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Ch01 Introduction To Digital Systems

This document provides an introduction to digital design. It discusses how digital hardware uses logic circuits and integrated circuits to process information. It describes analog and digital signals and how digital systems represent information using binary digits and discrete voltage levels. The document outlines basic logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT. It also discusses common digital components like gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and programmable logic devices.

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182 views39 pages

Ch01 Introduction To Digital Systems

This document provides an introduction to digital design. It discusses how digital hardware uses logic circuits and integrated circuits to process information. It describes analog and digital signals and how digital systems represent information using binary digits and discrete voltage levels. The document outlines basic logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT. It also discusses common digital components like gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and programmable logic devices.

Uploaded by

OryRgb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Design

Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL DESIGN

Dr. PO Kimtho
Department of Computer Sciences
Norton University (NU)

Digital Hardware
Logic circuits are used to build computer hardware (digital

hardware)
Digital hardware consists of Integrated circuit chips,
microprocessors (computing module), etc,
Chip contains a small amount of circuitry (usually
involving fewer than 1000 transistors) and perform a
simple function.
Programmable Logic Devices

Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and
vary continuously. Analog systems can generally
handle higher power than digital systems.

Analog Signals
A waveform that continually varies in a certain manner
is classified as an analog signal.
Examples:
Sine waves
Audio waves
Amplitude modulated (AM) signals
Frequency modulated (FM) signals

Digital Signals
A waveform that represents a sequence of discrete
values (1s and 0s) is called a digital signal.
Bit streams are found in telecommunications,
computers, and other data system applications.

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more


efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.

Binary Digits and Logic Levels


Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states,
which are represented by two different voltage levels
called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent
numbers in the binary system.
VH(max)

In binary, a single number is


called a bit (for binary digit).
A bit can have the value of
either a 0 or a 1, depending
on if the voltage is HIGH or
LOW.

HIGH
(binary 1)
VH(min)
Unacceptable
VL(max)

LOW
(binary 0)
VL(min)

Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels.
A positive-going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW
level to a HIGH level and then back again.
A negative-going pulse is one that goes from a normally HIGH
level to LOW level and then back again.

Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise
time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.

Periodic and Nonperiodic Pulse


Waveforms

Periodic Pulse Waveforms


Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that
repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The
frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1
f
T

1
f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a


periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
T

1
1

f 3.2 GHz

313 ps

Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship
between two or more digital waveforms,

Series and Parallel Data


Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or
parallel transfer.
Parallel data transfer
Serial data transfer

Basic Logic Functions


Produces a high output
only if all inputs are high.
Produces a high input if one
or more inputs are high.

Changes one logic level to


the other logic level.

The NOT Operation


Changes one logic level to the other logic level.

The NOT operation is performed by a circuit called


an inverter.

The AND Operation


Produces a high output only when ALL inputs are
high.

The AND operation is performed by a circuit called


an AND gate.

The OR Operation
Produces a high output when one or more inputs
are high.

The OR operation is performed by a circuit called


an OR gate.

Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of a DIP (Dual-In-line Package) chip:

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for


laboratory experiments with logic.

Integrated Circuit (IC) Packages


DIP and surface mount chips
Pin 1

Dual in-line package

Small outline IC (SOIC)

More IC Packages

The Comparison Function


And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various
logic functions. The comparison function indicates whether a
binary value is greater than, equal to, or less than, another.

The comparison function is performed by a circuit called


a comparator.

The Arithmetic Functions


The arithmetic functions include addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.

Addition is performed by an adder and subtraction by a


subtracter. Multiplication and division are performed
using circuits that are similar to adders and subtracters.

The Encoder Function


Code: A set of bits arranged in a unique pattern that
represents specific information.

Encoder: A circuit that converts information into a coded


form.

The Decoder Function


Decoder: A circuit that converts a binary code into a nonbinary code of some kind.
Example: The decoder below converts a binary coded input
to a form that will light the segments in the 7-segment display
required to display a specific character.

The Data Selection Function


Multiplexer: A circuit that connects one of several data inputs to a
single data output line; also called a mux

Demultiplexer: A circuit that connects one data input line to one of


several data output lines; also called a demux

The Counting Function


Counter: A sequential device; a state machine that has a
unique internal sequence of states. Counters are used to count
events or to generate output sequences represented by
changing levels or pulses.

Programmable Logic
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed
function devices. The logic can be programmed for a specific
purpose. In general, they cost less and use less board space
that fixed function devices.

A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a


programmable AND array and a fixed OR array.

Programmable Logic Hierarchy

Simple Programmable Logic Devices


(SPLD)
Programmable Array Logic (PAL) can be programmed once;
has a programmable array of AND gates and a fixed array of
OR gates.
Generic Array Logic (GAL) is very similar to PAL, but can be
reprogrammed.

PAL

GAL

Complex Programmable Logic Devices


(CPLD)
Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) are
devices that contain multiple SPLDs.

One CPLD can contain


from two to 64 Logic
Array Blocks (LABs);
each LAB being roughly
equal to one SPLD.

Field Programmable Gate Array

Programming Flow Block Diagram

Analog Oscilloscope Block Diagram

Digital Oscilloscope Block Diagram

Digital Oscilloscope Front Panel

Logic Analyzer Block Diagram

Logic Analyzer Display Modes

Key Terms
Analog

Being continuous or having continuous values.

Digital

Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a


set of discrete values.

Binary

Having two values or states; describes a number


system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0
as its digits.

Bit
Pulse

A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.


A sudden change from one level to another,
followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a
sudden change back to the original level.

Key Terms
Clock

A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic


waveform used to synchronize actions.

Gate

A logic circuit that performs a basic logic


operations such as AND or OR.

NOT

A basic logic function that performs inversion.

AND

A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)


output occurs only when all input conditions are
true (HIGH).

OR

A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)


output occurs when when one or more of the input
conditions are true (HIGH).

Key Terms
Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having
logic functions that cannot be altered.
Programmable
logic

A category of digital integrated circuits capable of


being programmed to perform specified functions.

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