SE 3204
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE I
TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Digital versus Analog
2. Digital Representations of Analog Quantities
3. Decimal Numbering System (Base 10)
4. Binary Numbering System (Base 2)
5. Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
6. Octal Numbering System (Base 8)
7. Octal Conversions
8. Hexadecimal Numbering System (Base 16)
9. Hexadecimal Conversions
10. Binary-Coded-Decimal System
11. Comparison of Numbering Systems
12. The ASCII Code
13. Applications of the Numbering Systems
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Determine the weighting factor for each digit position in the decimal, binary,
octal, and hexadecimal numbering systems.
Convert any number in one of the four number systems (decimal, binary, octal,
and hexadecimal) to its equivalent value in any of the remaining three numbering
systems.
Describe the format and use of binary-coded decimal (BCD) numbers.
Determine the ASCII code for any alphanumeric data by using the ASCII code
translation table.
Digital versus Analog
Digital systems operate on discrete digits that represent numbers, letters, or
symbols.
They deal strictly with ON and OFF states, which we can represent by 0s and 1s.
Digital versus Analog
Analog systems measure and respond to continuously varying electrical or
physical magnitudes.
Analog devices are integrated electronically into systems to continuously
monitor and control such quantities as temperature, pressure, velocity, and
position and to provide automated control based on the levels of these
quantities.
Digital vs Analog
Analog to Digital Conversion
Digital to Analog Conversion
Unwanted Noise vs Analog vs Digital
Advantages of Digital over Analog
Advantage
1. Noise immunity
2. Easy to save and retrieve information
3. Cheaper than Analog counterpart
4. Error corrections and detections techniques
5. Uses less bandwidth
6. More flexible than analog
Disadvantage
1. Almost all signals around you is in analog form.
Review Questions
1. Complete the following sentences with the word analog or digital:
a) Wind speed is an example of a(an) _______ quantity?
b) A music CD contains _______ information?
c) A USB connector transmits _______ data?
d) Hourly outdoor air temperatures exhibit _______ variations?
2. An automobile speedometer display is (digital, analog, or could be
either)
3. An analog-to-digital converter outputs an analog voltage. True or
false?
4. A music CD player is an example of a(n) (ADC or DAC) process?
Numbering System
Decimal Numbering System (Base 10)
In the decimal numbering system, each position contains 10 different possible
digits.
These digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Each position in a multi-digit number
will have a weighting factor based on a power of 10.
Number Systems
Binary Numbering System (Base 2)
Digital electronics use the binary numbering system because it uses only the
digits 0 and 1, which can be represented simply in a digital system by two
distinct voltage levels, such as +5 V = 1 and 0 V = 0.
Number Systems
Octal Numbering System (Base 8)
The octal numbering system is a method of grouping binary numbers
in groups of three.
The eight allowable digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
The octal numbering system is used by manufacturers of computers
that utilize 3-bit codes to indicate instructions or operations to be
performed.
By using the octal representation instead of binary, the user can simplify
the task of entering or reading computer instructions and thus save
time.
Number Systems
Hexadecimal Numbering System (Base 16)
The hexadecimal numbering system, like the octal
system, is a method of grouping bits to simplify
entering and reading the instructions or data present in
digital computer systems.
Number Systems
Binary-Coded-Decimal System
The binary-coded-decimal (BCD) system is used to
represent each of the 10 decimal digits as a 4-bit binary
code. This code is useful for outputting to displays that are
always numeric (0 to 9), such as those found in digital
clocks or digital voltmeters.
To form a BCD number, simply convert each decimal digit
to its 4-bit binary
code.
Summary of
Number Systems
Coding Scheme
The ASCII Code
Most industry has settled on an
input/output (I/O) code called the
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII). The
ASCII code uses 7 bits to represent all
the alphanumeric data used in
computer I/O. Seven bits will yield 128
different code combinations.
Applications of Numbering Systems
1. How many different analog values can be stored to a 64-bit RAM?
2. How many bit can represent 128 different voltage levels?
3. The last memory location of a 9-bit memory is 1FFh and the first memory
location is 0000h. How many different memory locations are there?
4. If the part number 651-M is stored in ASCII in a PC memory list the
binary contents of its memory location starting from 0145h
