This document provides an introduction to plant viruses, including their structure and types. It discusses important plant viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Sugarcane Mosaic Virus, Cotton Leaf Curl Virus, Banana Bunchy Top Virus, and Citrus Tristeza Virus. For each virus, it summarizes the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology, and management strategies. Plant viruses can cause significant crop losses and understanding their characteristics is important for effective control and prevention of viral diseases.
This document provides an introduction to plant viruses, including their structure and types. It discusses important plant viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Sugarcane Mosaic Virus, Cotton Leaf Curl Virus, Banana Bunchy Top Virus, and Citrus Tristeza Virus. For each virus, it summarizes the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology, and management strategies. Plant viruses can cause significant crop losses and understanding their characteristics is important for effective control and prevention of viral diseases.
This document provides an introduction to plant viruses, including their structure and types. It discusses important plant viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Sugarcane Mosaic Virus, Cotton Leaf Curl Virus, Banana Bunchy Top Virus, and Citrus Tristeza Virus. For each virus, it summarizes the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology, and management strategies. Plant viruses can cause significant crop losses and understanding their characteristics is important for effective control and prevention of viral diseases.
This document provides an introduction to plant viruses, including their structure and types. It discusses important plant viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Sugarcane Mosaic Virus, Cotton Leaf Curl Virus, Banana Bunchy Top Virus, and Citrus Tristeza Virus. For each virus, it summarizes the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology, and management strategies. Plant viruses can cause significant crop losses and understanding their characteristics is important for effective control and prevention of viral diseases.
Virus: Virus is set of one or more nucleic acid template molecules normally encased in coats of protein or lip-protein and organize its own replication only within specific host cells Virion: A complete mature viral particle is called virion Prion: Smaller infectious protein particles encoded by a chromosomal gene of the host cells Viroids: Small, low-molecular-weight ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that can infect plant cells, replicate themselves and cause disease. OR Naked, single-stranded circular molecule of infectious RNA called viroid Virusoids: The extra-small circular RNA component of some isometric RNA viruses
Importance of Plant Viruses
Plant viruses are viruses that multiply by using
the material synthesized by the host to manufacture new virus particles and cause infection Beneficial Aspects: Used as color breaking agent in ornamental plants. Ornamental plants become attractive e.g. Tulip mosaic virus Used as a vector in genetic engineering, CuMV Viruses used as a cross protection
Harmful Aspects
Causes harmful diseases in humans, animals,
and plants Cause reduction in the growth of the plants. Reduction in yield and ultimately failure of the crop Affect the quality and quantity of the production Make the plants more vulnerable to other organisms (Insects) e.g. TMV, SCMV, CLCuV, CTV
& Importance: First reported in Nigeria in 1912 In 1959 from Philippines In 1967 in Pakistan near Multan Epidemic form in 1993-95 in Pakistan Most serious disease of cotton Cause losses from 22.38-68.50%
Symptoms Thickening
of veins Color of infected plants become dark green Upward or downward curling of leaves Leaf enation Twisted leaf petioles Stunting of plants
Symptoms
Symptoms
Disease Cycle Not
seed or soil-borne Over winter on alternate hosts (tomato, tobacco, beans, lehli, okra, datura etc Transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) 30 Min. feeding on infected plants 24 hours latent period 30 Min. inoculation feeding period Retention period: through out life of whitefly
Epidemiology temp. 27-28 0C Maximum temp. 38-40 0C Relative humidity: 56-60% Susceptible host on large area Less rainfall or no rainfall Abundance of whitefly population Minimum
Management Tolerant
varieties, NIBGE-2, NIAB-111,
PB-899, CIM-446, MNH-786 Destruction of alternate hosts Uproot & burry first observed infected plants Control insect vector (Imidacloprid, polo) Use of nutrients also help to reduce the disease incidence
BANANA BUNCHY TOP DISEASE
(BBTV), ssDNA VIRUS (Genus Babuvirus, Family Nanoviridae) Most
important disease of banana crop
Occur in all banana producing countries (Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Srilanka, Pakistan, India) Infected plants produce no fruits
Symptoms Dark
green streaks seen on petioles &
veins of new leaves looking against light Leaves arise in clusters Margins of leaves become chlorotic & rolled upward Top of plant become narrow, upright & closer appearing bunchy Plants show stunted growth Inflorescence fails to emerge
Disease cycle Vector:
Black banana aphid (Pentalonia
nigronervosa) Also transmitted through propagative materials (rhizomes, suckers, tissuecultured meristem) Aphid feed 17 hrs to become infective Maxi. Vector concentration at base of stem
Disease cycle
Epidemiology 18-20 0C
temperature 41-84% Relative Humidity
Management
Quarantine measures Use of virus free propagative material Locating new plantation away from old Destroying all volunteer banana plants Uprooting & burning of infected plants Control vector with insecticidal soap water spray or insecticides (Prentox Diazinon AG500) Cultivate resistant varieties (Gross Michel)
world wide Most destructive virus of potato Yield losses more than 50%
Symptoms Appear
mostly on lower leaves
Leaflets roll upwards Margins & tips of leaves become yellow Leaves become leathery & brittle Plants stunted & have upright growth No. of tubers/plant & size is reduced Phloem necrosis occur in tubers
Disease cycle More
than 10 species of aphid act as
vector (Myzus persicae) Infected tubers are primary source of infection Aphid feed for several hrs (48-54 hrs) Alternate hosts are Datura stramonium
Epidemiology 15-20 0C
temperature 40-65% Relative Humidity
Management Obtain
certified seed Plant early in the season Pulled out sick plants as soon as located Detop plants in last week of December Apply systemic insecticides (aldicarb, carbofuran)
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV) ss-RNA Genus: Tobamovirus, Family: Virgaviridae First
virus ever discovered in history
Known to occur in all the tobacco growing countries of the world 55% reduction in yield has been reported Sub stranded produce fetch low price in the market
Symptoms Leaves
show mild veins clearing
Mottle and mosaic pattern Light discoloration along the veins of young leaves Wrinkling, crinkling, twisting margins and narrowing of leaf lets Dwarfing of entire plant
Disease cycle and epidemiology
Survive in herbaceous and woody plants
Tomato, Potato, pepper grown indoor are source of infection Virus present in plant debris, soil, cloths and even manufactured tobacco cigarette and cigar Contact with the wounded plants No insect vector, Mechanical transmission Wide host range of 500 species of flowering plants Temp. 28-32 C, RH 44-56%
Management Use
clean and healthy seed in the nursery
All workers should disinfect their hands Rouging Crop rotation maize and wheat, avoiding tomato and pepper Healthy leaves harvest first than infected one Field sanitation practices
1926-27 Occur in every sugarcane growing country Estimated yield losses vary greatly upon cultivar and environmental conditions
SYMPTOMS
Contrasting shades of green, islands of normal
green or yellowish chlorotic areas on the leaf blade leaf reddening or necrosis Chlorotic areas most evident at base of the leaf Chlorotic areas may also be present on the leaf sheath, but rarely on the stalk Young, rapidly growing plants are more susceptible to infection
Disease cycle and epidemiology
There
are three principal modes of spread
of SCMV: (1) by aphid vectors, (2) by infected seed cane and (3) by mechanical inoculation. Only aphid vectors and infected seed cane are important in the field. Temp. 35-38 C, RH 68-78%
Management
Resistant varieties is the most effective method
of mosaic control Management practices targeting insect vectors Control of mosaic through heat treatment only practical in quarantine situations Some plants recover from mosaic by nutritional application
Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)
or Quick decline, ss-RNA Family: Closteroviridae Genus: Closterovirus
Biggest threats to citrus production in globe
More than 30 virus, virus-like diseases of citrus known in the world, of which CTV is the most destructive. The first tristeza disaster was reported in 1930's in Argentina, where 90% of the citrus was planted on sour orange rootstock
Symptoms
Yellowing of leaves Dieback of the phloem in the sour orange rootstock below the bud union Rootstock being girdled 'Slow decline' where trees decline in a period of years Stunting where the virus does not kill the tree, but the tree does not grow Deep pits are present under depressed areas of the bark
Disease cycle
Vectors of CTV are black or brown citrus aphid
(Toxoptera citricida) Due to the aphid introduction, CTV rate of spread has increased dramatically Additionally, growers have aided in the spread of the virus with the propagation of trees using infected bud-wood. Temperature, 20-27 0C RH, 55-70%
Management
Exclude any introduction of severe strains
Need for mild strain protection in the future Strict control by quarantine must be continued Rootstocks that offer resistance to tristeza decline include the citranges (C-35, Carrizo, Troyer), Citrumelos (Swingle), mandarins
