
atani(yokka) gunam
. andariki telusu.
You and I know about it.
Everybody knows about his character.
lata illu ikkadaku

daggare.
.
-ni- mansu lopala

alocana
nike- telusu.
Latas house is not far from here.
Only you know what is in your mind.
- illu uripakka
- - unnadi.
vasu
totalo
.
Vasus
house is in the garden on the outskirts of the village.
- lopala
- vallu
gadilo- matladukuntunnaru.
. .
.
..
They are talking in the room.

saptami vibhakti
locative case
andu, na.
andu, na.
- - adharanni
teliyacesetappudu
.
. saptami vibhakti vastundi.
The Locative Case (saptami- vibhakti andu , na) relates to nouns, pronouns, and
adjectives, expressing location (a particular place or position in which a person or
thing is.)
bhagavantudu
.
. endu cusina andu kaladu.
Wherever you look, there is God. (Or) God is everywhere.

amma yandu orpu
ekkuva.
a- darina
dongala bhayam ekkuva.
Mother has a lot of patience.
There is a threat of robbers on that road.
- cettuna cala
- - kayalu
jama
unnavi.
..
- -' - lekkalenanni
akasana
cukkalu unnavi.
- untaru.
punyatmulu
svargana
.
.
- i cikatina
padi
.
.
. ela veltavu?
There are plenty of fruits on the guava tree. There are countless stars in the sky.
(The guava tree has plenty of fruits.)
The virtuous men stay in the heaven.
How can you go in this darkness?

- - sambodhana- prathama- vibhakti o, oyi
- prathama- vibhakti):
Vocative case or nominative case of address (sambodhana
O, you, hi, hello, hey.
- sambodhincadaniki,
- i vibhakti-evarinaina- pilavadaniki,
anaga
upayogistamu.
.
.
Nominative Case of Address or Vocative Case is used to address a person (sambodhana

vibhakti ) o, oyi hey, you, hi, hello.
- - ani, strilanu
- ani- sambodhistaru.
purusuni
oyi
o
.
Oyi refers to man.

O is used to address a woman. It may imply closeness or contempt.
- o- sita!
itu
. ra!
Hey Sita! Come here.

- - atu vellaku!
oyi!
..
.
Hey, dont go that side!

-o krusna!
. . nannu rakshincu!
O Krisna!
. . Come to my rescue.

patham
11 Lesson11
.
- - ardhanni
- purti
icce- pada samudayanni
vakyam
antamu.
dinini inglisulo
sentence
.
.
.
antaru.
.

A sentence is a group of words making complete sense.
- vidhaluga
- - mudu
- - vibhajimpabaddayi
vakyalu
..
.
- 1. samanya
vakyam
2. samyukta vakyam
'
3. samslista
. . vakyam

Sentences are classified as follows:
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
- samanya
vakyam
simple sentence.
- - karta, karma, kriya anevi
- pradhanamaina
- - samanya
vakyamlo
vakyangalu.
A simple sentence contains subject, object and verb (karta, karma and kriya) in that
order.
udaharanalu
:examples:
.
kamala andanga- untundi.
vimala telivainadi.
.
- - caduvutadu.
- baga
raju
.
ramani
..
. vellindi.
. badiki
- studies well.
Raju
Ramani
. went to school.
Kamala is beautiful.
Vimala is intelligent.

samyukta vakyam
Compound sentence
- - - - - rendu
. leka mudu
. samanya vakyalu kalasi oke vakyamga marite adi samyukta
- kani
vakyamavutundi.
ala- kalapadaniki
mariyu leka
vanti
.
. samuccayalu
sahayapadatayi.
.
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined together by

coordinating conjunctions but, and, etc.
sita akka, kamala cellelu.
Sita is the elder sister, and Kamala is the younger sister.

sita (mariyu) kamala akkacellellu.
..
-
Sita and Kamala are sisters.
- - caduvutadu.
- ranga baga
- - caduvutadu.
ramu
baga
.
.
Ramu
reads well. Ranga reads well.
- - caduvutaru.
ramu
(mariyu) ranga baga
Ramu
and Ranga read well.
- maracipotadu.
- baga
- - caduvutadu.
- vasu
- vasu
.
.
- reads well. Vasu

- forgets.
Vasu
- maracipotadu.
- - baga
- - caduvutadu
- kani
vasu
.
.
- reads well but forgets soon.

Vasu
- atanu rajuki
atanu rajuki
annayya?
tammuda?
.
- Is he the younger brother of Raju?

Is he the elder brother of Raju?

- tammuda?
- leka
atanu rajuki annayya?
.
Is he the elder or younger brother of Raju?

'sailaja patalu
'
. padutundi.
. rastundi. sailaja patalu
.
'Sailaja writes poems. 'Sailaja sings songs.
'sailaja patalu
. rastundi, padutundi.
.
'Sailaja writes poems and sings, too.
'
samslista
. . vakyam
Complex sentence
- vakyamto
- okatigani
- antakante- ekkuva apradhana
- vakyalu
- - kalisi vakyam
oka pradhana
.
. -erpadite- danini
' .. vakyam antaru. purti arthanni icce vakyanni pradhana
samslista
.
.
- - arthanni
- vakyam
vakyam
ani, purti
ivvani vakyanni
apradhana
ani antaru.
kriya
.
samaptam kakapote vakyam purti ardhanni ivvadu.
A sentence may also be made up of two or more clauses, one of which is dependent
on, or subordinate to, another. Such a sentence is called a Complex Sentence.
- vakyam.
ramudu
idi pradhana
anaga- arthavantamaina vakyam.
..
. velladu.
Ramudu
. went. This is the main sentence which gives a clear meaning.
- ramudu
ramudu
..
. vaccadu.
.
. velladu.
Ramudu
. went. Ramudu
. came.
- ane- vatini
.. vaccadu,
. kalipi ramudu
. velli
. ani rastamu.
We can club these two sentences thus: Ramudu

. velli
.. vaccadu.
. after going
. (Ramudu,
out, returned.)

- anedi
- purti
- arthanni
ramudu
istundi.
. velladu
..
The sentence, ramudu

.. . (Ramudu
. velladu
. went.) makes complete sense.
- - ramudu
. velli
.. anedi apradhana vakyam. kriya padam purti kakunda
. vakyaniki artham
ledu.
The expression, ramudu

.. (Ramudu
. velli
. having gone) does not give complete meaning.
The verb is incomplete.
- - avi
- navvi - ila
- cusi,
- - a- kriya madhyalo- -agipote,
- vallu
- cestunnaro
- edaite
velli-cesi,
..
..
- - vakyalu.
- - ala- agipoyina
apradhana
kriyalu asamapaka
kriyalu.
Having gone (velli),

.. having done (chesi), having seen (cusi), sporting a smile (navvi),
they are, he became, do not mean anything. They need some complements of the
verbs, as they help to complete the meaning of the sentences. These are some types of
incomplete verbs.
- pustakam cadivindi. rani
- nidrapoyindi.
rani
.
.
- read the book. Rani

- slept off.
Rani
.
.
- pustakam cadivi nidrapoyindi.

rani
.
- slept off.
Having read the book, Rani
.

patham
12 Lesson12
.
anukarana
. vidhamulu :
. vakyamulu rendu

There are two forms of speech
pratyakshanukaranam
.

Direct Speech
parokshanukaranam
.
Indirect Speech
pratyakshanukaranam
:
.
Direct Speech
- ceppindi ceppinatluga- anukarincatam. a- matalu

- edutivaru
pratyakshanukaranamlo
.
.
.
.
.
- uncali.
kotesanlo
. .
In pratyakshanukaranam
(Direct Speech) we give the words of the speaker in
.
quotation marks without changing the words.
konni udaharanalu
: Some examples:
.
- cestanu,
- a- pani naku
- telusu, nenu
- vasu
annadu.
.
I know that work. I will do it, said Vasu.
- andi.
amma nannu, sayantram
twaraga- ra,
Come early in the evening, said my mummy to me.

ticar
miranta- mokkalu natandi,
.
. . annaru.
All of you plant saplings, said the teacher.

- gopito
- - sraddaga
- caduvu, annadu.
'
raju
.
- to Gopi.
Pay more attention to studies, said Raju
- - kotta battalu, ani ammanu adigindi.
sunita nakevi
.
..
What about new clothes for me? Sunitha asked her mother.
- katha ceppu, katha ceppu, ani godava cestundi.
papa
.
The baby pesters me, Tell me a story, tell me a story.
parokshanukaranam
:
.
Indirect Speech:
- okaru ceppina vakyanni
- - ceppali.
- kotesans
parokshanukaranamlo
mana matalato
. .
.
.
- sarvanamalu
- - upayogincali.
undavu.
avasaramaina cota
.
.
In the parokshanukaranam
(Indirect Speech), the words uttered by the speaker are
.
not given, and no quotation marks are used. In other words, the speaker is not quoted
verbatim.
- annadu.
- a- pani tanaku telusani,
- vasu
tane- cestanani
.
- said that he knew that work, and so he would do it.

Vasu
- nenu
- - ceppamannadu.
- ekkadiki veltunnano
raju
.
.
.
- asked me to tell where I was going.

Raju
amma nannu sayantram
twaraga- rammandi.
Mummy asked me to come back early in the evening.

ticar
ma- andarini mokkalu natamannaru.
.
.
The teacher asked us to plant saplings.

- gopini
'sraddaga- cadavamannadu.
raju
.
- advised Gopi
- to pay more attention to his studies.
Raju
sunita tanaku kotta battalu
. . evi ani ammanu adigindi.
.
Sunitha
asked her mother about new clothes for her.
- - katha ceppamani godava cestondi.
papa
.
The baby pesters me to tell her a story.

- - ela- ceppina- intaku mundu telusukunna visayalu
- - gurtuncukovali.
miru emi
ceppina,
.
- - ekavacanam,
- - bhuta,
- bhavisyat, vartamana
- kalalu,
linga bhedalu,
bahuvacanam vitini
.
.
- - vacce- marpulu
- - vitini
anusarinci kriya- padalalo
gurtuncukovali.
batti
vakyam
.
..
arthavantamga- tayaravutundi.

Remember all the points we have dealt with so far to gain fluency in Telugu. Also
remember the inevitable changes in the verb patterns depending upon the gender
differences, tenses, and number.

patham
13 Lesson13
.
ikkada
. koncem agandi
.
Wait a bit here.
- concem agi
- - - matladutuntamu.
manam matladutunnappudu,
. .
.
. avasaramainacota
. .
.
When we speak, we give some pauses to make our speech clear and meaningful to the
listener.
- - untundi. alage
- arthanni
- - swaramlo- marpu
vakyamloni
batti
a- vyavadhi marutu
valana
..
.
kuda
artham avutundi.
. visayam
.
The duration of the pause depends upon the meaning and context. Sometimes we
make our point clear by means of intonation.
- - mukyamaina
rasetappudu
valla telustundi. vatilo
.
.
. matram konni gurtulu pettadam
.. .
nalugu
gurtulu ippudu
telusukundam.
.
In writing we use punctuation marks to make the sentence clear and meaningful. Let
us now discuss four punctuation marks:
- - -- - - cadivetappudu,
.
.
. rasetappudu
. padala madhya ekkada
. agalo, ela artham
. apalo, ekkada
- - - telipevi
- viramamu
-- cihnalu.
- virama
cesukovalo
ante
cihnam ante
. apadam,
.
. gurtu.
All written work is divided by points or stops which help the reader to follow the
sense of what he is reading. Those signs are called punctuation marks. They regulate
reading by indicating where the reader may pause and take breath, and how long he
may pause.

- cihnalu
- -i kindi vidhamga- unnayi.
virama
The following are the punctuation marks:

binduvu
full stop
(.)
comma
(,)
- binduvu
nyuna
ardha binduvu
- - ' binduvu
vakyamsa
semi-colon
(; )
anukarana
. cihnalu
quotation marks
colon
(:)
' prasnarthakam
( )
question mark
(?)
-'
ascharyardhakam
exclamatory mark
(!)
sita tana pedda cellelu cinna tammudu

pelliki
..
. pillalu annayya koduku
.
.. vellaru
Sita her younger sister next to her younger brother children went to wedding of older
brothers son
- - cihnalu
- - okkasari
- levu.
- cadivi cudandi.
i vakyamlo- virama
. . ekkada
. apali? ela cadavali?
teliyadam
. ledu kadu!
There are no punctuation marks in this sentence. We do not know where to stop and
how to read it. It is a bundle of confusion, isnt it?
sita, tana pedda cellelu, cinna cellelu, cinna tammudu,

pelliki
vellaru.
..
. annayya koduku
.
..
- - vivaramga- telustundi.
ila- raste
Sita, her elder sister, younger sister and younger brother went to the wedding of her
elder brothers son.

- evarevaru veltunnaro
- - antaru.
- - ceppadaniki
sita taruvata,
upayogincina
gurtuni kama
.
.
.
- - oke- visayaniki
- mataku
- madhya viramam
mataku
undadaniki
sucana
i kama.
.
.
. .
.
- ekkuvaga- unnappudu civari visayaniki
sambandhincina vivaralu
tappa migilina
.
.
annintiki
. kamalu undali.
.
After the word Sita, the punctuation mark, comma() is used to inform as to who
are all going. Comma is used to denote the gap between the words. When there are
too many details to be given, comma is used after every name or matter excepting the
last name or matter.
konni udaharanalu
: Some examples:
.
- - rastundi.
- - patalu
ame
kathalu, navalalu, natakalu,
.
.
She writes stories, novels, plays and songs.
- - - ma- intlo
. erranivi, tellanivi, pasupuvi, udarangu gulabilu pustayi.
Red, white, yellow and purple roses bloom in our courtyard.

The Full Stop (the Period)
- cukka pettali,
- a cukka binduvu. oka vakyam
ekkuva viramam
kavalsina
cota
.
..
purtainappudu
.
. binduvu undali.
The full stop ( . ) marks the end of a complete and independent sentence.
- ninna vaccanu.
uda- : nenu
Ex : I came yesterday.
- -eluru
- velladu.
raju
.. .
- - has gone to Eluru.

Raju

- binduvu undali.
- rasina
samkshiptarupamlo
prati aksharam taruvata
.

Abbreviations are indicated by periods:
-'
am.pra.
= andhra
prades.
-'
A.P. (Andhra Prades).
- - - cintapalli ramamurti.
ci.ra.murti
Chi. Ra. Murthy

(Chintapalli Rama
Murthy);
- = tirumala tirupati devastanam.
ti.ti.de.
U.N.O. (United Nations Organization); TTD (Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanam), etc.

- - - rasina
- - civara cukka undali.
cirunama
.
. madhya varasalaku kama undali.
Even in ones postal address, there should be a period at the end. For the middle
lines, there should be commas at the end:
- ravu
vi.es.ar.
- - - - vijayawada
- - 520 002.
inti
.
. nem. 123/4, suryaraopeta,
.
Mr. V.S.R. Rao

- - - - Vijayawada-520
H. No. 123/4, Suryaraopeta,
002.
.
.
amma gudiki
lalita ninna vaccinda?
..
. vellinda?
Has mummy gone to the temple?

- - civara iccindi prasnarthakam.
- prasnincina
- -i ? gurtu prasnanu
' '
'
pai vakyala
evarini emi
sucistundi.
Did Lalita come yesterday?
The above sentences carry interrogative marks at the end. Interrogative mark is
used at the end of every direct question.

- - adi enta bagundi!

oho!
- padipoyada!
- - - raju
a!
.
.
Oh, how nice it is!
- has fallen!
Alas, Raju
-'
- - nokki ceppadanni,
ascaryanni,
udrekanni,
e- visayamaina
vyangyanni.
.
-'
- prakatincetappudu
.
.
.
. i ! ascaryarthakanni vadali.
Exclamatory mark is used to express emotion or some sudden feeling such as wonder,
surprise, horror, indignation, joy, or some satirical remark.
- ni- sangati telusu, nivu
a!
bhimudavu!
.
O! I know about you. You are Bhima!

aunu! atanu munde- vaccadu!
.
Yes, he came early!
- - - - bhasa
- vastundi. cinna cinna vakyalu
- - - cakkagatelugulo- matladandi.
. . . matladitene
. .
.
- - kotta kotta
- - - cadavandi. cadivitene
rayandi.
telugu pustakalu
.
. rastene gurtuntundi.
.
- - telustayi.
- kotta kotta prayogalu
padalu,

Now try to speak in Telugu. Unless you speak in Telugu you cannot master the
language. Learn to write short and sweet sentences. Unless you write, you cannot
remember usages. Read Telugu books. If you read you learn more and more new
words and new expressions.


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-

(With transliteration and English translation)

1 the trial version of Print2PDF!

2 the trial version of Print2PDF!

3 the trial version of Print2PDF!

Transliteration Scheme of Telugu Alphabet

* Not in common use.

4 the trial version of Print2PDF!

- presented different easy and hard words in an alphaThe second module,'sabdamala,

Now the book in your hands, vakyanirmanam,

5 the trial version of Print2PDF!

6 the trial version of Print2PDF!

- (alphabet) and words (sabdamala).

Did (you) have your meal?

Those are four different kinds of sentences.

- - gurinci ippudu telusukundama?

Let us now study those four kinds of sentences.

7 the trial version of Print2PDF!

- - manaku kaccitamga- telusu. anduke- avi niscayarthaka

sita andamga- navvindi.

The baby cried loudly.

Sita smiled pleasantly.

Lalita invited us to the wedding.

When we are sure of something, we are assertive.When we want to know something,

Have you finished your home-work?

Has Lata come?

8 the trial version of Print2PDF!

Has the rose blossomed?

Is the work over?

- - (interrogative sentences). We need to ask others

Let us expand these sentences a little:

Has the red rose blossomed?

Has Lata returned from school?

9 the trial version of Print2PDF!

- ceppina pani purtainda?

Have you done your yesterdays homework?

(Have you) finished the work I gave you?

nannu enduku pilicavu?

-' i bomma ela- vesavu?

- -sita eluru eppudu

How did you draw this picture?

What is the price of that book?

Why did you call me?

-When will Sita go to Eluru?

When will maternal uncle come from

What is the time now?

At what time should we go to the station?

How many mangoes do you want?

10 the trial version of Print2PDF!

Give this to Ramu.

Let us expand these sentences a little:

Read this in the evening.

Bring tea immediately.

Give this book to Ramu.

Alas! has he fallen!

11 the trial version of Print2PDF!

Ah! How serene is the ambience of this temple!

- fallen from the stairs? What a