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5C

MATHEMATICAL MONOGRAPHS
EDITED BY

MANSFIELD MERRIMAN

and

No.

ROBERT

S.

WOODWARD

18

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
BY

HARRIS HANCOCK
Pkofessor of Mathematics im the Umversity of CiNdNNAii

FIRST EDITION
FIRST THOUSAND

NEW YORK
JOHN Wn.EY & SONS, Inc.
London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited
1917

Copyright, 1917
BY

HARRIS HANCOCK

3^3

H^'li

PRESS OF

BRAUNWORTH * CO.
BOOK MANUFACTURERS
BROOKLYN,

N. V.

CONTENTS
PAGE

Introduction

CBL\PTER

Elliptic Integrals of the First, Second, and Third Kinds.

The

Legendre Transformations

CH.\PTER
The

Elliptic Functions

24

CHAPTER
Elliptic Integrals of the First Kind

Reduced to Legendre's Normal

Form

41

CHAPTER

IV

Numerical Computation of the Elliptic Integrals of the First and

Second Kinds. Landen's Transformations

65

CHAPTER V
Misceixaneous Examples and Problems

CHAPTER
Five-place Tables

Index.

gg

\T
92

103

INTRODUCTION
The

editors of the present series of mathematical

graphs have requested

which "

to write a

mono-

eUiptic integrals

with tables and examples showing practical

appUcations, and which shall

pages."

work on

almost entirely to the three well-known

shall relate

elliptic integrals,

me

fill

about one hundred octavo

In complying with their request, I shall limit the

monograph to what is kno^wTi as the Legendre-Jacobi theory;

and to keep the work within the desired number of pages
I must confine the discussion almost entirely to what is known
as the elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds.
In the elementary calculus are found methods of integrating
any rational expression involving under a square root sign
a quadratic in one variable;

in the present work,

which

may

be regarded as a somewhat more advanced calculus, we have

to integrate similar expressions where cubics and quartics
in

one variable occur under the root

sign.

nature of these cubics and quartics,

integrals

may

it

will

Whatever be the
be seen that the

be transformed into standard normal

forms.

Tables are given of these normal forms, so that the integral

in question

may

be calculated to any degree of exactness

re-

quired.

With the trigonometric sine function is associated its inverse

an integral; and similarly with the normal forms

function,
of

elliptic

integrals

short account

their

is

there

are

associated

elhptic

doubly periodic properties.

By

m.aking suitable trans-

formations and using the inverse of these functions,

that the integrals in question
cisely

functions.

given of these functions which emphasizes

may

it is

found

be expressed more con-

through the normal forms and in a manner that indi-

cates the transformation employed.

5

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

The underlying

theory,

I have attempted to give in

Vol.

philosophy

of

the

subject,

elliptic functions.

much

In the preparation of the present monograph

I.

use has been

made

Func-

of Greenhill's Application of Elliptic

a work which cannot be commended too highly;

tions,

may

the

my larger work on

also read with great

The standard works

advantage Cayley's

Abel and Jacobi are

also be of interest to note

of Legendre,

considered in the text.

It

may

the earlier mathematicians

who made

one

Elliptic Functions.

possible

briefly

briefly

the writings

just mentioned.

The

may

lap

two arcs

difference of

of

an

ellipse

that do not over-

be expressed through the difference of two lengths

on a straight

in

line;

other words, this difference

expressed in an algebraic manner.

This

is

the

may

be

geometrical

of a theorem due to an Italian mathematician,

Fagnano, which theorem is published in the twenty-sixth volsignification

ume
the
de*

and later with

two volumes under

of the Giornale de* letterari d'ltalia, 1716,

numerous other mathematical papers

title

in

Marchese Giulio Carlo

Produzioni mathematiche del

Toschi di Fagnano, 1750.

The great French mathematician Hermite {Cours, redige

par Andoyer, Paris, 1882) writes " Ce resultat doit etre cite
avec admiration

comme ayant

Maclaurin in

ouvert le premier la voie a la theorie

."

des fonctions elliptiques

his celebrated

work

Treatise

Edinburgh, 1742, Vol. II, p. 745, shows "

may

be constructed in

sections."

On

brated author

p.

all

cases

by the

how

on Fluxions,

the elastic curve

rectification of the conic

744 he gives Jacob Bernoulli " as the

who

first

curious problems " (see Acta Eruditorium, 1694, p. 274).

thus seen that the

cele-

resolved this as well as several other

elliptic integrals

made

their

It is

appearance in

the formative period of the integral calculus.

The
plified

sur

results that are given in

Maclaurin 's work were sim-

and extended by d'Alembert in his treatise Recherches

le calcul integral.

Histoire de VAc. de Berlin,

Annee

1746,

pp. 182-224. The second part of this work, Des diferentielles

qui se rapportent a la rectification de Vellipse ou de Vhyperhole,

INTRODUCTION
of a

treats

number

of differentials

whose

integrals

through

simple substitutions reduce to the integrals through which the

arc of
It

an ellipse or h}perbola may be expressed.

was also known through the works of Fagnano, Jacob

Bernoulli

and others that the expressions

for sin

(oi.-{'^),

sin

(a /3)

gave a means of adding or subtracting the arcs of circles,

and that between the limits of two integrals that express lengths
etc.,

of arc of a lemniscate

the

an algebraic relation

exists,

such that

arc of a lemniscate, although a transcendent of higher

may

order,

be doubled or halved just as the arc of a

by means of geometric construction.

It was natural to inquire if the
did not have similar properties.

Euler

made

ellipse,

hj-perbola,

circle

etc.,

Investigating such properties,

the remarkable discovery of the addition-theorem

of elliptic integrals

(see Nov.

Comm.

Petrop., VI, pp. 58-84,

and VII, p. 3; VIII, p. ^:^). A direct proof of this

theorem was later given by Lagrange and in a manner which
1761;

elicited the great

Lagrange, T.

admiration of Euler (see Serret's (Euvres de

II, p. 533).

The addition-theorem
elliptic

for

elliptic

integrals

gave to the

functions a meaning in higher analysis similar to that

which the cyclometric and logarithmic functions had enjoyed

for a long time.
I regret that space does

not permit the derivation of these

addition-theorems and that the reader must be referred to a

larger work.

The above mathematicians

are the ones to

whom

Legendre

refers in the introduction of his Traite des fonctions elliptiques,

pubUshed in three quarto volumes, Paris, 1825. This work

must always be regarded as the foundation of the theory of
elliptic integrals and their associated fimctions; and Legendre
must be regarded as the founder of this theor}', for upon his
investigations were established the doubly periodic properties
of these fimctions by Abel and Jacobi and indeed in the verj'
form given by Legendre. Short accounts of these theories
are found in the sequel.
For more extended works the reader is referred to Appell

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

8
et Lacour,

FoncHons

elliptiques,

and

Enneper, Elliptische

to

Funktionen, where in particular the historical notes and

of authors cited

on pp. 500-598 are valuable.

article " Elliptische

Funktionen," Encylcopadie der mathematischen

Wissenschaften, Vol. II, gives a fairly complete

and monographs that have been written on

To
many

Dr. Mansfield Merriman I

of

list

Fricke in the

am

the problems of Chapter

list

of

books

this subject.

indebted for suggesting

and

also

for valuable

have pleasure also in thanking

assistance in editing this work.

my

Smith, for drawing the figures

colleague, Dr.

Edward

S.

carefully to scale.

Harris Hancock.
2365 Auburn Ave.,
Cincinnati, Ohio,

October

3,

191 6.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
CHAPTER

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST, SECOND AND TfflRD

KINDS. THE LEGENDRE TRANSFORMATION
Art.

as

In the elementary calculus are studied such integrals

I.

where

-, etc.,
{ax-\-b)s

= ax^-\-2bx-{-c.

s~

and

the integral of any rational function of x

formed into other typical

Such t\^es

Jo

dx

to a quadratic in x,

we

shall

put

J) Vx^-\-i

and consider the

as above, writing s^ equal

of,

equal to a cubic or quartic

s^

Suppose further that F{x,

5

dx

f'

Vi-x^'

In the present theory instead

X and

which are readily integrable.

integrals,

dx

Vi-x^'

of

can be trans-

of integrals are

/^

in X.

In general

s)

is

any

rational function

F{x, s)dx.

integral

Such an

integral
of the

may

be made to depend upon three

t}'pes of integral

form

/dx
s'

Cx-dx

These three types of

integral, in

dx
{x-b)s'

somewhat

different notation,

were designated by Legendre, the founder of this

elliptic integrals of

the

ively, while the general

Jirst,

second,

term "

and

theor\', as

third kinds respect-

elliptic integral "

was given by

him

to

any

integral of the

form

F{x, s)dx

The method

of

expressing the general integral through the three types of inte9

'

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

10
gral

as

indicated

first

Elliptic Functions, Vol.

by Legendre, may be found

I, p.

my

in

i8o.

Art. 2. First consider integrals of the

form

fvwy

^'^

which, as will be shown, reduce to a definite typical normal

form,*

when R(x)

is

either of the third or fourth degree in x.

Suppose that R{x)

is

of the fourth degree,

and write

R{x) =aoX^-'raiX^-\-a2X^-\-a3X-\-a4,

where

oo, di,

are real constants.

It is seen that (i)

may

be written

r dx

/"^

where X, when decomposed into

'''

its factors, is

X = zh{x-a){x-^){x-y){x-8),
and Veto is a real quantity. If the roots are all real, suppose
that q;>/3>7>5; if two are complex, take a and /3 real and
write y = p-\-i<r, b = p ia, where f = '\/ i; and if all four of
the roots are complex, denote them by a = ix-\-iv, ^ = niv,
y=

p-\-ia, 8

= p i(T.

In the present work the variable

is

stated to the contrary or

We
powers

is

is

taken real unless

it

otherwise evident.

shall first so transform the expression

of the variable appear.

With Legendre

that only even

(loc. cit.,

p. 7),

write

x=i^

(3)

It follows at once that

dx _{q-p)dy

VX

* See Legendre, Traiti des fonctions elliptiques, T.

Crelle,

Bd. 34,

p. i;

^^^

VF

Enneper, Elliptische Functionen,

I.,

p. 11,

p. 14.

et

seq.;

Richelot,

INTEGRALS OF FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD KINDS

11

where

Y=[p-a+{q-a)y][p-^+{q-p)y][p-y+(q-y)y][p-8+(q-8)y].
(5)

As

all

the results

may

must be real, it wiU be seen that real values

p and q in such a way that only even powers

be given to
y appear on the right-hand side of (5). If in this expression we multiply the first and second factors together, we have
of

{p-a)ip-^)-\-{q-a)(q-p)y'
provided

and

similarly

{p-a){q-0)-\-{p-0){q-a)=o-

....

(6)

(^-y){q-^) + {p-^){q-y)=o,

....

(7)

if

the product of the third and fourth factors of (5)

is

{p-y){^-&)+{q-y){q-W'
From

(6)

and

(7) it follows

that

and
2

From

the last two equations,

p+q _
2

From

a0-y8
a+/3-7-5'

it

also follows that

^r7+5)-75(+/3)
^^

a+/3-7-5

,
'
'

seen that the sum and quotient of p and q

(8)
are real quantities whatever the nature of the four roots a,
/3,

7,

and

it is

may

be;

and further from

(8) it is

seen that

q-pY_ (a-y)(a-8){0-y)(0-d)
2

which

(a+^_^_5)2

,
,

^9;

is always a positive quantity.

It follows that qp is
a real quantity, and that p and q are real.
The equations (8) and (9) cannot be used if a+/3 = 7+5.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

12

In

this case, as is readily

(3),

we may

shown, instead of the substitution

write

It follows that (5) takes the

where w,

The

w, r

and

form

are real quantities.

expression (4) then becomes

_dx__J^qp)dy

where/,

g,

and h are

dy

(10)

essentially real quantities.

In the expression on the right-hand

h>g and

side,

suppose that

put hy = t, and y = c, where c<i.

h

It follows that

dx

dt

VX

/AV(i/2)(ic2/2)

It is seen that

nations of sign.

under the radical there are eight combiloc. cit., Chap. II, and Enneper,
be given below from which it is seen that

With Legendre,

p. 17, a table will

the

(11)

corresponding

functions

may

be expressed by means of

trigonometric substitutions in the one normal form

dx

where

is

d(j)

a real quantity and v = sin

The quantity

k,

dv

<l>.

called the modulus,

is

also real,

and

sit-

uated within the interval o^k^i.

{i-i-fi){i-j-cH^)
Of the expressions under the root sign
may be neglected, since R(x), assumed to be positive for at
least some real value of the original x, cannot be transformed
into a function that
Art. 3.

Writing

is

always negative by a real substitution.

A0 = Vi ^2

sjjj2

^ and defining the com-

INTEGRALS OF FIRST, SECOND AXD THIRD KINDS

plementary

modulus

by the

k'

relation

k^-\-k"^

13

= i,

the

fol-

lowing table results:

I.

r-

=-
=

dt
II.

III.

= tan0,

k^

= cos

Rr=

= sec0,

-k'd<t>
:

-=4~ =
A0

V(^-l)(l+c2/2)
^^

IV.

>/(l+/2)(i_^2^2)

sec

A0'

dt

C2
;

r,

= -^2

I+t-2
I

I+C2

'

':2

<^

dd>

^2=

^^^

V(l+/2)(c2/2-l)

^'

^_COS<f>
'

= ic^

^,

<t>,

'

-kd<i>
^<f>

dt_

y
VI.

A0'

V(l+/2)(l+c2/2)

I+t2

'

=-^,

<

= sin0,

)^2

= c2

-J-.

= ^^-

k^

= c^

^^

Via
V(/2-i)(c2/2_i)

A</>'

V(/2-i)(i-c2/2)

A0'

csin<^'

^^

^2

The
he formulas \T
YL and Via
VI< have the same form;

in

VI

it

is

necessary that /i, while in

Art.

4. It

is

Via

it is

required that

c'

seen that the eight transformations in the

table are all of the form

^*^

C+/>sin2</,'

where A, B, C, and

are real constants;

by means of* real

duction can always be made:

is

seen that

dx

Vr(^

J<^

MA<t>

at the

substitutions the

same time

it

following re-

dv

M V{i -^^){l-kh^y

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

14

where v = sm.
These substitutions and reductions are given
<f>.

Chap.

in

full

in

III.

The

radical in

real

is

for

values

real

than unity and 2 greater than

of V that are i less

t.

In

the latter case, write ^ = 7", and then

dv

ds

V(i-t;2)(i-yfeV)

\/(i-52)(i-;feV)

In this substitution as

from 7 to

v passes

00

the

variable s

passes from

to o.

that by making
*
the differential expression

It is therefore concluded
stitution

{i),

the real sub-

dt

may

be reduced to the form

where the variable

transformations

is

if

Hes within the interval o

Such

i.

the expression under the root contains

fail if

only even powers of

i.e.,

dv

t,

the two roots in

R(x)=Ax^-\-2Bx^-\-C,

where

/^

being imaginary,

B^AC<o.

This

case

considered in Art. 34.

Art.

5. It

is

also

seen that the general elhptic

integral

/ VR(t)
*

For other transformations and

tables,^ see

Tannery

et

Molk,

Cayley, Elliptic Functions, pp. 315-16;

Lacour, Fonctions Elliptiques, pp. 240-243.
Elliptiques, Vol. IV, p. 34;

Fonciions

Appell et

INTEGRALS OF FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD KINDS

where Q(t)

is

any

fourth degree in

rational function of

may by

/,

and

/,

R(t)

15
of the

is

the real substitutions

_ a-\-hx^

._ p-\-qT

i+T

'

c+dx"'

""

be transformed into
f{x)dx

f
where f{x)

is

a rational function of

my

latter integral, see

made

to

depend upon that

E{k, x)

The evaluation
i86,

of this

may

be

of three types of integral, viz.

]
^
J( Vi
ac^

Jl{n,k,x)=

x.

Elliptic Functimis, I, p.

dx,

C+x2)V(i-a:2)(j_^2^)

Writing

a:

= sin

and putting

</>,

results the Legendre notation as

Vi ^2 gjjj2 = a(^,
normal

integrals

of

<^),

there

the

first

kind

of the second kind,

<!>)= A{k,<t>)d<l>,

E{k,

and

of the third kind,

n(n,

The modulus
emphasis

is

is

C\ ^

. .

it.

of

these integrals

However, the nature of the

studied

.f .^,,

omitted from the notation when no particular

put upon

The evaluation
IV.

4>)=

k,

by obser\dng the graphs

first

is

reserved

for

two integrals

in the next article.

Chap.

may

be

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

16

Graphs

Art. 6.
Fig.

integrals F{k,

of the

and E{k,

(}))

and y = A{k,

there are traced the curves y-

Let values of

be laid

<i>

off

In

4x).

upon the X-axis.

It

the areas of these curves included between the

is

4>).

seen that

ic-axis

and the

ordinates corresponding to the abscissa ^ will represent the

integrals F{k,

and E{k,

4>)

4>).

See Cayley, Elliptic Functions,

p. 41.
If k

= o,

become the

then

A0=i, and

straight line

y=i;

the curves

= A0, y=

A0

each

while the corresponding integrals

Fig.

F{4)),

3'

I.

E{^) are both equal to ^ and are represented by rectangles

upon the

sides

</>

and

i.

When o<^<i,

the

curve y = A<f)

above the line y=i, while y = A(f> lies below it.

As
increases from zero, the integrals F(<>) and (0) increase
from zero in a continuous manner, the integral F{(}>) being
as k inalways the larger. Further, for a given value of
creases the integral F{<i>) increases and E(<j)) diminishes; and
lies

entirely

<t>

<}>,

conversely as k decreases,
li

F{<t>)

F(k,-j be denoted by

diminishes and
Fi{k), or

Fi,

(</>) increases.

and

if

we put

INTEGRALS OF FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD KINDS

Ei=Elk,-\

line

is

seen

that

when

WTien k has a fixed value,

=1(0).

= o, fIo,-j=Fi{o)=-

it is

often omitted in the

Fi and 1 are called complete integrals.

evident that both curves are s>Tametric about the

notation.
It

it

17

is

= |7r'and
3(

that for a fixed value of

k,

it

is

sufficient to

2.0

1.5

///Y

/A

/^

'
I

//

1.0

///y\

'

//\

0.5

0.0

10

-4)

Fig.

30
2

The

so

Elliptic Integral F(0,

60
<^) .

70
ife

90

= sin 0.

the values of
from o to \k. For F(x) = 2Fi, and for
any value (^=a, F(a) =(ir)-F(ir-a), or F{Tra) = 2Fi-F{a).

know

</>

In the latter formula, as a diminishes from - to

2

from - to
2

TT.

o, (</>) increases

'

18

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Further noting that i^( a)

= F{a),

the formula

F{a)=Fi7r)i-Fia-T),

= 2Fi-\-F{a-T),

2.0

."^

^
^

1.5

^ s^

^
i?

Xy

^ -^

/
,

^L^

i^

1.0

50

"

"
l(j

3(

0.5

20

'^

10^

0"
0.0

20

10

Fig. 3.

30

The

50

40

Elliptic Integral F(e,

CO
<^).

TO

90

80

k= sin Q.

gives the values of F{<^ for values <^=7r to

-^9

= 27r,

In

etc.

general,

F(rmra) = 2mFi d=F{a),

E{imra)
Art. 7.

When k = i, the

graphs of the two curves in Fig.

entirely changed, the curve

before

lies

= 2mEiitE{a).

y = A(t> becoming j' = cos

wholly below the

Une y=i.

<}>,

are

which as

The curve

3'

INTEGRALS OF FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD KINDS

becomes y sec
infinite for

<}>

4>.

The ordinate

= ^t, and between

for this latter curve

<^

= |x and

= ftt

</>

being

aO

above the
and so on.

line

40

90

The

y= +1,

y= i,

= oo

For the values |x and |x there

Fig. 4.

becomes

the values fx and f- there

a branch lying wholly below the line

the values

19

is

a branch lying wholly

50

60

Elliptic Integral (,

TO

4,).

80

90

=sm 6.

the ordinates for fx and fx being

Corresponding to the

first

curve,

is

the ordinates for

E{<i>)

cos

4> d<f>

+ 00

= sm

tf>

and consequently 1 = 1. This, taken in connection with

what was given above, shows that as k increases from o to i,
El decreases from x to i


20

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

For the second curve

so

that Fi

m=

logarithmically

is

sec

infinite

(f)d(t>

when

= log tan (-+),

k =i;

and

this

taken in connection with what was given above, shows that

2.0

/ ,/

1.6

<

y /y

y {a

AV
^
/' K- ^
^
o
/>

1.0

-^
^
fl==

<d

\>.

AA

N^
A
'^

5^

0.5

>r

J^

ao

yr
r

20

10

Fig.

s.

40

30

The

60

60

Elliptic Integral E(e,'it>).

as k increases from o to

i,

70

k =sin

80

90

6.

Fi increases from ^v to logarithmic

infinity.

In Figs. 2-5 are added other graphs of the integrals

and E{k, 4>) which require no further explanation.
At the end of the book are found tables which give the values
Art. 8.

F{k,

4>)

of these integrals for fixed values of k

and

<^.

INTEGR.\LS OF FIRST, SECOND

AND THIRD KINDS

21

EXA^IPLES
I. A quartic function with real coefficients is always equal to the
product of two factors M=l-i-2mx-{-ttx-, N=\+2nx-\-vx', where all the
in the
Remove the coefficient of x in if and
coefficients are real.

integral

dx

/mn'
and thereby reduce

this integral to

(q-p)dy

/
by a
Vol.

substitution
I.,

x=

p~\~Qy
.

i+y'

V{ay^-{-bKaY+b')'

and show that p and q are

real.

Legendre,

Chap. n.
t)dx

Show

2.

J ^

that

'Six)

may

be reduced to the integral

g(z)dz

fwhere / and g are rational fimctions of their argimients and

S{x) = a3^-\-sbx*-\-$cx-\-d.
b

The

substitution required

is

xmz+n, where n= - am' =4.

,

A p pell
3.

Knowing a real root a of R(x),

find the

form of

Lacour, p. 247.

et

dx

Write
4.

i?(x)

Show

= (x a)(cx*+Ciz'+Cix+c).

sin
-=
W cx= (i+sin ^) + V7(i

(i sin 0)+ V c(i+sin

<^)

^)

transforms

dx

V(x2-l)(l-c2x')

mto

{x+VkYdit>

2Vi-^2

when x=a-\

y
Lcpy, p. 77.

that the substitution

^/-

Vr{x)

Sin-

4t

22

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

where

5-

Show

that

by the

substitution

x=- \
i+y\

-, the integral in which

fx

R(x) has the form X^+aX/i cose x^+fx'^x*, is transformed into one which
has under the radical an expression of the form m'^{i-\-g'^y'^){i+h^y'^).
Legendre, Vol.
6. If

X are all real,

the four roots of

such that

I,

Chap. XI.

a>/3>'y> 5, show

that

the substitution

7(^-5)-5(^-7)sin2<A
(/3-5)-(/3-7)sin2,^
transforms

dx
7=

VX

ds

mto

V(a-7)(/3-

5)

Vi-/fe2 sin^

<'

where
/3 7 a
ay 5

*=

y<x<0.

and

/3

If

7.

is

of the third degree

c>/3>7, show

that

and

if its

that the substitution

dy

/3,

7 are

all real,

4>

such

transforms

d<i>

mto

7=

roots a,

3'=7+(^ 7) sm^

where
^2 =

8.

and

if

/3

a7

and

7<>'</3.

is of the fourth degree with roots a, /3, real and 7, 5=pfo-,

M'^={p-aY-\-a'^, N^=(p-0y-\-^i^ show that the substitution

If

xa_M I cos
x0 N i+cos

<i>

<i>

transforms

dx

mto

where

2MiV

and
00

>a:>a

or

/3>a;>

00.

dt>

INTEGRALS OF FIRST, SECOKD AKD THIRD KINDS

9.

Show that the

23

substitution
,

(gi-gi)(g3-ei)

t=ei-\

sei
transforms the integral

r
into

dt

itself.

10.

Show

that the substitutions

2

fli

zOi

04
02 Ci
at

flj

04

azdi

Oi
Ot a*
di

transform

dt

into

V(a4 oj)(ai oj)

==
I

ax

II.

V(2- fli) (2 Oi) (2 fla) (2 O4)

Prove that the substitution

2

Ci

03

fli

Oj

04

Oi

Os

(Jj

Oi

dt

Oi

fl

transforms

dz

mto

Vj(z ai)(2 02)(2 a3)(2 04)

r
I

V^(/ ai)(/ C2)(/ C3)(/ ci)

CHAPTER n
THE ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
The expressions F{k, </>), E{k, </>), n(w, k,
9.
were
by Legendre elliptic functions; these quantities are,
however, elliptic integrals. It was Abel * who, about 1823,
pointed out that if one studied the integral m as a function
Art.

(/>)

called

of

in

u=

= r*

dx

f'

aq)

Jo V(i-x^)(i-k^x^)

Vi

Jo

the same difficulty was met, as

x = sm<f>,
'

"

he were to study the

if

(i)

trig-

onometric and logarithmic functions by considering w as a

function of x in

dx

/'^

^ = sm~^
.

u= f'

X, or

Vi-x2

Ji

dx

X =

loga;.

Abel proposed instead to study the upper limit x as a function

of u. Jacobi {Fundamenta Nova, 17) introduced the notation

4)

= amplitude

a function of u,

= amu. Considered as
of u, and written
we have x = sin ^ = sinaww, and associated
(f)

with this function are the two other

cos

am u and

A<^

= A am u = vi k^

X = sin

Vi =
ic2

functions cos

Gudermann

sin^ ^.

CrelWs Journal, Bd.

notation and to write

of Weierstrass) in

abbreviate this

elliptic

18, p. 12,

<f)

= snu.

(;.Qg (^

= cnu,

and Lie

edition, T.

24

I.,

p. 263

and

(teacher

proposed to

Vi k^x^ = A<l) = dnu,

* Abel (CEuvres, Sylow

<^

p. 518, 1827-30).

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

25

It follows at once that

sn^u-\-cn^u =

dn^u + k^sn^u =

From (i)
results
^ ^
It

is

\y

= or -^
= Ad>,sothat amu=Aain.u=dnu.
du
du
-7-

\4>

d<i>

also evident that

d
d
-sn u = ^- sm
.

du

du

-r-cn u

du

-dn
du
Further,

if

<t>

d4>

= cos

<t>

J
^- = en u dnu,
du

= snu dn ,

u= khn ucnu.

u = o, then the upper limit

= o,
= 1.

<t>

so that

am = 0,

and consequently, sn 0, en = 1, dn
If
be changed into ^, it is seen that u changes
so that am{u) = am u, and
<t>

sn{ u)
Art. ID.

cn{ u)=cnu,

= snu,

its sign,

dn{u)=dnu.

In the theon.- of circular functions there

is

found

the numerical transcendent t, a quantity such that sin-

= i,

COS - = o.

Wnting

M=

n
I

Jo

we have x = sinw.

Thus

dx

- = sm_j^x,
.

Vi-X^
-

may

be defined as the complete

integral

Jo Vi-x^
f:

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

26

Similarly a real positive quantity

may

(Jacobi)

be defined

through

V{i-x^){L-kH^)

Jo

Vi-k^sin^

Jo

(t>

2/

(Art. 6).

Associated with

the transcendental quantity K', which

is

is

the same function of the complementary modulus

is

of

The transcendental nature of these two

k and k' may be observed by considering the
of ^.

infinite series
If (i

^^

sin^

4))

~'

be expanded in a

Vi k^

sin^

following

sin'"(^

series,

then

<}>

2.4.

V2

as

through which they are expressed.

Jo

where

k'

functions

2W

</<^.

'"'J
In particular,

if

</>

= -, we have by

1.3.

Wallis's

Theorem,

2W I T

sm^"(l>dct>-

2.4.

/o

2W

It follows that

\2/

TT

Similarly,

it

may
2/

If in

V2.4.6/

be proved that

which confirm the

Art. II.

\2.4/

\2/

V2.4/

results of Arts, 6

and

the integal

\2.4.6/5
7.

there be put 0=7r 0,

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

then

it

27

becomes
2n4-l

and

X';

in the integral

if

A<l>

we put

<t>

= mr-\-6,

then this integral

is

Ad

Jo
It follows that

r^H^
Jo
so that

r^d^_^ p^_^_
Jo

A<f>

J.

A<i>

=amnK;

or, since

A<t>

'

'

'

'

J,(n-l)^ A<t>

- = aw iT, we have

amnK = namK.

Note that
A4>

Jo

Jo

A0

A0

J,,

where

A0

Jo A0'

further, since

any arc a may be put =^mrdz^, where

arc between o

and

-,

we may always

j8

is

an

write

or

2w
Art.

aw Kdzoni u = am{2nKu).

Making use

12.

am

seen that

of

the formula just written,

it

is

K = -,
2

snK=i,
sn(udz2K)

= snu,

sn{u4K)=snu,
Note that

^K

dn u and of

cnu

= cnu, dn(udz2K)=dnu;
dn{u^^K)=dnu.

a period of the three elHptic transcendents

is

= tn

cn{ud[z2K)

cn{u:4X)^cnu,

snu, cnu and dnu;

Sfl

cnK = o, dnK = k'.

u.

in fact, it is seen that

Also note that

2K

is

a period of

28

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Of
K'

sn2K = o,

cn2K=

sn4K = o,

cn4K=if

modulus

course, the
is

dn4K = i.

K
=

k')

is

oi k,

sn{u,

sn{u:4K', k')=sn{u,

The Gudermannian.

Art. 13.

dn2K = i,

above functions

of the

the same function of k' as

sn{u2K'

I,

we

u = F{i,

4>)

= i.

k'), etc.

As introductory

to the Jacobi

article,

there

is

Then

r Vi-sin2
^'^

and, since

have

k'),

imaginary transformation of the following

particular case * where k

is k;

also

=log tan f^+^).

2/

Jo

(Cf. Art. 7.)

\4

considered as a function of u, may be called the GuderHere

mannian and written <l)=gd u, the functions corresponding to
sn u and en u being sg u and eg u. Then
</>,

e"

= ^tan

- i+sin^ - cos
2/ = i+tan(/)/2
cos
tan^/2
I sin<^'

/tt

4>\

^4

(^

or,

cgu

It follows that

^g^=

'

1+SgU

cgu

211,

e -\-e

-u =

-=

cos lu

T = sechw,

cosh u

and
sgu =

e'^e

may

sgu= i tan m,
cgu = i/ cos iu,
tgu= i
* See

11

-,

e -\-e

These formulas

-= i sin iu
= sinh

sin iu ;

cos tu

coshw

tanh u.

be written

= itgu,
cos iu = i/cgu,
ta.niu = isgu.
sin iu

Gudermann, Crelle, Bd. 18, pp. i, et seq.; see also Cayley,

Math. Werke I, pp. 1-49 and the remark p. 50.

p. 56; Weierstrass,

loc.

cit.

ELLIPTIC

The above

may

relations

ruNcnoNS

29

also be derived

by

two angles 6 and

connected by the equation cos
For there follows at once
<{>

sin d = i tan

cos

= i/cos

tan d = ism

tan

<5:>=

cos

(^

tan

4>=ismd.

or

dd

</),

4>,

sin

</>,

= i/cos

considering
d cos

</>

=i

6,

5,

Further, there results,

cos9dd = isec^<f>d<f>,

= icos

It foUows that

e=i\ogtB.n(^+^\
Then, by assuming that <t>=gdu,v:e have 5 = z, and consequently the foregoing relations.
Art.
sin e

14.

=z

hnaginary

JacobVs

tan 0, cos 6 =

^,

sin

Transformations*

0= -i tan

(?,

cos

we have

dd

= icos

Jo A(0, ^)
77

=w,

= / and 6 = am

,^

so that

A:')

= am(M,

sn{iu,

k)=i

sn{iu)

this it is e\-ident

there results

relations, give

tn(u, k'),

c(m, k

From

^'))

iu.

These expressions, substituted in the above

have

that the two

functions en and dn
imaginary values of the argument, while
an imaginary quantity.

real \alues for

is

r-^^=ir-^^
Jo A(0,

and
<*>

"'^"Xw,.')

Writing

=^^*^' ^
A(0, k)
COS

* Jacobi,

Fundamenla Nova,

19.

See also Abel, (Einres, T.

I.,

p. 272.

30

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Among

the trigonometric and exponential functions,

we

have, for example, the relation

costu=

where the argument

of

the

'

trigonometric

while that of the exponential function

an

elliptic

is

function

real.

function with imaginary argument

We

is

-real^

note that

may

be expressed
through an elliptic function with real argument, whose modulus
is the complement of the original modulus.

From

Art. 15.

the formulas of the preceding article

it

follows

at once
sn[i(u-{-4K'), k]=itn{u-\-4K', k')=sn{iu, k),

and

also

cn{iu-\-4iK', k) =cn{iu, k),

dn{iu+4iK',
If in these

k)

=dn{iu,

k).

formulas iu be changed into u,

we have

sn{u.4iK', k)^sn{u,

k),

cn{uzL4iK\ k)=cn{u,

k),

dn{udsz4iK' k) =dn{u,

k).

It also follows

that sn{udz4iK, k')=sn(u,

the formula sn{iu) =itn{u,

k'),

we put

k'),

etc.

If

in

u-\-2K' in the place of w,

then

sn{iu+2iK', k)=itn(u-\-2K', k')=itn{u, k')=sniu.

Changing iu

sn(u2iK')

to m,

we have

= sn u,

cn{uzL2iK')

= cnu, dn{u2iK') = dn u,

and
sn(2iK')

= o,

.The modulus k
is

indicated.

is

cn{2iK')

= i

dn{2iK')

=-

always understood, unless another modulus

31

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
It follows at once that

sn(u:4iK')

= sn u,

c(m4zX')

= en u,

dniuzt^iK')

= dn

u,

and
sn{4iK')=o,

cn(4iK')

= i,

= i.

dn{4iK')

It is also seen that

sn{u:2K2iK') = snu,
sn{u4Kd:4iK')=snu, etc.
In particular, notice that

4K and
4K and

2iK',

the periods of cnu are

the periods of dnii are

2K and

^iK'

the periods of snu are

may be shown
that

e^^e^'^^^

then y

Consider the simple case

16. Periodic Functions.

Art.

the exponential function

is

gO+2<

that

e"'^^'*

e"

e''

^ gZj-^Qg

by

27r

for all values of ;

we

If

if it is

the breadth
lies

2ir;

for

u by

increase

=e'(cos

y+f

2Tn,

sin y) =c*.

desired to examine the function

cleariy this function need not be studied in the

but only within a

It

for it is seen

and consequently

(^j^2Tr)-\-i sin {y-{-2Tr)]

It follows that

of

and suppose that u = x-\-iy.

= e'{cosy+i?>m.y).

increased

2K-\-2iK'j

e",

then

whole -plane,

which Hes above the X-axis and has

we see at once that to every point uo which

strip

without this period-strip there

within the strip and in such a

way

corresponds

a point ui

that the funcrion has the

same value and the same properties at mo and ui.

Similarly it is seen that the two functions sin u and cos u
have the real period 27r, and consequently it is necessary to
study these functions only within a period-strip which lies

As already noted,
had two
was seen that sn u had

adjacent to the F-axis with a breadth

Abel and Jacobi found that the

In the preceding article
periods.
the real period

4K and

2-k.

elliptic
it

functions

the imaginary period 2iK'.

32

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

On

the X-axis lay off a distance

4K

and on the F-axis

distance 2K' and construct the rectangle on these two sides.

Further suppose that the whole plane

is filled

out with such

rectangles.

Fig. 6.

Then

it

be seen that the function sn u behaves in every

will

rectangle precisely as

may

parallelograms

dnu.

AX

does in the

Similar

initial rectangle.

See Art. 21.

Art.

A^

sm0 =
.

It follows that

cos ^

^,

that cos

so

k' sin 6

Ad

=
and consequently
^
Ad
J

A(j>

A0

Jo

we put

.,

NextX write
TVT

17.

and A0 =

if

it

be constructed for the functions en u and

u=

r^ dd
\

Jo A0

J Ad

Je Ad Jo Ad
or d

= am u.

It follows that

<l>

= am{Ku),

and from the above formulas

/,,

cnu

sn{Ku)=dnu

fj^
= k snu
cn{Ku)

In these formulas change

snu,

etc.

dnu

to

k'

dniK-u) = dnu

w and note that sn{u) =

'

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
It

is

33

seen that

sn(uzizK)

= :dnu

snK = i,

cn(udcK)

= l^
dnu

cnK = o,

dn{uK) = -\-^,
dnu
For the calculation

dnK = k\
functions, the above
argument so that it is

the elliptic

of

relations permit the reduction of the

always comprised between o and ^K, just as in trigonometry

the angle

may

be reduced so as to

between o and 45 for

lie

the calculation of the circular functions.

Art.

and

it is

18.

In the above formulas put iu in the place of u,

seen that
,.

cniu

ziz-

cnituK) = T

dn{iuK) =

'\

dn{u, k)

',,

dn{u, k
Further, in the formulas
for

u and

it is

~ =dniu
dn{u, k'Y

JJ.V
=
sn{tuK)

sniu=i

tn{u, k')^ etc., write

UzhiK

seen that

sn{iuiK', k) =i

tg

am{uK',

sn{u,

dn(iuzLiK', k)

k)

= l^ ,-^-rr.
sn{u, k

In the above formulas change iu to

We

u.

sn{uiiK')=k

cn{ud=tK)

= =F-

= l=i

then have

snu
k

dn{uiiK')

= -^ '""^"' ^?
ksn{u,k)

k')

snu

cot

am u.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

34
If in these

formulas u = o, then

sn{iiK')
Further,

if

= oo

cn{iK')

= oo

dn{iK')

in the preceding formulas u-\-K be

= oo

put

in the place

then

of w,

k sn{u-\-K)

k cnt*

ik'

kcnu
= ik'tg am u

dn{u-\-K: iK')

and from these formulas,

writing,

u = o, there
ik'

cn{KiK') = ^^-,

sn{KiK')={,
k
Art.

19.

results

dn{KiK')=o.

Note the analogy

functions to - of the circular functions.

elliptic

of the

Due

to the

of the transcendent

relation

am{Ku)=

amu

(Art. 11) Jacobi called the ampli-

tude

oiKu

the co-amplitude of

It follows at once

u and wrote am(Ku) =coam u.

from the above formulas that

cnu

smcoamM=^

dnu

cos

coam u =

Acoa,mw =

sin

coam(w,

k)

snu

dnu

k'

dnu

= -r.

zjr , etc.

The results obtained for the imaginary

Art. 20. Remark.
argument have been derived by making use of Jacobi's imaginary
transformation; and by changing iu into u we have implicitly

made

the assumption (proved in

my

Elliptic Functions, Vol.

I,

35

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

and XI) that the elliptic functions have the same

properties for real and imaginary arguments.

Chaps

By

Art. 21.

a zero of a function, sn u for example,

that value of u which,

when

substituted for

be zero, while an

this function to

we mean

snu, causes

in.

a function

infinity of

value of u which causes the function to become

is

infinite.

In studying the following graphs note that on the boundaries of the period parallelogram of sn u, there are six points

at which

function becomes zero;

this

period parallelograms be constructed,

two zeros

belong

but

it will

each parallelogram.

to

if

In

period-parallelogram there are two values of

the

function

to

take

any

fixed

that

value;

the

adjacent

be seen that only

fact,

in

each

u which cause
is,
any value

being fixed, there are always two values of u which cause the
function to
is

to

From

take this value.

the following graphs

seen that any real value situated within the interval

-|-

00 is

li- 2tK'

y=o

y=i

J/=0

y=-i

!/=.0

y = -a:

y-\

y=co

-ik
j/==

'-i

u = 4K

u=2K
=0
Fig.

where

it

oo

taken twice by each of the three functions sn u, ai u,

dnu.

ft

7.

y=sn(tt,

y=-i
*).

ZEROS

INFINITIES

2mK+2niK'

2mK+{2n+i)iK'

m and n are any integers.

PERIODS

aK, 2iK'

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

36

Fig.

8.

3K+iK'

In Fig.

9,

2K + iK'

Fig. 9.

y = sn(u-\-iK').

the value

ii^C'

coincides with the origin.

K + iK'

K
Fig. loa.

3K

.u+iK
Tk+Tiv

K+iK'

3K +tK'

-1

Fig. 106.

K+2iK'

y = sn{m+K).

3K + 2iK'
-1

y = sn{iu-]-2K).

37

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
w=.2iK'

K+

K'

y=+i

v=o

y=+i

iy=i-

M=3K
y=o

U = 2K

y = cn(M).

Fig. II.

ZEROS

INFINITIES

{2m + i)K+2niK'
where m and n are any integers.

2mK+{2n-\-i)iK'

PERIODS
4^:,

2K+2iK'
11

1
1

^
*

w
#v\

'

cli-r^

"^Al

c//Sf

Ife

^''
1

iK'

3iK'

iK'

-i

^
m \
-^J^

.^/^

^^

lb
If

I
1
\
1
1

1
1

Fig. 12.

= cn(/M);

y=dn(iM).

liK'

38

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

4'K'

StK

2K+4iK'
y=i

y=i

y=k'

y=-co

y=o

I/=-oo

y=-i

y=.-k'

y=-i

l/=oo

J/=0

J/=oo

y=i
2K

u=K
Fig. 13.

y = dn(u).

ZEROS
(2W+l)ii:+(2W + l)iX'
where w and n are integers.

INFINITIES

2mK+{2n+i)iK'
PERIODS
2K, 4iK'

~k'
Fig. 14.

y=^{K-\-iii).

'

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

39

EXA^IPLES

IT

In the formulas of Art. 17 put u = , and show

1.

first

that

_,

/7

and then

K i-k'
5 =

nr~= i+)fe
r~rn

2
2.

aw = tan

ttT'
1+^'

U/tt.
\ye

j=, dn%K = W.

cnfi?: =

Prove that

=
iX'

Show

Show

= y/i+k jX'_
~ V^+
iK'

^, en

y-

an

yfe.

that

5n{K+\iK')=^,
5.

k'

Prove that

sn
4.

,K =

ife-

snm =
3.

dn=yf^
2

cn{,K-\-\iK')

= -i-^~^,

dn{K-\-\iK')

= VT^.

that

sni^K+^iK') = ,-[\^7+~k+iy/i-k\,

V2k

V2k
d}i{lK+^iK') =

-(Vi+r+tVi-yfe').
2

6.

Show

that

sn(u-{-K+3iK')

dn u

kcnu*

cn{u+3K+iK') =

ik'

kcnu'

dn{u+3K-{-3iK') =

7.

Making the

linear transformation

k'snu
cnu

x=kz, we have

Further, put

Jo V(i-.^)(i-;feV)'

"

.rn'

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

40
and show that

sn Iku,

-]=ksn(u,

cn\ ku,

=dn{u,

k),

k),

dn{ ku, -1 =cn(u, k);

]=cos coam{u,

sn{ ku,

k'),

ik'\

cn[ ku,

=sin coam

{u, k').

ik'

dn\ ku,
\

The

8.

into

quadratic substitution

Mdt
==^=^

where

V{i-t^){i-lH')
Q.

Show

Aam{u,

k /

t=

{i+k)z

1+^2^

2Vk
= and
i+k
,

k')

dz

transforms
V(i-z2)(i-yfe222)

,=
M
i+k
I

that

2V^]

\r
LN
sn\ (i+k)u,
:
i+kJi
L
,

2V k\

+k)
i+ksn^{u,k)

(i

sn(u, k)
-}

r-'

cn{u, k)dn(u, k)

'''i^'+^^'*'Trkr i+ksnKu,k)'
:

ksn^(u, k)

dn[{.+k)u,'^^\=':

+k sn^iu, k)

CHAPTER

III

ELLIPTIC INTEGIL\LS OF THE FIRST KIND

LEGEXDRE'S NORMAL
Art.

REDUCED TO

F0R:^I

In the elementaty calculus such integrals as the

22.

following have been studied

dx

i y/iK^ =
i

X-

+1

dx

r Vx"-
1

X-

Following

sin

= cot

X = cos

X = tan

y/ix^,

= cosh

i.T

= sinh

Vx^ i=\og {x-\-Vx^i}.

Clifford *

integrals will

an analogous notation for the

Write (see Art. 9),

elliptic

be introduced.

x=snu,

y/ix^ = cnu,
dx

Since (see Art. g), -r- = cnu dnu,

it

y/ 1

k^x^ = dn u.

foUows that

du

dx
du
or

= = sn
ii

'0

^x = cn

Vi x^ = dn

Vik'-x^

V(i-a;2)(i-;t-V)

= F{k,<l>)=F{k,sm-^x)
In particular,
tion

X = sin ^

it is

(i)

seen from this formula that the substitu-

transforms

the integral

n
X

dx_

V(i-x2)(i
V{i-x^){i-k'-x^)

* Clifford, Mathematical Papers, p. 207.

41


42

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

into

normal form

the

=z

Vi k^

Jo

sin^

=F{k,

</>).

Further,

<f)

from the tables given at the end of the book, which we

and

learn later to construct

as X

use, the integral

known

is

shall

as soon

is fixed.

Similarly,

=dnu,

if

there be put x = cnu,

Vix^ = snu,

Vk'^-{-k^x^

= -snudnu=^{i-x'^){k'^-\-kH'^)'\tio\\ovfs

dx =dcfiu

du

du

that

dx

==u=cn-'^x=sn-^Vi -x^ = dn-Wk'^-\-k^x^

V{i-x'){Ji'^+k^x^)

=F{k, <l>)=F(k,cos-'^x)

= F{k, sin-Vi-:r2)
= cos

It is seen also that the substitution x

integral

11

on the right-hand
,

x=anu,

Vi-x^
r

side into the

snu,

Vx'-k'^

dx
= cnu,-r= k^snucnu

du

Ij^yg

=u = dn

transforms the

normal form.

= V(l ic2)(a;2 ^'2^j ^g

I

(2)

^x = sn

Jx V{i-x^){x^-k'^)

= cn-^ i^''"-^") =F{k,<i>)

Further, writing x = tan

am u,

it

follows

that

snu =

Vi-\-x^'

cnu==
I

J
dnu=
,

Vl+^'%2
vi-f/e-x=^,

^^ anu

ax

= -- = V(i+x2)(i+A!'2a;2),
^j^j^

/-,

577

..^

o\

and

^{i+x'){i+k'^x')

VVi+W
=F(^, tan-i

x).

(4)

FIRST KIND

Art

23.

I.

REDUCED TO LEGENDRE'S FORM

a>b>x>o,

li

write x =

bsm^'m

43

the integral,

dx

-f:

V(a2-X2)(62_x2)

&2

and we have, U

k^

=,
a~

2.

If 00

>x>a,

write

0:

and

^^

f
If

= -:
sm

it is

seen that

=Un-^\^A.

(56)

a>6>x>o,

C-=J^=. = ^J=cn-Al-l=\,
(see IV, in Art. 3),

r
Jft

(see

and

(6a)

also

^^
.-irj_^-.i,
- =
V(a2+a^)(x2-Z^) Va2+62
L^' Va2+62J

(66)

in Art. 3).

add that

It is ahnost superfluous to

the substitution - = cos

<i>

for

example in

(6a)

transforms the integral

dx

V(a2
i2+x2)(62_a^)

into

'

It

is

'^*

also seen that

f\

if

'

cos-fl.

a>x>b>o,

"^

Jz V(a-'-x-2)(x2-62)

,i^,.-4;,2^iEg1;
a

La

(7)

44

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

that

is,

the integral on the left-hand side becomes

I

r*

ajo

dci>

^i

^^sm^<^

for the substitution

X
-

Further

if

= -Wi
/

h^.^

ci^

sin20.

a>6
a

Jo \/(x2+a2)(^2_^^,2)

lb'

a^

'

'

(See I in Art. 3.)

Art. 24.
stitute

r^

In the formulas

for x^,

and

(i),

(2),

(3)

and

dx

.-

Jo \/x{i-x){i-kH)

'

^2dn-Wi-kH,k),
=2cn-'^{Vx,

above, sub-

(4)

seen that

it is

'

....

k),

(9)

(10)

/-

dx

Jx y/x{i-x){x-k'^)

fX

^JQ

=2tn-^{Vx,k)

(12)

Jo ^/x{i+x){i-^k'H)
Art. 25.

a>i8>7;

Suppose that
further write

a,

/3,

M=

and 7 are

real quantities

"^"^

= ^i:^ and

y^i2

ay

such that

k2^

'^~^

ay

where ^i2-f^2^ = i, so that the one is the complementary modulus

= {xa){x ^)(xy).
of the other.
Put

If 00

>:r>Q;>i3>7, writeic 7 =

(q!

7)

cosec2<^

and we have


FIRST KIND

REDUCED TO LEGENDRE'S FORM

When oo>x>a> /3> 7,

and when

^>x>y, we

have

x> y,

then

Further

if

/3>

For the interval

for the

Jt

same

for the

a> x> /3> 7,

it is

LV(a-/S)(lc)

if

seen that

interval

V-X

Further,

and

seen that

As above write

Art. 26.

and

it is

7>x> 30

same

interval

then

45

46

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Art. 27.

C'

From formula (14)

^i

dx
\^x{x-i){k'^x-i)

Jj^

and from formula

it is

seen that,

kji_

ii

oo>x>~,

(hc^

Vx{x-i){x-i/k^)

(13) for the

same

interval,

(22).

Using formula

(17), it follows that,

if

t^>x>

i,

.J

dx

li-kH A
\^i-k^' J

Vxii-x)ii-kH)

Jx

= 2icn-^[^j^^-^,ki
and

Ji

for the

same

interval (see formula (18)),

Vxii-x){i-W^~^^^^

\Sxii-k^y

="^''Wi(r5)'V^''''''i^xii-k^)
li

o>x> CO

(23)

^''^

the formula (19) offers

= 21 cn'
while for the same interval

J-ooVx{i-x){i-k^x)

it

follows from formula (20) that

\\i-k^x

= 21 cw

FIRST KINT) REDUCED TO LEGENDRE's

Next

Art. 28.

let

FORM

X = {x-a){x-0){x-y){x- 8)

47

and further

put

V(a-7)(<3-5)

and note that it3^+^4^ =

If

y>

then

co>x>a,

,_ (g-7)(-5)

2- (-^)(7-g)

i-

there results, supposing always that

a> ^>

8,

(a-6)(a:-^)
=-WI^5f~|'^^

and

if

J.

a> x>

Jf

(-)

/S

V-X

LN/(a-^)(j:-S)'

*J

(a-^)(x-5)
-'-[AfeilS'^If

(-)

a>a;>/3,

V-X

LV(a-/3)(A:-7)'

= C"
while

if

/3>

x> 7,

-V0l^y4
When

lies

(30)

within the interval fi>x>y,

= cn'

Mi5Sg^.*0^

(3'>

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

48

and when

y>x> 5,'it is

seen that

sn~^ ( p~!i)(y-x)

dx

V(aJx y/
{a-x){^-x){y -x){x-

8)

{0-y)ix-d)
{y-8){^-xy

=cn~^

(32)

liy>x>8,

V^^

\^iy- 8){a-xy

(a-8)(y-x)
{y-8){a-x)

= cn'
and
T,j

if

Jo

^4

(33)

S>x> 00
dx

1/

VX

i<^-y)(8-x)

\^{a-8)iy-x)

= --'(N/t|^'
Art.

29.

By means

above formulas

of the

to integrate the reciprocal of the square root of

biquadratic which has real roots;

example

for

*')

it

is

dx

'\/{2axx^){a'^
y/iiax x^') (a^ x^)

dx

dx

/V6

-5-M

\3

Ie./^3
^,sm-^
= -F(
a

\ 2

x) x{a-\-x)

[cf.

'

\
1

^L

(30)]

Ie-/^3
F{

-,

-1
sm^
.

V6\

^"6
3

possible

or

(see Byerly,

Jn \^{2ax){a x)x{a-{-x)
J9

-r
'^{2ax){a

(34)

any cubic

Integral Calculus, 1902, p. 276),

Jo

V^''
2

77
y

FIRST KIND REDUCED TO LEGENDRE'S

Remark.

In the above integrals

for example,

may

it is

FORM

49

well to note that (34),-

be written

dx
Jx

V{a-x){^-x){y-x){8-xy
V(a-

showing that each factor under the root sign

is

positive for the

interval in question.
It is seen that the substitution

Art. 30.

ay

xy

y
-,

^ y

=v
-

or

x a = /3
Xy

/3

or

xy

=a y
ay

changes

dy

into

V(x-a)(x-B)(x-y)
V{x-a){x-^)ix-y)

Jy V(y-a)(y-fi)(y-yy

For example,

or (13) into (16).

dx

V(x-a)(x-3)(x-y)
V{x-a){x-^){x-y)

dy
p
Jy ^(y-a)(y-^){y-y)

2K
V a

where k^=

By

ay

7'

(35)

see (16).

the same substitution (14) becomes (15).

Similarly the substitution

aX- = ay
ap a y

or

xfi 7
^=-^^
ap ay

or

3y
XyL = ^i_^
y a y

changes (17) into (20) and shows that

dx

V{a-x){x-0){x-y)

dv

J-x V(a-y)i^-y)iy-y)
2K'
y/a y

~ =

where a

k"^.

(36)

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

50

By

the same substitution (i8) becomes (19).

Let the roots of the cubic be one

Art. 31.

imaginary, so that

Make

X has the form

X
{x

The
(2)

{x-py-^a^
Xa

a)^

py-[-a^y{x(x)=o,

is

an hyperbola.

condition that this quadratic in x have equal roots,

evident that yi

It

is

If

we

is

is

say,

positive

eliminate y from (i)

[(a;-p)2
left

which

y^+4{p-a)y- 40^ = 0.

The roots of this equation are,

the

and two

the substitution

{x
(i)

real

{xa)[{x py-\-a'^].

and

and y2
(2),

negative.

we have

the biquadratic

+ (r2]2+4(p-a)(a;-a)[(:^-p)2 + c.2]-4cr2(x-a)2 = o,

hand

side being, as

we know a

x'^

(3)
let x\, X2

a perfect square.

priori,

Equating to zero one of these double

Further

is

factors,

2aX-\-2ap p^ a^ = 0.

denote the values of x which correspond

to the values yi, yi of y.

From

(3) it follows

that

(^1, X2)

=a V(a-p)M-a2,

or
x2

x\^p-\-\y\,

= p-\-\y2.

Further there results

y-yi =

xa

-,

y-y2^-

and
dy

dx

we have

_ (xxi){xX2)
{x aY

Xa

-.

FIRST KIXD REDUCED TO LEGEXDRE's

It follows at

Jr

61

once that

n dx _ r
Jx y/X

FORM

r __{x-a)dy___

dx

{x-a)Vy

{x-Xi)(x-X2)\^

Jx

dy

^-i/

v>^;^^"

,
J^*
v>^(3->'i)ey->'2)

y->'i

(cf.(i3))=-^^cn-i(^,*),
where

k^

and

k'^

->'2 \

v^/>'-3'2'^/>'l->'2/

(37)

yi

yiy2

yiy2

In the same way, with the same substitutions,

it

may be

proved that

'dx

dy

J-^V -y(yi-y){y2-y)

J-xV(a-a;)[(iC-p)2+(T2]

zcn

Vyiy2
[cf.

(20),

where k'^=

is

-te^')

the complementary modulus of the

yi-y2

preceding integral], or

J-V-X
Further write

=a M.

\xi-^

Vxi-X2

M^ = {paf+(}^,

so that

Xi=a-\-M and

X2

It is evident that

^ r"

dx

V(x-a)[(x-py + a^]
Ja V{x-a)[{x-py+o^]

V2
Vxi Xo

VM

J
X

dy
V>^(3;->;i)(^->-2)

^(^,^),cf.(37),

U+(a:-a)'^J'^

if

^^9)

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

52
Similarly, it

may be shown

that

dx

f"

_J M-(a-x)

,,\

where
I a p
I
= --\-.

k'^

if

Note that the modulus here is the complementary modulus

one in (39) and that the product of the two moduli is,

of the

say,

M
As numerical examples, prove

that

dx
,/x
===-
cn-H
V3
I

X"^ vr^-i
dx

Vt,

_i/v^3

+ i-a;

,\

l-\-X

\-y/2,

iT

^3

\V3 + i

<^^

)V'i

where 2^i^2 = | = sin 30,

^i

= sin

a;

_,(\X y/2,

V3

::i::3

'

\^_i_|_V3

V3

T^'^i

J^* Vx^

i Vi

\j_^-|-V3
15, ^2

= sin

75.

(Greenhill, loc. cit, p. 40.)

Art. 32.

Suppose next that we have a quartic with two

It is always possible to write

imaginary roots.

X = {ax'^+2hx+c){Ax'^+2Bx^-C),
where the real roots constitute the first factor, and the imaginary roots the second so that P ac is positive and 5^ ^C
is

negative.

Make

the substitution
ax^-\-2bx-\-c

f.s

FIRST KIND REDUCED TO LEGENDRE'S

FORM

53

or

^x^(Ay-a)-{-2x{By-b)-{-Cy-c=o.

(a)

This equation has equal roots in

x, if

{By -by -{Ay- a) {Cy -c)=o.

(6)

Let the roots of

From

{a) it is

this

equation be yi and y2'

seen that

[2x{By-b)Y=c(^{Ay-ay-]-2xHAy-a){Cy-c)-\-{Cy-cy,
which combined with

,,.

^^^

{b)

gives

By-b

Ay-a

ax-\-b

bx-\-c

Ay

From

{i)

it

follows,

if

^^-"^ {Ab-aB)x+Ac-aC
.

y^A^+B^B^+C'
is

Bi+C

put for Ax^-\-2Bx-\-C, and since

Axi^^-2Bxi-\-C=xMxi-^B)-^Bxi-\-C, that

^^

_ x-xx
^~ D

which, see

"

(c)

2{Ah-Ba)xxx-\-{Ac-aC){x+xx)-\-2{Bc-bC)
'
*
xx{Axi+B)-\-{Bxi-^C)

and

{d),

x{2iAb-aB)xi+Ac-aC}+XiiAc-aC)+2{Bc-bC)
x-xu..
^Aiy^-afx,{Ab-aB)+x,{Ab-aB)+Ac-aC
Z)^ "^'
'

SO that

yi-y=^'^^^Uyi-a){x-xi);
and

similarly

{aAy2)(xX2y
and

dy

2(Ab aB)(xi x)(x X2)

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

54
It follows that

dx
V{ax^-\-2bx+c){Ax'^ -\-2Bx-\-C)

dy;

DVy

Ddy
2{AbBa){xi-x){x-X2)Vy

^V{Ayi-a){a-Ay2)
dy
2{Ab-aB)
^y{yi -y){y-y2)
Noting that

{Ayi-a){a-Ay2) = -A^yiy2+Aa(yi-\-y2)-a^ =
it

[Ab-aBy
-

AC-B^

'

follows that

Vx
From

(b) it is

dy

Vac-B'^ ^4y{yi-y)iy-y2y

seen that

yi>o and y2<o, and from

evident that y varies from o to

>'i

for real values of

VX-

(e)

it is

Hence,

see (17),
r^'

dx

dy

p'

X VX~2VAC-BVy

Vy{yi-y)(y-y2y

or,

(41)

where

yfe2

= _>l_ and

yfe'2=^31_

yi-y2
Art. 33.

y\-y2

Suppose next in the quartic

X = {ax^-^2bx^c){Ax^^-2Bx^C),
that

In

all

the roots are imaginary so that

this case the roots y\

and ^2

h^acKo and B^AC<o.

of the equation of the preceding

article

{AC-B'^)y'^-{Ac-{-aC-2Bb)y-\-ac-lP=o
are both positive.

FIRST KENT) REDUCED TO LEGENTJRE's

Hence the

integral of the equation (e)

PORM

may

55

be written

[cf.

form

(17)] in the

-yiy-yi)(j-y2)

v^T

\\3'i->'2'

Vyi

\\y1-y2

where
yi

3'i

and where y
and To.

As an example

Art. 34.

If

between the two positive values yi

oscillates

of the preceding article, let

we put
x2+2Kr
x^2vx

it is

sin oj+t^

sin w+t;^'

seen that
>'i

= tan2/-+-j,

^2

= tan2/---j, xi=v,X2=-v,

^^i-sin^^^,/._a,\
I

+sm o)

\4

2/

and
dx

Jz Vx^-|-2i;2-^ cos 2aj+ir*

I
fj

t?(i+sina))

When w = -, v=i,

-1

/i sinw
\ i+sin

r^

+ 2t'X sin oj+y^

x^

2i'x sin

the preceding equation becomes

(v;-.)V^^^,*
where

+t2*

= ( V2 1)2,

(44)

56

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
A-2

For the substitution

v^

r
Jx

12

=J

there results

^i_

dx

dz

^vj^ \/(j

\/x:^-\-2V^X'^ COS 2o)-\-V'^

which, see

z^){cos^ co+s^ sin^

(2),

= cn~^{z,

sin co)=

cw~M -r

2V
If in this

2V

formula we put

dx

co

-,

\X^-{-V^

sin w).
I

= |x and y = i, we have

(x^

/-\

J^"^
/-\
I
I
Jix^-, -V2
= -c.w-M

dx
J'^'"

Art. 35. It

Vi+a;*

Vi+a;;^

was shown above that the substitution

sin^

(^

k^x^

transforms the integral

^^^

On

the other hand

V(i-4(i-'feV)

n
^^^

dx

''

\/(i-a;2)(i-F^2)

'""

Wi^'

*)

dx

Jo \/(i-x2)(i-yfe2^2)

Jo \/(l-A;2)(l-yfe2^2)

where

r^'

dx

Jo V{i-x'^){i-k^x^y
It follows that

^'''''"'^^2 = ^-^^"'^'

'V=

oj)

FORM

FIRST KIND REDUCED TO LEGEXDRE's

among

a relation

= sn{K-u),

J --^^
which
In

is

a relation

among

make

= o, and

(-4)

It is also at

the integrals.

57

once evident that

^^=sn{K-u),

or

the functions.

then

dx

= sin~^Vi ^,

X Vi
'o

and from yB)

it is

seen that

dx

Vix^

jx
.,
II

Jo

"=

dx

Vi

a-^

dx

dx

TT

Jo

U,

Vi

ic2

=sm~^a;.

Vi-X^

JQ

Hence
sin~^

a relation

among

Vi x-=

sin~^ x.

the integrals; and on the other

hand

it is

seen

that

Vi sin^M = sini

v2

a relation

among the functions.

made evident that we may study

It is thus
elliptic

may

study the proper-

h}-perbolic, logarithmic

and exponential

from their associated integrals just as we

ties

of

the nature of the

functions and their characteristic properties directly

the circular,

functions from their associated integrals.

This should be em-

phasized both in the study of the elementary calculus and in

the theory of elliptic integrals and. elliptic functions.
Art.
it

36.

In the appUcations of the elementary calculus

was often necessary

so here

to evaluate such integrals as

we must study

functions.

From

sin.

udu;

the integrals of the most usual elliptic

the integral

u=

Jo

,
^<f>

it is

seen at once that


58

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

du = -, or

dnudu = d(t),

amu=dnudu, dsnu =

that

so

A(j>

We

further note that

sn^u-\-cn^u =

We

i,

have without

/J

dn^u k'^^k^cn^u, dn^u-\-k^sn^u =

= dnu).

-Ik log

The

r k'^snucnudu

if

cnu

dv

kj Vv^-k'^

last integral is

{v-\-V,P^~^)

= -{
k

dnK = k',

Further since

i.

difficulty

k^j
(if

ddnu= k^cn usnu du.

dcnu= snudnu du,

cnudnu du,

= -{ cosh-i

cosh-i ^,

(^).
\ k /

we have

Art. 17,

,(,cnu\
Jdnu\
dnu-\-kcnu
r^ 5wwow
J
-^ =sinh~M
= cosh~M
,
-t7- =log
.

Similarly

it

may

be proved that

k\ cnu du = cos~'^ {dn u) = sin~^ {ksn u)

and

dnudu = = am u = sin~'^ snu = cos~^ en u.

(l>

The

Art. 37.

/du
=
snu

following integrals should be noted:

fsn ucnudnudu^=-1
\ C

sn'^u

cnudnu

Further writing V'( I

2J

v){i

dv

,.,

(if

,
= sn^u).

z'\/(i i))(i yfe^y)

kH) =
{i

the last integral

v)z,

becomes

->[

=
=

V(i -v){i-k^v) + i
V

i+^^l

sn'^u

+C
,

r^

\2cnudnu-\-cn^u-[-dn'^u'\
I,
log
2
2sn^u
L
J

,^
+^'

so that, omitting C,

du

J snu

._

\cnudnu-\-i
I,
log

i+^^ l

snu

"I

\_cnu-\-dnuy

^Q

i-k"^
2

'

FIRST KIND REDUCED TO LEGEXDRE'S

where the arbitrary constant

Similarly

omitted.

is

FORM

59
it

may

be

shown that

/du

_i

en u

Yk^snu+dnu]

k'

en u

and that

/du

_ I
_^[ k'~snhi cn^u
d^i
J*
d^u~lk'^^ L

Further by definition E{k,

4)

= am u and

</>)

A0 d<t>

(cf . Art. 5),

or since

am u = dnu du,

E{amu)=

dn^udu.
I

It follows that

X sn^udu=[uE{amu,

k)],

and
cn^u du = [E{am u, k)

The

Art. 38. Reduction formulas.

following

and a very general reduction formula.*

r<s>

(w4-sin2

<t>y sin</>

cos

<f>A4>

Jo

r*{2Ai(m+sin2

k'^u]

is

-^{ (w+sin^

</>)"

sin

cos2

</>

this expression

= I u+w,

A2(;!

<f>

<f>y-^ sin2

Jo

A0

4>A<t>\d<l>

cos2<>a2^

cos^<j,]\

= v, so that sin2
= I Fi;+^2;^j, and writing

put m4-sin2

/^ W</)

cos

d(f>

+ (w+sin20)''[cos20A2<^-sin2<^A2^-y^ sin2,^
In

a very useful

Consider the identity

(t>

f *(w+sin2
J)

^.
A<^

4>

= vm,

(()yd(^

A0

* See, for example, Durege, Elliptische Funktionen, 4, Second edition.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

60
then there

found

is

(w+sin^ (py

sin

cos

^A<^=

-(2/x

2/i^F^_i + (2/i + i)5F^

+ 2)CF,+i + (2M+3)^2F,+2,

(i)

B = i-\-2m-\-2k'^m+2>k'^m?\

From

this

formula

evident that every integral

it is

Vy,

may

be expressed through the three integrals Fo, Fi, F-i, the latter
being forms of integrals which in Chapter I have been called
elliptic integrals oj the first,

The

following formulas

second and third kinds respectively.

may

be derived immediately from the

formula above, by writing

Sm{u)

sn'^u du,

Cm(u)

cn"*u du,

Dm{u)

dn"*udu,
I

{n+i)k^Sn+2{u) -n{i-]-k^)Sn(u) -]-{n- l)Sn-2{u)

^
"^

= s}^^cnudnu,
{n+i)k^Cn+2{u)-\-n{k'^-k^)Cn{u)

ii

(Hi)

+ {n-i)k'^Dn-2iu)
= k^drtEju sn u en u.

In particular,

(ii)

- {n-i)k'^Cn-2{u)
= cdzPu sn u dn u,

{n-^i)Dn+2{u)-n{i-\-k'^)Dn{u)

u=K say in

(ii),

(iv)

there results

{n+i)k^Sn+2{K)-n{i-\-k^)SniK) + {n-i)Sn-2(K)=o,

which

is

the analogue of Wallis's formula for

may
<f), F
argiiment, may

Art.

39.

It

be noted that any of

sin" 6 dd.

the

quantities

(tan^ </>), where /^ is a rational function

of its
be expressed through an aggregate of
terms of the form Mim+siv? 4>Y, where /i is a positive or negative integer or zero and where
and m are real or imaginary
iP(sin2 0), F{cos^

constants.

Further by writing x =

, where
c-\-dz

= sin0,

or 2 = cos</>,

FIRST KIND REDUCED TO LEGENDRE's

or 3

= tan
1

may

be put

'

^.u

may

fF(sm^<i))d<f>
I
~,

m the form

J VR{x)
in turn

61

0, it is seen that the general elliptic integral of Art. 5,

rQ(x)dx

namely,

FORM

which

be expressed through integrals that correspond to

the integrals Vo, Vi and V-i of the preceding article.

Returning to formula

Art. 40.

note that

if

m = o, we

make

above,

(i)

A=o, B = i;

have

/i

= i, and

the formula becomes

^- +k^
smJ A0
Next let w= so that A=o, B= k'^, and we have
cot <t>A4>=

(a)

(f)

A<f>

I,

^^
-tan

(J)

A/2

<l>A<f>=-k'^

formula

m=

/^cos2

j^^

J
finally let

d<p
r I ^
fL-F

cos^

<f>A(t>

<f,d<t>^

A<l>

k''~

A=o, B=-^, and

so that

the reduction

is

r_^d^_

_^-sin0cos0^^.3

Art. 41. Legendre, Traite,

integrals " which are often

These

elliptic integrals."

etc., I,

p. 256, offers the following

met with

may

A^

in the application of the

for the

most part be derived

once from the formulas given above.

'd(i)
I

where A0 =

=F{k,4>),

Vi - k'^

J
Ad(t>

E{k,

dn^udu=E(u),

<t>),OT

*d<i)

r-/L

,\

^^ sin

cos

<6

J.
du

E(u)

dn'u

k'^

k^sn u en u

k'Hnu
i
i"^^^=^^F{k,^)-E{k,^)lor
'0

sin^

<^

= A,

since d<f>=dnudu.

at

62

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

u-E(u)

Jf"

du _tnudn u-\-k'^u E(u)

'

J[^" cn^u

k'^

tan^

dc})

(^

_A

tan (i>-E(k, 0)

J^-^

_ dnutnuE{u )

Jf"

sin2
Jr*(i</)

^0
j

COS"

<^

A^dct>

= -A

Jr*A

sm^<f>d<t>=

Jr*A

cos2

sin

cos

<l,d<f,

I
= -A

these

may

J^ \J'^^^

2^2 _T
0+1^
i(^,

3^^

sin

,^

To

<^

<j>),

cos 4>+^-^^^^^E{k, <i>)-F{k,

3
3

sin

cos

sin

A tan20^0 = A tan 0+F(y^, 4>)-2E{k,

^M

7/277/T

cos

I+;^2
<^+iX^(^,
3^^

<t>),

fc'2

0)+^m
3^2
A'2

0) -^F()fe, 0).
3^2

be added

=cot 4>A<t>-\-K-Ei-Fik, 0)+(^,

0), or

0)

FIRST KIXD REDUCED TO LEGENDRE'S FORM

du

:r-

63

= cotamudnu-]-KEiu-\-E(u),

u sn~u
J^^

YY- = cot amudnuEi +(zO

or

pi-sin2^

d<t>

EXAMPLES
I.

Show

that

2.

Show

that

C Vi a;<c?Jc=2V2r(^
/

3.

Show

that

oL
Show

^1.

4.

J^^(fx=2o(

/^^

that

If=

V7

/
ZImod

((f2^ (fn*x)Jx=

snudu

Jo dnu^k'

/n2x(fx=

V7\
)=o.874oi,..

2a(-, -j.

I
.

k'ii-^k'Y

V(a2-a:2)(62-x2)rfx,writey=jn-M^,H,cf.formula(5a),yi.4^3
I

and show
low that

u=ab^

6.

- (C - 6^)2^1

cn^ dn^ d3'=ia| ('+&') (^,

^)

Show

/I

that for the inverse functions.

SAi

<f

'//Vl /fe2|^2\

M = 5 i^M+ 7i:osh

crr^u du = u

cn~hi^

cos~*

dn~^u du = u dn~^u

sin~^

VVm-^^)

(mod.

-V

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

64
7.

'Note tha,t

or, if

X=ax'^+2bx-\-c,

we put p=

._(H:0!!M;+i)^!?^,,.

Vx

"7=^)

we have

o^y/x = a{p+i)Vpj^i+h{2p+i)Vp-\-cpVp-i.
Further,

if

i=sn^u,

seen that

it is

m-l
dt

J
Derive the reduction formulas

(ii),

/dS
9

a^'^b'^

where the integration

(Hi), (iv) of Art. 38.

Jc

4irabc

;=

V(i-/)(i

cn-H-,

c^

taken over the surface

is

ja^-b^

^-

of a sphere x^-\-y'^+z^=r'^.

Burnside, Math. Tripos, 1881

9,

Show

that

snu
du
cnu

cnu

dnu+k'

=r/^S

en u

idn

du

=log

sn u

sn u

I
dnu
snu
dW=-7-log
en u
cnu dnu
k^
,

/cna
cnu
du
,

sn^

snu

c2

du

dnu
,

sn u
I

=-r,

dnu

R^ en u

'

CIL\PTER IV
THE NUMERICAL COMPUTATIOX OF THE ELLIPTIC IXTEGILALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS. LANT)EN'S
TRANSFOOIATIONS
Art.

Fig. 15
r

42.

With Jacobi

and suppose that

the radius of the smaller

From any point B on

two

consider

fixed

the radius of

is

circle.

the large circle

tlie

circles

as

larger circle

Let the distance

draw a tangent

in

and

OQ =

l.

to the small

Fig. 15.

circle

which again cuts the large

circle in

Denote the azimuth

BOX by 24^ and AOX by 20. OG is drawn perpendicular

to AB and its length is denoted by p.
Note that the angle
GOX = (i>-\p and GOB =
=
R
cos
p
(4>-l-\p) and QM = r =
p-hOH = R cos (({)+
cos ((i)-il^), or
angle

(f>-{-^p,

4^) -i-l

= (R-\-l)

cos

<f>

* Jacobi, Crelle's Journal, Vol.

cos

m,

\f/

p.

Functions, p. 28.

65

{R-l)
376, 1828;

sin

sin ^.

see also

Cayley's Ellipiic

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

66

When
r

\p

= o,

let

= iR-\-l)

Denote the

the corresponding value of

cosfx,oTcosn

ratio

QC

by

r
= -^,

sin/x

be

/x,

so that

V(R-]-iy

r^

'

A/i=-

so that

A/x,

<^

then since

K-\-l

.in

Au2 =

k^ sin2

ju,

it is

Returning to the

seen that k^

..^

-.

figure, it is seen that

AM^ = AQ^ - MQ^ = R^+P+2Rl cos 2 (t>-r^

= {R-\-iy-r^-4lRsm^<i>;
or

AM^ = {{R+iy-r^\A^<}>;
and

similarly

BM^ = \{R-\-ly-r^\^^^|y.
If the

tangent

is

varied, its

new

position becoming

consecutive to the initial position, then clearly

AA'

BB'=AM BM;
:

A'B\

we have
^T^'^T>r

^V

or
d(b

d\p

AM BM
and

if

ioi

'

AM and BM their values be

it

follows

circle is varied, the centre

moving

substituted,

that
d4> .d^l/
A<}>

Suppose that the smaller

along the X-axis while r and

^'

_^

Axl/

=
(^:^Pz7^'

are subjected to the condition

^ ^^^^S constant.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
In particular when the smaller
circle at L, as in Fig. i6, then

{R+ir

Fig.

6 represent

reduces to the point

circle

OL=/andF=- ^^

r=o,

Let

67

the angle

1 6.

XLA

It

is

seen that

and consequently dd = d(t)-\-d\l/.

It is also seen that the angle

From

the triangle

LAO = 9

ALO it follows at once

2(t>

and

G0X =

/sin 0=22 sin (20-0)

The

relation

4>-\-^i/.

that
(i)

-7TT+Trr7=0) becomes here

AM BM
d4>

drp

AM BM

do

2AG'

or, since

AG^=R^-P cos2 (i8o-0-^)=i22-/2 sin2

it

d,

foUows that
d<t>

de (R+l)

A0

2VR^-Psm~

(2)
e

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

68
Foraiula

may

or (2)

(2),

formation

Write
It

is

(i)

may

be regarded as the algebraic integral* of

be considered as being produced by the trans-

(i).

ki=

and put

<^i

in the place of

6.

seen that

2\^_2v^ ,^i-^

i:zK

j^

u)

and

^1 sin

The

may

last expression

^1 sin

(20

= sin

<^i

(i')

<^i)

be written

- + <^) = sin

(<^i

</)

(0 - 01

</>)

from which we have at once

tan (01

0)=

-i
i+jfei

= ^'

tan

tan 0,

...

(3)

or

tan 01

{i-\-k')
,

=^

Art. 43.

k
,

tan

'

o
tan^ ^

It is seen

sm

= ^(i+^O777 T^
sin

0i

that k\=-.<^i and since

/
follows

that^>^i.

From

cos

A(, 0)

(i') it is

seen that

>^i,it
i+^i

o<0<0i,

if

= -,
2

From

(2') it is

seen that

F(^, 0)=-(i+^i)F(^i, 0i)

2

= {i+k{){i^k2)

(i+y^)^%^,

{A)

2
* John Landen, An investigation of a general theorem for finding the length
an arc of any conic, etc., Phil. Trans. 65 (1775), pp. 283, et. seq.; or MatltemcUical Memoirs I, p. 32 of John Landen (London, 1780). An article by Cayley
on John Landen is given in the Encyc. Brit., Eleventh Edition, Vol. XVI, p.

of

153.

See also Lagrange, (Euvres, II, p. 253; Legendre, Traiti,

etc., I, p. 89.

69

NTilERICAL COMPUTATION

and the amplitudes are

decreasing

where the moduli are

increasing.
It is also seen that

tan(</>,-</)r-i)

= Vi-F,_i

It is further evident that F(^,

d<i>

<l>,

where $

is

^l=7r,

once from

<^2

= 27r,

{i),

^n

.,

<^

as

Art. 44.

is

increases.

see also Art. 49, that

2"

~^

A7/

and consequently

F(|, 40).

()

approaches the limit

<^)

the limiting value of

If <^=-, it follows at

tan^r-i.

S t-^ce

Suppose, for example, that

it is

required to find

Using the seven-place logarithm tables of Vega,

found that for

(^

Vi-^2 =

= 40,

yfe'

sin d

= k=\,

= 30,

or

= 0.86603

i-^' = o.i3397
I +^' = 1.86603

log

colog

(i-^O =9-1270076
(1+^0 = 9-7290814

^1=0.071794

log

^1=8.8560890

^1=0.928206

log (i^i)

1+^1 = 1.071794

log (i+^i)

=9.9676444
=0.0301098

log ^12

= 9.9977542

^'1

= 0.997418

log ^'1=9.9988771

^'i) = 7.4121244

^'1 = 0.002582

+^'1

= 1 .997418

colog (i +^'i)

= 9.6995263

^2

= 0.001293

log ^2

= 7.1116507

log (i

it

''O

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

1-^2=0.998707
1+^2 = 1.001293

log (1-^2) =9.9994381

log (1+^2) =0.0005599

log

^2 = 1

^'=2

log k'2

= 9.9999980
= 9-9999990

^3=0
log ^' = 9.9375329

= 9.9238135

log tan

- 0) = 9.8613464
01-0 = 36
o'

log tan (01

= 76
o'
log ^'1 = 9.9988771
01

log tan

20''

20"

01=0.6034084

log tan (02 -0i) =0.6022855

02-01= 75
<^2 = i5i
tan (03 02) = tan 02
$ = 03 = 202=303

^^=
TT

15"

58'

35"

57'

10

59'

39'

= 136779"
= 648000"
=5.1360194

^^^(^7
C0l0g7r"
log

37

s^'

7r

= 4. 1884250
= 0.497 1499

^g(^^) =9-8215943
log (i+^i) =0.0301098
log (1+^2) =0.0005599

^og(^^j =9-8215943
log F(i, 40) =9.8522640

F(i4o)=

.711646

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION

The value given

71

in Legendre's tables is

.7116472757

The

Art. 45.

formiilas of Art. 42

may

the modulus and decrease the amplitude;

be interchanged,

it is

be used to increase
for

the subscripts

if

seen that

nk,<t>)=-^F{ku<f>i),

sin

where ki>k and

{2<t>i

(i)

^)=k sin 0,

4>i<<i>.

Applying the formula

(i)

times, there results

or, since

^1

ko

it is

etc.,

seen that

Fik,

4>)=K^

^"-^

^'^'
-^

F{K,

<t>n),

where
,

2V^^l

r=-r

Sm

(2<;ir-<;!>r-l)

= ^r-i

sin0r-i('t;

= i,2,

ko

= k,

4>o

= 4>).

It follows also that

jQ

=^===

V smI

Jo

sec0j0 = log,tan(-+-)
\4

2/

72

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

and
Fik,

Art. 46.

^)= /'^^---^'The method

tang+l).

log.

of the preceding articles

may

be used to evaluate F(;^o, 40), thus

^= .5
1+^ = 1.5

= 9.6989700
(i+^)= 0.1 760913
log ^

log

log

V^ = 9.8494850

log 2=0.3010300

colog (1+^) =9.8239087

log ^1

= 9.9744237

ki= .942809
1+^1 = 1.942809

log

^1=9.9744237

log (i+^i) =0.2884301

log

V^ = 9.9872ii8
log

2=0.3010300

colog (i+^i) =9.7115699

log ^2

= 9.9998117

k2= .999567
1+^2 = 1.999567

log ^2

= 9.9998117

log (1+^2)

=0.3009359

l0gV^2 = 9.9999059
log

=0.3010300

colog (l+ife2) =9.6990641

log ^3

= 0.0000000

^3 =

log k

log sin

</)

= 9.6989700
= 9.8080675

log sin (2 <^i-<^) =9.5070375

20i-<^ = i8

44'

50-"o5

= 58
= 29

44'

5o."io

22'

25".o5

201
</)i

also

73

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
log ^1=9.99744237

log sin
log sin (202

</>i

=9.6906403

0i) = 9.6650640
= 27
202 = 56
02 = 28

2(^2-01

log ^2

32'

43-"o8

54'

68."i3

27'

34/'o6

= 9-9998117

log sin 02 =9.6780866

(203-02) =9.6778983

log sin

203-02 = 28

= 56
03 = 28

203

When

hi

= i,

26'

45-"53

54'

i9-''59

27'

9."78

then sin (204 03) =sin 03, or 04 = 03.-.

04 = 28

27'

9."78

^ = 14

13'

34."89

13'

34."89

^ = -+- = 59
4

^ = 59
13'
34-"89
=
2 2 5 1 208
logio tan $
log log tan* = 9.3524156
cologM = 0.3622157 (*see below)
.

log

VS = 9.9872 118

>/^ = 9.9999059
colog V^ = 0.1505150
log

log ^(30, 40) =9.8522640

F(3o,4o)= .711647
Art. 47. Cayley, Elliptic Functions, p. 324, introduced instead
of the standard fonn of the radical, a

Va2
* Division is

mon logarithm,

made by
where

cos2

0+6^

the modulus

M=.43429448.

sin^

new form
{a>b)\

M to change from the natural to the com-

74

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

and he further wrote

P-^

F(a,b,<i>)=

nr\c2
Jo Va'72 cos^

Ca,

4>)=

b,

d(l}

(i)
<!>-{-

P sin^

\/a^ cos^ (^+62 sin^ 0.

(2)

It is clear that

Va2

COS^

+ ^2

sij^2

^ = ^-^j

_ ^2 sin2

0^

where

The
aE{k,

functions (i) and (2) are consequently ~F{k,

<f>)

and

<t>).

Fig. 17.

In the figure

let

be a point on the

circle,

whose centre

O and let Q be any point on the diameter AB.

Further

let

QA=a,QB = b, ZAQP = 4>i, ZA0P =

Write ai=^{a+b),

bi

2<f>,

ZABP =

= Vab, ci=^(a b).

It follows at once that

OA=OB = OP = ai,OQ = ai-b==^ia-b)=cu

QP sin 01 = ai sin 20,
QP cos 0i=ci+ai cos

20.

<l>.

is

75

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION

On

hand

the other

gp2 = Ci2 + 2Ciai

cos

2(^

+ ai2=i(^+^)+Ka^-^)

cos 20

=i(a2+fe2)(cos2 <^+sm2 </,)+i(a2-62)(cos2 0-sin2

= aTherefore

cos^ A+62 sin^

<f>.

follows that

it

ai sin 2<p

sm<f>i=

<^)

Va2

ci-\-ai cos

2(f)

cos(f>i=

Vd^

cos2 4>+b^ sin-

cos^ (^+6^ sin-

<^

and consequently
2

~
= a i^(g

2
2 .
A
2
ai2 cos2 <^i-\-bi^ sin2 01
I

It is seen at

once that

0i; =

cos
If in

then,
or,

(20-0i) =

the figure

a cos,

PQ

Va2

cos2

<f)-\-(r^

'

^^^

consider the point P' consecutive to F,

cos (20-0i)<f0;

value from above, there results

0+6-

d<f>i

\' a{^ cos^

sin^

F(a,

6,

0)=^F(ai,

or

=i

^
sin^

+ &2 siji2 ^

C0S2

01+61^

Integrating, this expression becomes

F{k, 0)

sin^ <l>y

==>

2^0

Va^

i^

Vfli^ cos^ 01 +61^ sin2 0i

we

its

0+6 sin/ \
r
===;or,from(i),

PQj0i=PP'sinPP'(2 = 2(Zi

writing for

<^+6
^

V a^ cos^ 0+6^ sin^

cos(20-0i)=

6) sin 20
^(a
'

sin (20

cos2

a^ cos^

^F(;fe', <^0
2 ai

^
1+^

61, 0i),

^(^1, 0i),

sin^ 0i

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

76

where
</>!

or,

li\

V I ^^ sin^

i^'

1-7,

-.

a^

=
I

20

= J(i+^0

sin

e;
sm

and

^'

1-/^1

Cayley derives a similar formula for the integrals

Art. 48.

of the second kind as follows, his

From

siderably simplified.

sin

work being here

in places con-

the relation of Art. 42,

<^i)=^i

sin (2

it

\i+^/

as given at the end of Art. 42.

r-,

i+i

\-\-R,

\a+o/

ai^

sin

(^1,

20 cos 01 cos 20

we have

or

sin 0i

kx

sin 0i;

follows that

cos

20= ^1

sin^ 01-l-cos 0i

A0i,

and consequently

From
2 (a2 cos2

2 cos^

= 1^1

sin^

01-fcos 0iA0i,

2 sin^

= 1+^1

sin^

0i cos

these two relations

0+62 sm2

it is

0iA0i.

seen at once that

0) =a2+62_(a2_62)yfei sin2 01

+ (a2-62)cos 0iA0i = (a2+&2)(cos2

+ (a2-62)cos 0iA0i

-{a?-h^)ki

sin2 0i

= 4(^1^

0i+6i2

sin2 0i)

0iv

ai2 cos2

cos2

2612+4C1

cos

0i+sin2 0i)

0i+6i2

sin2 0i.

Multiply this expression by the differential relation given

above,

viz.,

2^0
's/a? cos2

0+^2

_
sin2

</01

\/ai^ cos2 0i+6i2 sin2 0i

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION

and

77

integrating, there results

E{a,

b,

<f>)=E{ai, by, (l>i)-^bi~F{ai, bi, <t>i)+Ci sin

<^i,

where
sin 01

fli

Vd^

sin 2<i

cos^ <^+62 siQ2

It follows at once that

F(h,

E{k, <t>)=-E{ku 4>i)-a

2 aai

<^i)+^
a

sin 0i,

or

^^(^1, 0i)+-(i-^')sin0i,

E{k, 4>)^-{i+k')E{k,, 0i)

l4-

with the

initial relation

sin (20

From

Art. 49.

may

0i)=^i

sin 0i.

and

formula connecting

the

0i,

which

be written in the form (see end of Art. 42)

^

(i+^')tan0

1k
seen that

it is

tan-

and 0i vanish at the same time; and further

since

y.

d(f>'_.

a positive quantity,

it

i-\-k' tan-

cos^ 0i

appears that 0i increases with 0. It is

= o when tan = 00
It is clear from

further evident that tan 0i

(i)

01

that

= Itt

when
and

= 0, 0i=o and when

= Vt> = \'t

tan

in general to the values -,

tt,

27r,

then

of 0, there

correspond the values

Art. 50.

ir,

27r, 47r,

of 0i.

Denote the complete functions Fla,b,-), Ela, b,-)

78

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

by F{a,

E{a,

b,),

F{a,

and

b),

then

=mai,

b)

bi,

tt)

=fL,

bi,

"^ =F{a,,

b{);

similarly

E(a,

b)

= 2Eiai,

bi)-bi^F{ai,

bi).

Art. 51. Continued repetition of the above transformations.

the same

manner as

derive a2,

ai, bi, Ci

from

&2, C2

were derived from

ai, bi, etc.,

a, b,

In

we may

and thus form the following

table:

ai=l{a-\-b),

bi

= Vab,

ci=^ (a-b),

a2=^

(ai+bi),

b2

= ^aibi,

C2=l (ai-bi),

a3=^

(^2

bs

= Va2b2,

C3

Note that

+ 62)

ai

bi =-(Va

VbY

=|

(^2

- 62)

and that

so that
a2

or a2 02

02 <

<^

c-

-1

Similarly

it is

^fl2-&2^(v^a-v^)^
,.
<5
; and in
seen ^u
that^ as 03<
I.

general a &n<^^

^.

2''

2"

^, or lim (an bn) =0.

2"*

It

is

clear that

and 6 approach (very rapidly) one and the same

which is called* by Gauss the arithmetico-geometrical mean
and denoted by him with the symbol M{a, h) =/z. However,
as

increases a

limit,

when

an

= bn,

then
F{ar^, bn, (j})=

and

(a,

bn, (t>)=an<j>;

an

* Gaxiss, Werke, III, pp. 361-404.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
further

0=|7r,

if

The equation
F{a,

seen that

it is

F{an, bn)

= and

(a, 6) =-an, where an=n.

F{a,

=^

b, 4*)

F{ai,

=
where the

sm

01

ai sin

Va^

4>^=-^<i>n,

bn,

2"

2"a

<t>

</>2

02 sin

=
V

TAe

=F{an,

2(t>

cos^ (^+6^ sin^

sm
Art. 52.

<i>2)

be calculated from the formula

^'s are to

0i) gives

bi,

0) =iF{ai, bi, <f)i)=^ F{a2, 62,

b,

79

2(^1

ai^ cos^ <^i+6i^ sin^ 0i

integrals of the second kind.

Note

that, since

F{a,b,4>)=lF{ai,bu<i>i),
the formula above for the ^-function

(a,

b,

<t>)-a^F{a,

b,

may

be written

(t>)=E(ai, bi, <i>i)-ai^F{ai, bi,

(^1)

-\-Fiai, bi, <j)i)iai^-la^-lbi^)-\-Cism<l)i;

or, since

ar ^a^ hbi^= l{a^ b^) =

the above equation

E{a,

b,

aiCi,

is

4>)-a^F{a,

b,

(}))=E{ai, bi, <f}i)-ai^F{ai, 61,

aiCiF{ai,

61,

0i)+ci

bn,

<^)]=o,

sin

<^i)

(pi.

Observing that, as n increases,

lim [E{an,
it is

seen that

E{a,

b,

<t>)

-a^F{a,

b,

<}>)

bn,

<^)-an^F(a,

-[2ai<:i +432^2 +8a3C3+

+ci

sin

01+C2

]F(a, b,

sin <^2+C3 sin <^3+

<i>)

or finally

E{a,

b, 4>)

= [a^-2aiCi4a2C2 8azC3 -\-ci

sin

01+C2

]F(a,

b,

0)

sin 4>2+cz sin

03+

80

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

In particular,

if (t>=^Tr,

we have Art. 49,

4>i

=r, 02 = 27r,

and then
E{a,b)

= [a^ 2aiCi4a2C2

2 an

It also follows immediately that

a^

a'^

-|

^sin

(j>i-\

or,

- sin

^sin 03+

02 H

noting that

^2

fllCi

'

'

^2^2

l_._^i_
a i+^i'
k2

C2

dl

1+^2' a

ai
C3
0-2

^3

^2

1+^3'

di

i+^i'
I

fli

1+^2' a

i+^i'

'

'

'

the equation becomes,

E{k,<t>)

= [i-^k^{i+lki+lkik2+lkik2h-{-\-rr
I+^l

sin

)]F{k,<l>)

<Ai+7TT-wTT^
(l+^l)(l+^2)

(l+^l)(l+^2)(l+^3)

sin 02

sm 03+

Further since
1

k
-.,

i+^i

2\/yfei'

_ i^i
T+k2~^Vk2

2V^'
_ kVkl

_ ^2
I+^3~n7li'

i+^i

or

^^

(l+^l)(l+^2)~4V^'

"^^

(l+^l)(l+^2)(l+^3)

_ Wk\k2

8V^

'

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
the last line of the above expression
k[^\/ki sin <f>i+zVkik2 sin

In particular

=f

if

tt,

may

81

be written

02+1 '^^i^2^3

sin 03

we have
]Fiik).

Art. 53.

T.

I, p.

As a numerical example

91), leta

The

(0)

(2)
(3)
(4)

etc.,

\V3

k~^x

following table

Index

(i)

Legendre, Traite

= I, 6 = 1^^2 V3= cos 75,andlettan0 = -v/-

h-

It follows that

(see

= sin

may

7 c.

be at once constructed.

k'

<>

I.ooooooo 0.25S8190
0.9659258. 0.2588190 47
0.6294095 0.5087426 0.3705905 0.5887908 0.8082856 62
1060200
0.5690761 0.5658688 0.0603334
9943636 119
0.5674724 0.5674701 0.0016037 0.0028260 0.9999959 240
0.5674713' 0.5674713 O.OOOOOII 0.0000020 0.9999999 480
.

(See Cayley, loc.

The complete

integral

^(75, 47

Note that the

T^i

cit.,

TT

a^

p. 335.)

2.768063

/ 31") =^'-- = 0.9226877

integral

first

is three

~y~p-J=

aici

= .2332532

= .0686686
=
+403^3 .003 6402
+8a4C4 = .0000051
-\-2a2C2

= .3055671
.

and

times the second.

It is also seen that

and 1 = 1.0764051

3 31

36

55 48

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

82

The computation of E{k,

To establish
54.

0) is

found in the next

somewhat

in

Art.

article.

manner

different

the results that were given in the preceding article, consider * a

function G{k, 0) composed of an integral of the

first

and

of

an

and

48,

integral of the second kind, such that

G{k,

where a and

Making

/3

4>)

+i3 sin^
---^=======d(j>,
(j)

are constants.

in this integral the substitutions of Arts. 42

namely

^=
A0
it is

= ^(1+^1

sm^

sm-" </)i A01 cos ^1),

A(j)i

seen that
G(^, 0)

= ^^-^IG(^i,

(Ai)-|^sin<^i],

where

0i)=

G{ki,

the constants ai and

being defined by the relations

/Si

We saw in Art. 48 that

I Vl
)fe2

ki=

where

^1

+ Vl-^2

<^ and 0i>

f6) = V I F

tan (01

from

(i)

<^,

sm

02

that

22

(3sm 0iH

i+^i 1+^2
H

tan

0.

It follows directly

2L

-d<fiu

Ac/)i

Jo

22

/3i

i+*o

.: ^ 1
/3-ism0

* See also Legendre, Traits, etc.,

2
I,

J
p. 108.

(i)

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION

83

where

_o
^-^

kiko

-.

and
a, =

a+i^(^i+-+-^+

Since 0 becomes o with

Art. 43

j.

a d4>

= an<f>n'

Jo

=oo

From

seen that

kn, it is

lim G(^, 0n)

we had
l+kn

i+^i 1+^2

4>n=F{k,

4>),

and, see Art. 42,

It follows that the

sm

-T

^\

If in this

+^

'

'

'

01

^ sin

4>2-\

2-

2"*

formula we put a =

i,

^= F,

^ sm

<AiH

sm

it

r"^sm

02H

ft p

tan (0p <^p-i)

-Vi-Fp-i
i + Vi-Fp-i
= Vi Fp_i

tan

</)3+

becomes

where

and

above formula becomes

sm

^1

'

(jip-i.

</>3+

.
,

84

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

These

results verify those of Art. 52.

With Legendre,
E{k,

<p)

Fonct. Ellip., T.

where ^ = sin 75 and tan

Using the results of Art. 53

</>

it is

p.

I.,

find

= ^/-4^.
seen that

.3290180

02=

.0522872

sin 01

we may

114,

kVkik2
sin

k\/kik2k.i

sm

k\kik2k,k^
'

</)3

sin 04

___
= .0013888

.0000010

.3799180

16

sum
Writing

24
it is

found that

16

'

L = .3888658 ...

was seen that F{k, 0) = .9226877

(^,0)=F(^,0)L+.3799i8o
follows
that

In Art. 53
It

it

0.7387196
Further since
.

4' ;)=<*-;>'
there follows

1 = 1.0764049

Art. 55. Inverse order of transformation.

is

nearer unity than zero, the following

The equation

(i) of

G{ki, 0i)

the preceding article

j^

G{k, 0)

If

the modulus k

method

may

is

preferable.

be written

+^ sin 01, since ^ =^.

85

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
If in this

formula the suflBxes be interchanged, then

G{k, <t>)=-^G(ki, <^i)+^sin<A,

where now
2)3

ki=-

/3

r,

sin

ki>k,

The continued
G{k,

(2<^i-<>)=^sin

4>\<4>.

repetition of (2) gives

=^ sin 0+;^ sin <Ai+;^^2

<!>)

</),

\/ktk'>

_|-X4i^^3sin<^3+

y/kiko

-^k

-^^-7^

txC^n,

sin

^2

kn2

r,

'

<t>n),

Vk

where
2^/3

kki

kp-i

and

Since
,.

^/,

i^

22

2"-^
.

i+i

ar,=a-r\

approaches unity (rapidly) as n increases,

Pn + 3nsin2</)
)

= (a+^n) log. tan^^+^) -^ sin

In Art. 45

it

was shown that

^-ism(A-i

<^.

86

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

We may consequently

write the above formula

2--_2'
^1^2

+T

Sin 0-1

-=sm0iH

^=sm<t>2-\

Writing a =
E{k, ^)=F{k,

kn-lj

=sin0

Vkki

k-2

sin 03+

.sin0-i--

Vkki

k,-i

i,^=-k^m this formula, it becomes

^)U+k(i+l+^+

4
^1^2

kn-l

kn-lj

sin

Vkkik2

p=sm02+
Vk;=sm0i-|,22
Vkk^

.
^a/ sin0H

^1^2

==sin0j,

0-i-y/kki

kn-2.

in-

where
kp

./~^ and

=
I

/2p

sin (2 <t>p-<t>p-i)= kp- 1 sin 0^- 1

Taking the example of the preceding

values given in Art. 53,

it is

^
2 Vk

article,

seen that

0= 0.7071070

sin

sin 01

Vk

+4-7= sin

02

= 1 .4 146540
=

2.8293085

Vki
F{k, 0)

= .9226877

and
F{k, 0)

i+^-f- =

0.0311720

Eik,<i>)=

0.7387195

and using the

87

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
Art.

practice

56.

Two

^^ill

now be

Problem

of

the principal problems that

given.

When u and

i.

appear in

k are given, calculate the values of snu, cnu,

dnu.
1.

Computation

In the Table

of snu.

11, p. 96, is

found an imme-

diate answer to the problem.

may

For when m and ;&=sin0 are known, the value

the table and then sn u from the formula 5n a=sin
If,
tt

for example,

47551,

2.

we have

;fe

be foimd in

4>.

= 5 = sin e,

and m=.475Si, it is seen that for 0=30,

and sin <^ = 45399 = 5ntt.
en u and dn u are had from the formulas

<j>2-j,

The computation

of

cnu=

V (i jM)(i+5tt),

dn u= zii^{iksnu){\-\-ksn u).

Problem
1.

If sn

2.

II

pose that a

is

Having given the elliptic function, calculate ike argument.

known, find u. Table II furnishes the solution. Sup>the given value of snu, and suppose that /fe=sin
is also

is

known. Hence, since iM=sin<^=a, we may determine

and <? known, we find the value of u from the table. Denote
by tto. From the relation snu = sn o, we have (Art. 21),

<i>.

tt

With

fl

this value

=o -\-^mK-\-2m'iK'.

Further in the formula (Art. 12).

sn

substitute

may

also

u= sn{u+2K),

m=

and then we have snu<,= sn{2Ku^), so that

1*0,
have the form
M = 2Ktiii-\-^mK+ 2m,' iK'.

2. If

en u and dn u are given, snu and then u

may

be foimd as above.

CHAPTER V
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES AND PROBLEMS
I.

or,

The

writing

From

x=r

cos

6,

the expression

yr

ds'^

sin

d,

the equation becomes

r'^

= a-

= dr'^-\-r'^dd-,

i5 =

see

of the curve is

cos 26.

the differential of arc

is

add

dr

Vi 2 sin^ e

r*

Writing,

The equation

rectification of the lemniscate.

II of Art. 3, r = ccos0, so that 2 sin^

0=sin

is

it

<^,

seen

that

p Vi-^sm^<t> ^ ^2 p/\V7'

/>

be calculated at once from the tables when a and

do

J^g Vi-2sin2
which

may

are given.

dcj>

^2 Jo

quadrant of the lemniscate

(or

<t>)

is

V2J0 Vi-isin^,^ V2
2.

The

rectification of the ellipse.

Let the equation be

From

\V2/

^2

yi

a^

b^

+ = i,a>b

the integral

S^'-iX)'^^'
we

have,

by wntmg k^=

x=at,

a'

Fig.

1 8.

Finally writing ^=sin

(i-kH^)dt

Jo Vii-t'){i-m
</>

(see Art. 3)

5=

-I
I

and that

is

Acl)d<l>=aE(4>).

88

x=a sin

(f>,

we have

MISCELLANTOUS EX.\MPLES AND PROBLEMS

89

the numerical eccentricity of the ellipse. The angle 4> = C0Y =

go COA, where in astronomy the angle COA is known as the eccentiic
anomaly of the point P. Writing <>=x/2, it is seen that the quadrant;

Here k

is

If the

where

of the ellipse is aE,

equation of the

is

the complete integral of the second kind.

ellipse is

taken in the form

x=asm^, y=b cos

it

(f>,

follows at once that

or

d5^=a\i-k^s\n'^4,)d<t>'^,

The major and minor

3.

s=aE{<i>).

axes of an ellipse are 100 and 50 centimeters

Find the length of the arc between the points (o, 25) and
Find also the length of the arc between the points (48, 7) and
'*'"
Determine the length of its quadrant.
X denotes the latitude of a point P on the earth's surface, the

resp>ectively.

(48, 7).
(50, o).
4. If

equation of the

ellipse

through this point as indicated in the

may

figiu-e,

be written in the form

a{ie^) sin X

a cos X

Vi"
It

V I 6* sin* X

-e-sin^ X

foUows at once that

^)H\^

ds^=dx^-\-dy^=

(i-e^sm^X)^'

so that

d\

s=a{ie^)

jo(^ e2sin-X)V^

This integral

may be at

once

evaluated by the third formula

Fig. 19.

in Art. 41.

Compute the
between 79 and

Compare

lengths of arc of the elhpse between 10 and 11 and

80 where a =6378278 meters and e-= 0.0067686.

these distances with the length of an arc that subtends 1

upon

a circle with radius =6378278 meters.

5.

Plot the curves, the elastic curves, which are defined through the

differential

equation

J</>=f=^=,

Va*-y*

for the values

6.

a= i,

The axes

of

2, 4, 9.

two

right cj-linders of radii a

Find the volume

intersect at right angles.

and

common

b resp>ectively (a

> b)

to both.

Let the z-axis be that of the larger cylinder and the y-axis that of
the smaller, so that the equations of the cylinders are

and

x*-\-y-=a-

The

volimie in question

x'^-{-z-=b-

respectively.

is

F=8

Va'x^ Vb^-x^

dx.

<-.^

90

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Writing t=sn-^i-, -j, (see formula

5a, Art. 23),

then x=bsni,

b^x^=

bhnH, a'^x^=aHn% d4f=bcntdntdt.

It follows that

F=8a52
Noting

(see sixth

-snH-\--snH\dL

formula of Art. 41, and

snHdl=-\K-E\ and
^"
it

(SeeByerly,//. Co/., 1902, p. 276.)

7,

(ii)

of Art. 48) that

snHdt=2K-2E+k'^K-2k^E, k^=-

a"

Jo

follows at once that

V^Mia^+b')E-ia^-b^)K].
Compute V when a = 60 and b=i2
find the volume common to both when
the axes
7.

also

the shortest distance between

8 centimeters.

is

The

centimeters respectively;

differential

equation of motion of the simple pendulum

d^s

is

dy

dt'^~~^Js'
or multiplying by -7- and integrating,
at

JA =-2gy+C.
dt/

pendulum bob

from the lowest point of its circular path with

the initial velocity that would be acquired by a particle falling freely
in a vacuum through the distance. yo, so that Vo^=2gyo (Byerly, loc. cit.,
If the

starts

p. 215), it is seen that this is the

value of C, and consequently

= 2g{yo-y)^dt

Further taking the starting-point as the origin (see figure) the equation
path is x^-\ry^2ay=o, so that

of the circular

^ds\

(dy^

aP-

2ayy'^\dt

and consequently
dy
\>oy){2ayy^)

which

is

the time required to reach that point of the path whose ordinate

is y.

Writing ^2=

and

yo

20

sin''

y
4>=,
yo

this integral

becomes at once

"

MISCELLAXEOUS EXAMPLES AND PROBLEMS

Let
f)oint

OC=CA=ahe

reached by

the angle

the length of the pendulum.

be the highest

in the oscillation so that the ordinate of

it

^CO "be

and

a,

be the angle PCO, where

let 6

reached at the expiration of the time

It

Let

91

is yo.

is

Let

the point

/.

seen that

is

= I COSc:,
SO that

\^=\/i(l-COSa)=sin-=)fe;
and

similarly,

=sm
>g
2a
.

It follows also that

sm
sin<.=

\--

sm

'>'o

When 0=a.

0= I,

sin

or

<^

= -, and

consequently, the time of a half-oscilla-

lation

"V-

is

sin

Show by Table

2/

I that

when

= 36,

the time of oscillation

times greater than that given by the approximate formula

pendulum swings through an angle

The time

observed to be
swing?

in

to

pendulum

for

through what arc does

which \J-

Show

it rise

^-^

an arc of 72 is
fall through an

point of the arc of

is 5,

vibrates through an arc of 180;

in the first half second after

it

has passed

20 6'.
i of a second? Ans. 69;
that a pendulum '^ich beats seconds when swinging through
In the

lowest point?
11

second.

^g

its

required, the time

pendulum swinging

seconds;

Ans. 0.095

of 180;

how long does it take it

pomt 20 from the highest

of vibration of a
2

arc of 5, beginning at a

10.

Ans. 3.7o8\/-.

of oscillation.
9.

1.0253

following problems taken from Byerly's Calculus are instructive:

The
8.

t=

is

first

an angle of 6, will lose^ii tJft2 seconds a day if made to swing through

8 and 26 seconds a day if maJe to swing through 10.
(Simpson's Fluxions,

?
I

((A^^^

-t'

464.)

CHAPTER

VI

FIVE-PLACE TABLES

The

following tables of integrals are given in Levy's Theorie

As stated by Professor Levy, he was

by Professor G. Humbert in compiling these tables from
the ten-place tables that are found in the second volume of

des fonctions elliptiques.

assisted

Legendre's Treatise.

Table I gives values of the integrals

K=

^
(

Jq

For example,

d sin^

= 78

if

E=

and

V I sin^

(i^Vi-sin^

d siri^ 0.

Jq

30',

'

then

iiC

= 3.01918 and = 1.05024.

Table II gives values of the integral

F{k, ^)

For example,

if

= 65 and

</)

Vi sin^
= 8i,

6 sin^

then

<^

F{k,<())

1.94377.

Table III gives values of the integral

E{k, </))=)

For example,

if

(/</>Vi

= 40 and

(^

-sin2

= 34,

92

e sin2

<i>.

then E{k,

<t>)

=0.57972.

FIVE-PLACE TABLES
I.

93

-THE COMPLETE ELLIPTIC IXTEGR-\LS OF THE FIRST AND

SECOND KINDS

o
I

1.57080
092

E
1.57080
068
032
1.56972
888

127
187
271

379

781

511

650
495

9
lO

284
539

II

12
13

14
15
i6
17

i8
iQ
20
21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29

30
31

32
33
34

35
36
37
38
39
40
41

42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

668
849
58054

820
I 59125
457
814
I. 60198
608
1.6x045
510
1.62003
523
1.63073
652
1.64260
I

900
65570
6272
7006

7773
1-68575
9411
I 70284
1192
2139

3125
4150
5217
6326
7479
1.78677
9922
1.81216
2560
3957
5407-

6915
8481
I. 90108
1800

so
52
53
54

1-93558
5386
7288
9267
2.01327

55
56
57
58
59

3472
5706
8036
10466
3002

SI

296
114

1.55889
640
368
073
1-54755

60

415
052
1.53667
260
r. 52831

6s
66
67
68
69

380
51908
415
I 50901
366
I. 4981
I.

62
63
64

229

42476
41707
40924
126
I

-39314

3S489
37650
36800.

35938
35064
34181
33287
32384
31473

23013
22059
21106
20154
1920s
18259
17318

82

3.36987
9457
24 3.41994
4601
36
7282
48
83
3-50042
12
2884
24
5814
36
8837
48 3-61959
84
3-65186
12
8525
24 3.71984
36
5572
48
9298

2-50455
2729
71
5073
30
7490
72
9982

11838
1 1399
10964
10533
106

86

30 2.62555
5214
30
7962
2 70807
30
3752
6806
30
9975
2.83267
6691
30
2.90256

09683

70

2.30879
4390
8087
2

.41984

0'

30

75

76
77

30

265
8851

443
039
7641
248
6861
480
106

3974
7857
30 3.01918
6173
79
30 3 10640
80
5339
12
7288
9280
24
36 3-21317
48
3400

5738
378
024
4679
4341

81

379
257
126
017
2900

78

12

24
36
48

5530
7711
9945
3-32234
4580

0'

12

6100

74

43966

30554
29628
28695
27757
26815
25868
24918
23966

8s

1.48643
029
1-47397

16383
15455
14535
13624
12725

73

.46746
077
-45391
44687

2.15652
8421
2.21319
4355
7538

61

237

3-83174
12
7211
24 3-91423

36
5827
48 4.00437

5276
12 4.10366

24
5736
36 4.21416
48
7444
87
4-33865
12
40733
8115
24
56190
36
48
64765
88
74272
12
24

8478s
96542
36 5-09876
48
25274
89
6
12
18
24

on

30
36
42
48
54

3882
754
628
503

90

E
1.02784
670
558
447
338
231
126
023
1921
821
I. 01 724

628
534
443
354
266
181

099
018
0940
86s
792
721
653
588

526
466
410
356
306
258
215
174
137
104

43491
54020
65792
79140
94550
6.12778
35038
63854
7.04398
73711

07S
062
050
049
030
021
014
008
004

00

000

on

II. EL LIPTIC INTE(3RALS

OF TH E FIRS,T KIN D
e

^
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

~I~ 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745
2
03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03491
3
05236 05236 05236 05236 05236 05236 05237 05237 05237 05237
4
06981 06981 06981 06982 06982 06982 06983 06983 06984 06984
5
08727 08727 08727 08727 08728 08729 08729 08730 08731 08732
6

10472
12217
13963
15708
17453

10472
12218
13963
15708
1 7454

10473
12218
13964
15710
17456

10473
12219
13966
15712
17459

10474
12221
13968
15715
17464

10475
12223
13971
15719
17469

10477
12225
13974
15724
17475

10478
12227
13978
15729
17482

10480
12230
13981
15735
17490

10482
12233
13985
15740
17498

19199
20944
22689
24435
26180

19200
20945
22691
24436
26182

19202
20949
22695
24442
26189

19206
20954
22702
24451
26200

19212
20962
22712
24463
26215

19220
20971
22724
24478
26233

19228
20982
22738
24495
26254

19237
20994
22753
24514
26278

19247
21007
22770
24535
26303

19258
21021
22787
24556
26330

27925
29671
31416
33161
34907

27928
29674
31420
33166
34912

27936
29684
31431
33179
34927

27949
29699
31450
33201
34953

27967
29721
31475
33231
34988

27989
29748
31507
33268
35031

28015
29779
31544
33312
35082

28044
29813
31585
33360
35138

28075
29850
31629
33412
35199

28107
29889
31675
33466
35262

36652
38397
40143
41888
43633

36658
38404
40151
41897
43643

36676
38425
40174
41924
43674

36706
38459
40213
41968
43723

36746
38505
40266
42027
43791

36796
38563
40331
42102
43875

36855
38630
40408
42189
43973

36920
38705
40494
42287
44084

36990
38786
40587
42392
44203

37063
38871
40683
42503
44328

45379
47124
48869
S0615
52360

45390
47137
48883
50630
52377

45424
47174
48925
50677
52428

45479
47236
48994
50753
52513

45555
47321
49089
50858
52628

45650
47427
49207
50988
52773

45761
47551
49345
51142
52943

4588s
47690
49500
51315
53134

46020
47841
49669
51503
53343

46161
48000
49846
51700
53562

32
33
34
35

S4105
55851
57596
59341
61087

54124
55871
57619
59366
61113

54181
55933
57686
59439
61193

54273
56035
57797
59561
61325

54401
56175
57950
59727
61506

54560
56349
58141
59936
61734

54747
56555
58367
60183
62003

S4959
56788
58623
60463
62308

55189
57042
58902
60769
62643

55432
57310
59197
61093
62998

36
37
38
39
40

62832
64577
66323
68068
69813

62861
64609
66356
68104
69852

62948
64702
66457
68213
69969

63090
64857
66624
68393
70162

63287
65070
66854
68641
70429

63534
65337
67144
68953
70765

63827
65655
67487
69324
71165

64159
66016
67879
69747
71622

64524
66413
6830Q
70214
72126

64912
66836
68769
70713
72667

9
lO
II
12
13

14
IS

i6
17
i8

19
20
21
22

23
24
25

26
27
28

29

3
31

41
71558 71600 71726 71933 72219 72580 73010 73502 74047 74632
42
74398 74860 75389 75976 76608
73304 73349 73483 73704 7401
43
75049 75097 75240 75477 75805 76219 76714 77282 77914 78594
77600 78043 78573 79182 79860 80592
44
76794 76846 76998 77251
45 0.78540 0.78594 0.78756 0.79025 0.79398 0.79871 0.80437 0.81088 0.81815 0.82602

95

FrV'E-PLACE TABLES

II.ELLIPTIC IXTEGR.\LS

so""

55

60

65

OF THE FIRST KIND

70

~-0
/a

80

85

90

0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.0174s

03491
03491
03491
03491
03491
03491
03491
03491
03491
05238
05238
05238
05238
05238
05238
05238
05238
05237
3
06987
06986
06986
06987
06986
06987
06987
06985
06985
4
08738
08738
08736
08736
08737
08737
08735
08734
08733
5
l"^

10483
12235
13989
15746
17505

10485
12238
13993
15751
17513

10486
12240
13997
15757
17520

10488
12242
14000
15761
17526

10489
12244
14003
15765
17532

10490
12246
14005
15769
17536

10491
12247
14007
15771
17540

10491
12248
14008
15772
17542

10491
12248
14008
15773
17543

14
IS

19268
21034
22804
24578
26356

19278
21047
22821
24599
26382

19288
21059
22836
24618
26406

19296
21071
22851
24636
26428

19304
21080
22863
24652
26448

19310
21088
22873
24664
26463

19314
21094
22880
24674
26475

19317
21098
22885
24680
26482

19318
21099
22886
24681
26484

i6
17
i8
19
20

28139
29927
31721
33520
35326

28171
29965
31766

33574
35388

28200
30001
31809
33624
35447

28227
30034
31848
33670
35501

28251
30062
31881
33710
35548

28270
30085
31909
33742
35586

28284
30102
31929
33766
35615

28293
30112
31942
33781
35632

2829s
30116
31946
33786
35638

21

37137
38956
40782
42614
44455

37210
39040
40878
42724
44580

37279
39119
40969
42829
44699

37342
39192
41053
42925
44808

37396
39255
41126
43008
44904

37441
39307

43077
44982

37474
39346
41230
43128
45040

37494
39369
41257
43159
4507s

37501
39377
41266
43169
45088

46304
48161
50027
51902
53787

46445
48320
50206
52102
54009

46580
48472
50377
52293
54223

46704
48612
50534
5247c
54420

46812
48735
50672
52624
54593

46901
48835
50785
52752
54736

46967
48910
50870
52847
54843

47008
48956
50922
52905
54908

47021
48972
50939
52925
54931

32
33
34
35

55681
57586
59501
61427
63364

55928
57860
59803
61760
63730

56166
58123
60095
62082
640S5

56386
58367
60365
62381
64415

56579
58582
60604
62646
64707

56739
58760
60802
62865
64950

56858
58893
60950
63029
65132

56931
58975
61042
63131
65245

55956
59003
61073
63166
65284

36
37
38
39
40

65313
67273
69246
71232
73231

65715
67713
69727
71756
73801

66104
68141
70195
72267
74358

66468
6854c
70633
72746
74882

66790
68895
71023
73175
75352

67058
69131
71349
73533
75745

6726c
69414
71594
73804
76043

67385
69552
71747
73972
76228

67428
69599
71799
74029
76291

6
7

8
9
lO
II

12
13

22
23

24
25
26
27
28
29

30
31

41

42
43
44
45

41 186

78586
78313
78517
75862
77041
77987
76469
77555
75243
802 58
80617
80841
80917
78600
79224
79786
77269
77940
82562
83200
83284
82045
81432
82954
80752
80035
79308
85690
82926
84898
82149
83665
85329
81362
85598
84333
0.83431 0.84281J0. 85122 085925 0.86653 0.87270 0.87741 0.88037 0.88137

96

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
II. ELLIPTIC

INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST KIND

e

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

46 0.80285 0.80343 0.80515 0.80801 0.81198 0.81 701 0.82305 0.83001 0.83779 0.84623
82030 82092 82275 82578 82999 83535 84178 84920 85752 86656
47
83776 83841 84035 84356 84803 85371 86055 86846 87734 88701
48
85521
85590 85795 86135 86609 87211 87937 88779 89725 90759
49
87266 87339 87556 87915 88416 89054 89825 90719 91725 92829
5
SI

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

60

89012
90757
92502
94248
95993

89088
90838
92587
94337
96086

89317
91078
92841
94603
96366

89697
91479
93262
95047
96832

90226 90901 91716 92665 93735 94912

92037 92750 93613 94618 95755 97007
93850 94603 95514 96578 97784 0.99115
95666 96458 97420 0.98545 0.99822 1.01237
97483 0.98317 0.99331 1. 005 19 1.01871 03371

97738 97836 98130 0.98618 0.99302

0.99484 0.99586 0.99894 1 .00406 1. 01 1 23
I. 01 229 1. 01336 1.01658
02194 02946
02974 03086 03423 03984 04770
04720 04837 05188 05774 06597

I. 001

1. 01

02044
03912
05783
07657

03167
05092
07021
08955

02499
04487
06481
08482
10490

03928
05996
08073
10159
12256

05519
07680
09854
12042

09534
11414
13296
15182
17070

10894
12837
14784
16735
18691

12504
14525
16552
18586
20626

14361
16476
1 8601
20735
22877

16457
18685
20926
23180
25447

79

247

14243

06954
08720
10486

13446

06587
08338
10088
1 1 839
13590

12253
14020

11151
12945
14740

08425
10255
12087
13920
15755

15192
16937
18682
20428
22173

15340
17091
18842
20593
22345

15787
17555
19324
21092
22861

16536
18333
20130
21928
23727

17592
19430
21269
23110
24953

18961
20854
22750
24648
26548

20651
22615
24583
26555
28530

22672
24724
26782
28846
30915

25029
27190
29359
31537
53723

27727
30020
32325
34642
36972

73
74
75

23918
25664
27409
29154
30900

24096
25847
27599
29350
31102

24630
26400
28169
29939
31710

25527
27328
29129
30930
32733

26796
28641
30488
32335
34184

28451
30356
32263
34172
36083

30509
32491
34477
36466
38457

32990
35070
37155
39244
41339

35917
38118
40328
42544
44767

39313
41666
44030
46404
48788

76
77
78
79
80

32645
34390
36136
37881
39626

32853
34605
36356
38108
39860

33480
35251
37022
38793
40565

34535
36339
38143
39947
41752

36034
37884
39736
41588
43442

37996
3991
41827
43744
45663

40452
42449
44449
46451
48455

43437
45540
47647
49757
51870

46997
49232
51474
53721
55973

51183
53586
55999
58419
60848

81

41372

82
83
84
85

43"7

41612
43364
4511S
46867
48619

42336
44108
45879
47651
49423

43557
45362
47f68
48974
50781

45296
47150
49005

47583
49504
51426
53350
55273

50462
52470
54479
56490
58503

53987
56106
58228
60352
62478

58230
60491
62756
65024
67295

63283
65725
68172
70625
73082

57198
59123
61048
62974

60516
62530
64545
66560

64605
66734
68864
70994

69569
71844
74121
76399

75542
78006
80472
82939

61
62
63

06465
08210
09956

64
65

1 1

66
67
68
69
70
71

72

86
87
88
89
90

701

44862
46608
48353

07566
09358

50861
52717

51195 52587 54574

503 7
52123 52968 54394 56431
53875 54740 56200 58288
55627 56512 58007 60145
1.57080 1-57379 1.58284 1.59814 1.62003
50098
51844
53589
55334

.64900 1,68575 t.73i25 [.78677 [.85407

11

FIVE-PLACE TABLES

97

n.ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST KIND

e

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

46 0-85515 0.86431 0.87342 0.88213 0.89005 0.89678 0.90193 0.90517 0.90628

9139c
88601
87614
92224
92687
90529
93042
89585
93163
47
93811
94610
95226
92875
95614
89729
90791
91853
48
95747
91860
93001
96267
95252
94146
97139 0.97810 0.98235 0.98381
49
94cx)8
95232
96465 0.97660 0.98762 0.99711 1.00444 1.00909 1.01068
50
51

52
53

oI

54
55

I. 00102

02578
05089
07637
10223

1.01297 1.02329
03872
04995
06491
07711
10481
09155
11865
13307

03129
05868
08665
11521
14442

15171

03812
06616
09483
12418
15423

03638
06425
09274
12188

1803
14108
16432

09082
11472
13886
16325
18788

10971
13494
16050
18638
2 1 254

12848
15513
18220
20970
23764

14624
17433
20295
23212
26186

16190
19136
22145
25223
28371

17430
20488
23623
26837
30135

18229
21364
24582
27890
31292

18505
21667
24916
28257
31696

64
65

18773
21134
23513
25910
28326

21277
23792
26332
28898
3 149

23916
26606
29332
32094
34893

26604
29490
32425
35409
38443

29219
32314
35473
38699
41994

31594
34897
38281
41753
45316

33524
37008
40594
44288
48098

34795
38407
42135
45989
49977

35240
38899
42679
46591
50645

66
67
68
69
70

30760
33212
35683
38171
40677

34109
36753
39423
42119
44840

37728
40600
43510
46457
49441

41529
44668
47860
51107
54410

45360
48800
52317
55913

52031
56096
60303
64661
69181

541 1

59591

48976
52738
56606
60586
64684

58404
62868
67518
72372

54855
59232
63794
68557
73542

71

73
74
75

43200
45739
48296
50867
53455

47587
50359
53155
55974
58817

52463
55522
58618
61750
64918

57768
61182
64653
68180
71763

63352
67198
71132
75155
79269

68905
73877
77450
78771
73256
82774
78759
84273
83844
88370
77743
90079
82371
89146 1.94267 1.96226
87145 1.94682 2.00499 2. 02 759

76
77
78
79
80

56056
58672
61302
63943
66597

61682
64569
67476
70403
73347

68120
71356
74625
77924
81253

92073 2.00470
83473
87768 1-97157
06529
82840
12878
92154 2.02403
1
86637 .96630
07813
19538
90484 2.01193
13390
26527

81

82
83
84
85

69261
71935
74618
77309
80006

84609
76309
94377
79286
87991 1-98313
82278
2.02290
9139s
85281
94821
06303
88296 1.98264
10348

86
87
88
89
90

82710
91320 2.01723
14421
85418
18515
05194
943 5
88129 r. 97388
22627
08674
12161
90843 2.00429
26750
93558 2.03472 2.15652 2.30879

S6
57
58
59
60

07248
09517

61
62
63

72

96171
97484 0.9881
98352 o. 99759 1.01185
00550 1.02055
03587
06018
02765
04374
06716
08479
04998

75401
79094

05840
10568
15371
20244
25178

19131
25035
31097
37309
43658

07106
14136
21644
29694
38365

09732
17212
25280
34040
43625

33866
47748
54209
41569
66031
57954
49648
69109
79422
81362 2.94870
58105
66935 2.94869 3-13130

30166
76116 3.09782
50129
35467
85612
26198 3 64253
35198
56703
40265
44116 +04813
63357 2.95366
70068 3.05304
63279 -74135
45354
CO
2.76806
50455
3.15339 3 83174

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

98
III. ELLIPTIC

INTEGRALS OF THE SECOND KIND

e

v
d>

0
l'

4
S

6
7

8
9
lO
II

12
13

14
15

i6
17
i8

19
20
21

22
23

24
25

26
27
28
29
3
31

32
33

34
35

36
37
38
39

40
41
42

43
44
45

10

20

15

25

30

35

40

45

0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745
03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03491 03490 03490 03490 03490

05236
06981
08727

05236
06981
08727

05236
06981
08726

05236
06981
08726

05236
06981
08725

05236
06980
08725

05235
06980
08744

05235
06979
08723

05235
06979
08722

05235
06978
08721

10472
12217
13963
15708
17453

10472
12217
13962
15707
17453

10471
12216
13961
15706
1 745

1047
12215
13960
15704
17447

10470
12214
13957
15700
17443

10469
12212
13955
15696
17438

10467
12210
13951
15692
743

10466
12207
13948
15687
17427

10464
12205
13944
15681
17417

10462
12202
13940
15676
17409

19199
20944
22689
24435
26180

19198
20943
22688
24433
26178

19195
20939
22683
24427
26171

19191
20934
22676
24419
26160

19185
20926
22667
24406
26145

19178
20917
22655
24392
26127

19169
20906
22641
24374
26106

19160
20894
22626
24355
26083

19150
20881
22609
24335
26058

19140
20868
22593
24314
26032

2792s
29671
31416
33161
34907

27923
29667
31412
33157
34901

27914
29658
31401
33143
34886

27901
29642
31382
33121

34860

27883
29620
31357
33092
34825

27861
29594
31325
33055
34783

27836
29563
31289
33012
34733

27807
29529
31248
32965
34678

27777
29493
31205
32914
34619

27746
29455
31161
32862
34558

36652
38397
40143
41888
43633

36646
38390
40135
41879
43653

36628
38370
401 1
41852
43593

36598
38336
40073
41809
43544

36558
38290
40020
41749
43477

36509
38233
39955
41676
43394

36451
38167
39880
4ii90
43298

36387
38094
39796
41496
43 191

36319
38015
39707
41394
43076

36249
37934
39614
41289
42958

45379
47124
48869
50615
52360

45367
47111
48855
50599
52343

45333
47074
48813
50553
52292

45278
47012
48745
50477
52208

45203
46928
48651
50373
52094

45110
46824
48536
5024s
51953

45002
46703
48402
50097
51788

44882
46569
48252
49931
51605

44753
46425
48092
49753
51409

44620
46276
47926
49569
51205

54105
55851
57596
59341
61087

54086
55830
57573
59317
61060

54030
55768
57506
59243
60980

53938
55667
57396
59123
60850

53813
55530
57245
58959
60672

53657
55360
57059
58756
60451

53476
55161
56842
58520
60194

53275
54940
56600
58256
59907

53059
54703
56341
57972
59598

52834
54456
56070
57677
59276

62832
64577
66323
68068
69813

62803
64546
66289
68031
69774

62716
64452
66188
67923
69658

62575
64300
66023
67746
69467

62382
64091
65798
67503
69207

62143
63832
65519
67203
68884

61864
63530
65193
66851
68506

61552
63193
64828
66459
68084

61217
62830
64436
66035
67628

60868
62451
64027
65594
67153

70157 69703 69214 68703

71558 71517 71392 71188 70909 70562
73304 73259 73126 72907 72609 72238 71804 71318 70793 7024s
74859 74626 74307 73010 73446 72927 72365 71778
75049 75001
76003
73303
75580 75085 74530 73931
76343
76794 76744 76592
0.78540 0.78486 0.78324 0.78059 0.77697 0.77247 0.76720 0.76128 0.75489 0.74819
.

FIVE-PLACE TABLES

99

mELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE SECOND KIND

e

*
50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

1 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01745

03490
05235
06978
08720

03490
05234
06978
08719

03490
05234
06977
08718

03490
05234
06977
08718

03490
05234
06976
08717

03490
05234
06976
08716

03490
05234
06976
08716

03490
05234
06976
08716

03490
05234
06976
08716

I046I
I2I99
13936
15670
1 7401

10459
12197
13932
15665
17394

10458
12195
13929
15660
17387

10456
12192
13925
15655
17381

10455
12190
13923
15651
17375

104S4
12189
13920
15648
17371

10453
12188
13919
15645
17367

10453
12187
13918
15644
17365

10453
12187
13917
15643
17365

I9I30
20855
22576
24293
26006

19120
20842
22559
24272
25981

19110
20830
22544
24253
25957

19102
20819
22530
24236
25936

19095
20809
22518
24221
25917

19089
20801
22508
24209
25902

19084
20796
22501
24200
25891

19082
20792
22497
24194
25884

19081
20791
22495
24192
25882

27714
29418
3III6
32809
34496

27684
29381
31073

32758
34437

27655
29347
31032
32710
34381

27629
29315
30995
32666
34330

27606
29288
30963
32629
34286

27588
29267
30937
32598
34250

27575
29250
30917
32575
34224

27567
29241
30906
32561
34207

27564
29237
30902
32557
34202

36178
37853
39521
4II83
42838

36109
37773
39431
41080
42722

36044
37699
39345
40983
42612

3598s
37631
39268
40895
42513

35934
37572
39201
40819
42426

35892
37525
39146
40757
42356

35862
37490
39106
40711
42304

35843
37468
39081
40683
42273

35837
37461
39073
40674
42262

44486
46126
47759
49383
51000

44355
45980
47595
49202
50799

44232
45842
47441
49031
50609

44120
45716
47301
48875
50437

44023
45607
47180
48740
50287

43944
45518
47081
48629
50165

43885
45453
47007
48548
50074

43849
45413
46962
48498
S0019

43837
45399
46947
48481
50000

34
35

52608
54207
55798
57379
58952

52386
53964
55531
57087
58634

52177
53733
55278
5681
58332

51986
53524
55048
56559
58057

51821
S334I
54848
56340
57818

S1686
53193
54684
56161
57622

51586
53082
54563
56028
57477

51525
53015
54489
55947
57388

51504
52992
54464
55919
57358

36
37
38
39
40

60515
62068
63612
65146
66671

60169
61693
63206
64707
66197

59841
61337
62820
64290
65746

59541
6x011
62467
63908
65334

59280
60727
62159
63574
64974

59067
60495
61907
63302
64679

58909
60323
61720
63099
64459

58811
60217
61605
62974
64324

58779
60182
61566
62932
64279

2
3

4
S

6
7

8
9
lO
II

12
13

14
15
i6
17
i8
19

30
21

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

30
31
32
33

41
42
43

44
45

68185
66038
65801
67189
66356
67675
66745
69688
68619
68140
67722
69140
67124
67379
71182
68701
68426
69520
69070
70034
70594
72665
70884
70401
72036
70005
69710
71435
0.74137 0.73465 0.72822 0.72232 0.71715 0.71289 0.70972 3

65606
65655
66966
66913
68200
68257
69466
69527
70777 0.70711

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

100
III

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE SECOND KIND

7

<t>

5"

10

15

20

25

30

35"

40

45"

46 0.80285 0.80228 0.80056 0.79775 0.79390 0.78911 0.78350 0.77721 0.77040 0.76326
82030 81969 S1787 81489 81081 80573 79977 79308 78584 77824
83776 83711 83518 83202 82770 82231 81599 80890 801 2
79313
85521 85453 85249 84914 84457 83887 83217 82466 81651 80794
87266 87194 86979 86626 86142 85539 84832 84036 83173 8226s

47
48
49
50
SI

52
53
54
55

56
57
58
59
60
61

62
63
64
65

66
67
68
69
70
71

72
73

74
75
76
77
78
79

80
81
82
83
84
8S

86
87
88
89
90

88709
90438
92166
9389s
95622

88336
90045
91753
93450
95166

87826
89507
91187
92865
94541

87189
88836
90481
92122
93761

86442
88048
89650
91248
92843

85601
87161
88715
90264
91807

84689
86197
87698
89193
90680

83728
85182
86627
88063
89490

97738 97641 97350 96872 96216 95397 94433 93345

0.99484 0.99381 0.99077 0.98576 97889 97030 96019 94878
1.01229 1.01122 1 .00803 1.00279 0.99560 0.98661
97602 96405
02974 02863 02529 01981 1. 01 229 1.00289 0.99180 97928
04720 04603 04255 03683 02897 01915 1.00756 0.99445

92160
93634
95100
96560
98013

90908
92318
93719
95111
96495

89012
90757
92502
94248
95993

88936
90677
92418
94159
95900

05980
07705
09430
11154
12878

05383
07083
08781
10479
12176

04563
06228
07891
09553
11213

03538
05158
06776
08392

13446

06343
08084
09824
11564
13304

10005

02327 1.00957 0.99460 97871

03895 02465 1 .00900 0.99238
05459 03967 02334 1 .00598
07020 05465 03762 01949
08577 06958 05183 03293

15192
16937
18682
20428
22173

15043
16783
18523
20262
22002

14601
16324
18047
19769
21491

13873
15568
17263
18957
20650

12871
14529
16185
17839
19493

11616
13225
14832
16437
18040

10132
11683
13231
14776
16318

08447
09932
11412
12888
14360

06599
08009
09413
10812
12205

04629
05957
07279
08593
09901

23918
25664
27409
29154
30900

23741
25481
27220
28959

22343
24034
25726
27417
29107

21145
22796
24446
26094
27742

19640
21239
22837
24432
26026

17857
19394
20928
22459
23989

15828
17293
18754
202 1
21666

13594
14977
16356
17731
19101

11

30698

23213
24935
26656
28377
30097

12497
13786
15068
16346

32437
34176
35915
37654
39393

31818
33538
35258
36978
38698

30796
32486
34174
35862
37550

29389
31035
32680
34325
35968

27619
29210
30800
32389
33976

25516
27041
28565
30086
31606

23117
24566
26012
27456
28897

20467
21830
23189
24544
25897

17618
1888s
20148
21407
22661

41132
42871
44610
46349
48087

40417
42137
43856
45575
47294

39238
40925
42612
44299
45985

37611
39254
40896
42537
44178

35563
37148
38733
40317
41900

33124
34641
36157
37672
39186

30336
31773
33209
34643
36076

27246
28594
29939
31282
32623

23912
25159
26404
27646
28886

06465
08210
09956
11 701

32645
34390
36136
37881
39626

41372

43"7
44862
46608
48353

50098 49826 49013 47671 45819

51844 51565 50732 49357 47459
53589 53304 52451 51043 49100
55334 55042 54170 52729 50740
T. 5 7080 1.56781 1.55889 1.54415 1.52380

202

43483 40699 37508 33963 30124

45066 42211 38939 35302 31360
46648 43723 40369 36640 32596
48230 45235 41799 37977 33830
1.46746 1.43229 1.39314 1.35064
1. 498 1

FIVE-PLACE TABLES

mELLIPTIC IXTEGIL\LS OF THE SECOND KIND

d

So

60

55

65

70

75

80

85

90

46 0.7SS99 0.74881 0.74195 0.73564 0.73010 0.72554 0.72215 0.72005 0.71934

7380c
76285
74287
77050
74879
73211
7S5S3
73436
7313s
76896
76177
77676
75025
78490
75546
74636
74396
74314
78225
76786
76230
79920
75815
79054
77459
75558
75471
78007
81338
80419
78724
79538
77414
76971
76697
76604

47
48
49
50

52
S3
S4
55

82746
84143
85529
86904
88269

81772
83111
84438
85752
87052

80836
8212c
8338S
84641
85879

79971
81202
82415
83610
84788

79208
80391
81554
82698
83822

78578
79720
80842
81941
8302c

78106
79218
80307
81374
82417

77814
78907
79976
81021
82042

77715
78801
79864
80902
81915

S6
S7
S8
S9
60

89622
90965
92297
93619
94930

88340
89614
90876
92125
93362

87101
88308
89500
90677

91839

85949
87092
88217
89325
90415

84926
8601
87075
88119
89144

84076
85110
86122
87112
88080

83436
84432
85404
86352
87276

83039
84010
84957
85878
86773

82904
83867
84805
85717
86603

96231
94586
62
97521
9S797
0.98802
96996
63
1.00072
98183
64
01333 0.993S8
65

92986
941 1
9S236
96339
97427

91488
92543
93581
94602
95606

90148
91132
92096
93041
93965

89025
89948
90848
91725
92580

88175
89049
89898
90273
91523

87643
88486
89303
90094
90858

87462
88295
89101
89879
90631

66
67
68
69
70

02585 1.00522
98502
96593
03827
01674 0.99562
97564
05060
02815 1.00609
98518
06284
01643 0.99456
03945
02664 I 00379
07500 05064

94870
95756
96622
97469
98298

93412
94222
95010
95775
96519

92297
93047
93771
94470
95144

91595
92305
92987
93642
94270

9135s
92050
92718
93358
93969

71

72
73
74
75

08707
09907
1 1098
12283
13460

06173
07272
08362
09442
10513

03672
04668
05651
06624
07586

01286
99108
97240
02178 0.99900
97940
1.00674
03056
98619
01431
03919
99278
02172
0.99916
04769

95793
96417
97016
97590
98141

94870
95442
95987
96503
96992

94552
95106
95630
96126
96593

76
77
78
79
80

1463
1579s
16954
18107
1925s

"577
12632
13680
14721
I57SS

08537
09478
10410
11333
12249

05607
06432
07245
08047
0S839

02896
03605
04300
04981
05648

98667
00534
01133
99170
01714 0.99650
1.00107
02277
02823
00543

97453
97887
98293
98671
99023

97030
97437
9781S
98163
98481

81

20399
21538
22673
23805
24934

16784
17807
18825
19839
20850

131S6
14057
149s 2

09621
10395

1 5841
16726

11920
12673

06304
06948
07582
08207
08825

99348
99646
01731 0.99920
02091 1.00168
02436
00394

98769
99027
9925s
994S2
99619

26061
21857
22862
27186
28310
23865
24867
29432
1-30554 1.25868

17606
18484
I93S9
20233
21106

SI

61

82
83
84
8S

86
87
88
89
90

I.

in6i

13421
09435
10041
14165
10642
14906
11241
15645
I. I 6383 1.11838

03354
03870
04372
04863
05343

02768
00598
99256
03089
00784
99863
03401
00954 99939
01113
03708
3.99985
.07641I 1.04011 1.01266 1.00000
05813
06277
06735
07188

00958
013S4

INDEX

Abel, Niels, 6,

7, 24,

Addition-Theorem,

F(*, h), see Integral F{k, h)

29, 31

Fi, the

complete integral, 16, 17, 81

Tables for

d'Alembert, Jean, 6

1,

C,

93

Amplitude, 24

Fagnano, G.

Andoyer, H., 6

Fricke, Elliptische Funktionen, 8

Appell and

Lacour, Fanciions Ellip-

tiqiies, 7, 14,

Functions,

elliptic, 2

Gauss, C. F., 78

Graphs of the
Bernoulli, Jacob, 6, 7

W.

2-39

21

Arithmetico-Geometrical Mean, 78

Bumside,

6, 7

S.,

integrals of the first

and

second kinds, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

54

Graphs of the functions

Byerly, Integral Calculus, 48, 63, 90, 91

sn, en

and dn,

36,37,38
Greenhill, A. G., 6, 52

Calculation of elliptic functions, 33

Calculation of elliptic function, when

Gudermann, M., 24, 28

Gudermannian, The, 28, 29

modulus and argument are given, 87

when k and

Calculation of argument,

Hancock, Harris,

the function are given, 87

6, 10, 15

Hermite, Chas., 6

Cayley, Arthur, 6, 14, 16, 28, 65, 68, 73,

Humbert, G., 92

76
Clifford,

W.

Hj^jerbola, rectification of, 6

K., 41

Co-amplitude, 35

Computation, see Numerical computa-

Infinities, 35, 36, 37,

Integrals, the F{k,

tion

Cosine-amplitude = en, 24

38

<l>)

and E{k,

tp),

their

graphs, 15-20
Integrals, tables for F(k,

<t>)

and E(k, <(>)

94-101

Delta-amplitude =<in, 24
Durege, Elliptische Funktionen, 59

Integral, the TL {n,

k,<t>),

15

Integrals, the general elliptic, 9, 14

E{k,

4,),

Integrals of certain elliptic functions,

see Integral E(k, 0)

58^3

1, the complete integral, 16, 17, 81

Tables for 1, 93
Elastic curves, 6, 89
Enneper, Elliptische Funktionen,
12

Integrals of

first

kind reduced to normal

form, 41-63
8, 10,

Integrals, normal, 10, 15

Integrals, of the

kinds, 9, 60

Euler, Leonhard, 7

103

first,

second and third

INDEX

104
Jacobi, C. G.

J.,

5,

6,

7,

24,

25,

26,

Period-parallelogram
of en

29, 31. 34, 65

Jacobi's imaginary transformation, 25,

ti,

p. 37, of

of

snu,

p.3S,

in u, p. 38.

Period-strip, 31

34

Quadrant

of lemniscate, 88;

of ellipse,

K, K', tables for, 93

K, K', the transcendents, 26
Rectification of ellipse, 88;
cate,

Lacour, E., see Paul Appell

Lagrange, Joseph L.,

7,

Reduction formulas, 59-61

68

Richelot, F.

Landen, John, 68
Landen's transformations, 65-73

S.,

10

Serret, J. A., 7

Latitude, 89

Legendre, Adrien Marie,

of lemnis-

88

5, 6, 7, 9, 10,

Simpson's Fluxions, 91
Sine-amplitude =5M, 24

II, 12, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 61, 68, 71,

81, 82, 84, 92

Tables of complete integrals of

Legendre's transformation, 10-13

Lemniscate,

7,

88

Levy, Fondions

elliptiques, 21,

92

Maclaurin, Colin, 6

Modulus, 12
Molk, Jules, see Jules Tannery

Tables of

elliptic integrals of ist kind,

94-97
Tables of
98-101

elliptic integrals of

Tannery and Molk, Fondions

Numerical computation of integrals

ist and 2d kinds, 69-87

Period-parallelogram, 32

of

Volume common

to

two cylinders, 89

Weierstrass, Karl, 24, 28

7,

Ellip-

14

Wallis's formula, 26, 60

90, 91

Periods, 27, 31, 35-38

Periodic functions, property of,

2d kind,

Tables of useful integrals, 61-63

tiques,

Pendulum, simple,

1st

and 2d kinds, 93

31
Zeroes, 35-38

49

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