Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electronic Instrumentation
by H. S. Kalsi1

Created by
Vishal Changlani
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Electronics Engineering
VES Institute of Technology
College Teacher
None
Cross-Checked by
Reshma

January 5, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Electronic Instrumentation

Author: H. S. Kalsi

Publisher: Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi

Edition: 2

Year: 2006

ISBN: 0070583706

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Qualities of Measurements 5

2 Indicators and Display Devices 13

3 Ammeters 15

4 Voltmeters and Multimeters 18

5 Digital Voltmeters 30

7 Oscilloscope 34

10 Measuring Instruments 36

11 Bridges 39

12 Recorders 48

13 Transducers 50

14 Signal Conditioning 56

15 Filters 61

16 Measurement Setup 72

17 Data acquisition and conversion 73

3
20 Measurement of power 77

21 Control systems 80

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 To calculate 1 Absolute error 2 Percentage of error 3

Relative accuracy 4 percentage of accuracy . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.2 To calculate the precision of the 6th measurement . . 6
Exa 1.3 To calculate apparent and actual value of resistances
along with error due to loading effect of the voltmeter 6
Exa 1.4 To calculate arithmatic mean along with deviation of
each value and algebraic sum of deviations . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.5 To find the average deviation for given data . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.6 To find the standard deviation for the data given . . . 10
Exa 1.7 To calculate the limiting error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.8 To determine the limiting error of the power . . . . . . 11
Exa 2.1 To calculate the deflecting torque and deflection angle 13
Exa 3.1 To calculate the value of shunt resistance . . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.2 To design an Aryton shunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 4.1 To calculate the sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 4.2 Determine the value of multiplier resistance . . . . . . 18
Exa 4.3 To convert a basic D Arsonval movement into a multi-
range dc voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 4.4 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance . . . . . 20
Exa 4.5 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance for multi-
ple range dc voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.6 To determine which voltmeter can give accurate value
of voltage measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 4.7 To determine voltage across Rb with both meters along
with their repective errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 4.8 To calculate voltage reading and percentage error on
different voltage ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.9 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance . . . . . 27

5
Exa 4.10 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance . . . . . 28
Exa 4.11 To find the value of R1 and R2 along with max value of
R2 to compensate a drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.1 To determine the voltage at ouptut of integrator after 1
sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 5.2 To find the time interval of t2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 5.3 To find resolution of a three and half digit display on
1V and 10V ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 5.4 To find the resolution and how output will be displayed
on 1V and 10V ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 7.1 To determine the peak to peak amplitude of the signal 34
Exa 7.2 To determine the frequency of the signal . . . . . . . 35
Exa 10.1 To finf the value of distributed capacitance and value of
inductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 10.2 To determine the value of self capacitance . . . . . . . 37
Exa 11.1 To find the unknown resistance Rx . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 11.2 To calculate the current through galvanometer . . . . 40
Exa 11.3 To calculate the current through galvanometer by ap-
proximation mehtod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 11.4 To find value of Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 11.5 To determine temperature at which bridge is balanced
and amplitude of error signal at 60 degree celsius . . . 42
Exa 11.6 To find the equivalent series circuit of the unknown
impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 11.7 To find the equivalent series circuit of the unknown
impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 11.8 To find the series equivalent inductance and resistance
of the nework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 11.9 To determine the unknown capacitance and dissipation
factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 11.10 To find the equivalent parallel resistance and capaci-
tance of the Wien bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 12.1 To determine the frequency of the signal . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 12.2 To find chart speed to record on 5mm of recording paper 48
Exa 13.1 To find the value of output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 13.2 To find the new value of Vc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 13.3 To calculate the change in resistance . . . . . . . . . . 51

6
Exa 13.4 To find the meter reading at 77 degree fahrenheit and
at 150 degree fahrenheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 13.5 To calculate the output voltage vs core position for var-
ious core movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 13.6 To calculate the amount of electrical energy to be applied 54
Exa 13.7 To calculate the required series resistance along with the
dark current level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 14.1 To design a differentiator and draw its output waveform 56
Exa 14.2 To determine the output voltage of opamp . . . . . . . 57
Exa 14.3 To determine the output voltage at 0 degree celsius and
100 degree celsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 14.4 To determine the change in resistance of each gauge el-
ement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 15.1 To design a low pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 15.2 To calculate the value of resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 15.3 To design a second order low pass filter . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 15.4 To determine the low cuoff frequency of second order
high pass Butterworth filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 15.5 Design a wide band pass filter and to calculate the value
of Q for this filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 15.6 Design a narrow band pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 15.7 Design a wide band reject filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 15.8 Design a 50 Hz active notch filter . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 15.9 To determine the phase angle for the all pass filter . . 68
Exa 15.10 To determine the values of the external components . 69
Exa 15.11 Using FLT U2 design a notch filter . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 16.1 To calculate modulation index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 17.1 To determine the weights assigned to 1st 2nd and 3rd
LSB and change in output voltage due to change in the
bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Exa 17.2 To determine the output voltages for each bit . . . . . 74
Exa 17.3 To calculate the output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 17.4 To determine the output current for various 4 bit com-
binations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 20.1 To calculate the Rf test power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 20.2 To calculate the power radiated by a transmission line 77
Exa 20.3 To determine the standing wave ratio . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 21.1 To find the percentage error in measurement . . . . . 80

7
 Chapter 1

Qualities of Measurements

Scilab code Exa 1.1 To calculate 1 Absolute error 2 Percentage of error 3

Relative accuracy 4 percentage of accuracy

1 // Exa 1 . 1 a
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 Yn =80; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s a r e s i s t o r ( V o l t s )
7 Xn =79; // Measured v o l t a g e ( V o l t s )
8
9 // s o l u t i o n
10 e = Yn - Xn ; // a b s o l u t e e r r o r
11 Pe =( Yn - Xn ) / Yn *100; //% e r r o r
12 A =1 - abs (( Yn - Xn ) / Yn ) ; // r e l a t i v e a c c u r a c y
13 a =100* A ;
14 printf ( A b s o l u t e E r r o r = %d V \n P e r c e n t a g e E r r o r =
%. 2 f p e r c e n t \n R e l a t i v e a c c u r a c y = %. 4 f \n
P e r c e n t a g e o f a c c u r a c y = %0 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n ,e , Pe ,A
,a);
15 disp ( ) ;

8
 Scilab code Exa 1.2 To calculate the precision of the 6th measurement

1 // Exa 1 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // R e f e r i n g t o t a b l e 1.1 S e t o f 10 m e a s u r e m e n t s t h a t
were r e c o r d e d i n the l a b o r a t o r y .
7
8 X = {9 8;1 01; 102 ;97 ;10 1;1 00; 103 ;98 ;10 6;9 9}; // From
table 1.1
9
10 // s o l u t i o n
11 X_n = mean ( X ) ; // A v e r a g e v a l u e
12 Prec =1 - abs (( X (6) - X_n ) / X_n ) ; // p r e c i s i o n o f 6 th
reading
13 printf ( The p r e c i s i o n o f 6 t h measurement = %0 . 3 f \n
, Prec ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 To calculate apparent and actual value of resistances
along with error due to loading effect of the voltmeter

1 // Exa 1 . 3 a
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 Sv =1000; // v o l t m e t e r s e n s i t i v i t y ( ohm/V)
7 Vt =80; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s unknown r e s i s t a n c e (V)
8 It =10; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h unknown r e s i s t a n c e (mA)
9 Scale =150; // V o l t s

9
10
11 // s o l u t i o n
12
13 // N e g l e c t i n g m i l l i a m m e t e r r e s i s t a n c e
14 Rt = Vt / It ; // T o t a l c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e (K ohm )
15 Rv = Sv * Scale /1000; // V o l t m e t e r r e s i s t a n c e (K ohm/V)
16 Rx = Rt * Rv /( Rv - Rt ) ; // a c t u a l v a l u e o f unknown
r e s i s t a n c e (K ohm )
17 err =( Rx - Rt ) / Rx *100;
18 printf ( Apparent v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e = %d K ohm \n
A c t u a l v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e = %. 2 f K ohm \n
P e r c e n t a g e e r r o r = %. 1 f p e r c e n t \n ,Rt , Rx , err ) ;
19 disp ( ) ;
20
21 // Exa 1 . 3 b
22
23 Sv =1000; // v o l t m e t e r s e n s i t i v i t y ( ohm/V)
24 Vt =30; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s unknown r e s i s t a n c e (V)
25 It =600; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h unknown r e s i s t a n c e (mA)
26 Scale =150; // V o l t s
27
28 // s o l u t i o n
29
30 // N e g l e c t i n g m i l l i a m m e t e r r e s i s t a n c e
31 Rt = Vt /( It *10^ -3) ; // T o t a l c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e ( ohm )
32 Rv = Sv * Scale ; // V o l t m e t e r r e s i s t a n c e ( ohm/V)
33 Rx = Rt * Rv /( Rv - Rt ) ; // a c t u a l v a l u e o f unknown
r e s i s t a n c e ( ohm )
34 err =( Rx - Rt ) / Rx *100;
35 printf ( Apparent v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e = %d ohm \n
A c t u a l v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e = %. 3 f ohm \n
P e r c e n t a g e e r r o r = %. 3 f \n ,Rt , Rx , err ) ;
36 disp ( I n Example1 . 3 a , a w e l l c a l i b r a t e d v o l t m e t e r
may g i v e a m i s l e a d i n g r e s i s t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d
a c r o s s two p o i n t s i n a h i g h r e s i s t a n c e c i r c u i t . )
37 disp ( The same v o l t m e t e r , when c o n n e c t e d i n a low
r e s i s t a n c e c i r c u i t ( Examole 1 . 3 b ) may g i v e a more
d e p e n d a b l e r e a d i n g . T h i s shows t h a t v o l t m e t e r s

10
 have a l o a d i n g e f f e c t i n t h e c i r c u i t d u r i n g
measurement . ) ;
38 // I n t h e 1 . 3 b example , t h e a n s w e r m e n t i o n e d i n t h e
t e x t b o o k f o r Rx and p e r c e n t e r r o r i s i s n c o r r e c t .

Scilab code Exa 1.4 To calculate arithmatic mean along with deviation of
each value and algebraic sum of deviations

1 // Exa 1 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 x1 = 49.7;
8 x2 = 50.1;
9 x3 = 50.2;
10 x4 = 49.6;
11 x5 = 49.7;
12
13 // s o l u t i o n
14
15 X_mean = ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) /5; // A r i t h m a t i c mean
16
17 d1 = x1 - X_mean ;
18 d2 = x2 - X_mean ; // d e v i a t i o n from e a c h v a l u e
19 d3 = x3 - X_mean ;
20 d4 = x4 - X_mean ;
21 d5 = x5 - X_mean ;
22
23 d_total = d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 ; // A l g e b r a i c sum o f
deviations
24
25 printf ( The a r i t h m a t i c mean i s %. 2 f \n \n , X_mean ) ;
26 printf ( D e v i a t i o n from x1 i s %. 2 f \n , d1 ) ;

11
27 printf ( D e v i a t i o n from x2 i s %. 2 f \n , d2 ) ;
28 printf ( D e v i a t i o n from x3 i s %. 2 f \n , d3 ) ;
29 printf ( D e v i a t i o n from x4 i s %. 2 f \n , d4 ) ;
30 printf ( D e v i a t i o n from x5 i s %. 2 f \n \n , d5 ) ;
31 printf ( The a l g e b r a i c sum o f d e v i a t i o n i s %d \n ,
d_total ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.5 To find the average deviation for given data

1 // Exa 1 . 5
2 // Data t a k e n from Exa 1 . 4 a s s t a t e d
3
4 clc ;
5 clear all ;
6
7 // Given d a t a
8
9 x1 = 49.7;
10 x2 = 50.1;
11 x3 = 50.2;
12 x4 = 49.6;
13 x5 = 49.7;
14 n = 5; // number o f x v a l u e s
15
16 // s o l u t i o n
17
18 X_mean = ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) /5; // A r i t h m a t i c Mean
19 d1 = x1 - X_mean ;
20 d2 = x2 - X_mean ; // d e v i a t i o n from e a c h v a l u e
21 d3 = x3 - X_mean ;
22 d4 = x4 - X_mean ;
23 d5 = x5 - X_mean ;
24
25 D_av = ( abs ( d1 ) + abs ( d2 ) + abs ( d3 ) + abs ( d4 ) + abs ( d5 ) ) / n ;
// A v e r a g e d e v i a t i o n

12
26 printf ( The a v e r a g e d e v i a t i o n = %. 3 f \n , D_av ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.6 To find the standard deviation for the data given

1 // Exa 1 . 6
2 // Data t a k e n from Eg 1 . 4 a s s t a t e d
3
4 clc ;
5 clear all ;
6
7 // Given d a t a
8
9 x1 = 49.7;
10 x2 = 50.1;
11 x3 = 50.2;
12 x4 = 49.6;
13 x5 = 49.7;
14 n = 5; // number o f x v a l u e s
15
16 // s o l u t i o n
17
18 X_mean = ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) /5; // A r i t h m a t i c Mean
19 d1 = x1 - X_mean ;
20 d2 = x2 - X_mean ; // d e v i a t i o n from e a c h v a l u e
21 d3 = x3 - X_mean ;
22 d4 = x4 - X_mean ;
23 d5 = x5 - X_mean ;
24
25 Std_dev = sqrt (( d1 ^2+ d2 ^2+ d3 ^2+ d4 ^2+ d5 ^2) /( n -1) ) ; //
Standard d e v i a t i o n
26 printf ( The s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n = %. 2 f \n , Std_dev ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.7 To calculate the limiting error

13
 1 // Exa 1 . 7
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Range = 600; // v o l g m e t e r r a n g e ( v o l t s )
9 Accu = 0.02; // A c c u r a c y
10 X = 250; // v o l t a g e t o be m e a s u r e d ( v o l t s )
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 Mag = Accu * Range ; // m a g n i t u d e o f l i m i t i n g e r r o r
15 X_mag = Mag / X * 100; // l i m i t i n g e r r o r a t 250V
inpercentag
16
17 printf ( L i m i t i n g e r r o r when i n s t r u m e n t i s u s e d t o
m e a s u r e a t 250V = %. 1 f p e r c e n t a g e \n , X_mag ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.8 To determine the limiting error of the power

1 // Exa 1 . 8
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 X = 100; // Range o f v o l t m e t e r (V)
9 x = 70; // Measured v a l u e on v o l t m e t e r (V)
10 Y = 150; // Range o f m i l l i a m m e t e r
11 y = 80; // Measurex d v a l u e on m i l l i a m m e t e r
12 Accu = 0.015; // A c c u r a c y o f i n s t r u m e n t s
13

14
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 X_mag = Accu * X ; // Magnitude o f l i m i t i n g e r r o r f o r
voltmeter
17 Y_mag = Accu * Y ; // Magnitude o f l i m i t i n g e r r o r f o r
milliammeter
18 x_mag = X_mag / x ; // l i m i t i n g e r r o r a t 70V
19 y_mag = Y_mag / y ; // l i m i t i n g e r r o r a t 80mA
20
21 disp ( L i m i t i n g e r r o r f o r t h e power c a l c u l a t i o n i s
t h e sum o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l l i m i t i n g e r r o r s
i n v o l v e d );
22 printf ( T h e r e f o r e , l i m i t i n g e r r o r = %. 3 f p e r c e n t a g e
\n ,( x_mag + y_mag ) *100) ;
23 // The a n s w e r v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r

15
 Chapter 2

Indicators and Display Devices

Scilab code Exa 2.1 To calculate the deflecting torque and deflection an-
gle

1 // Exa 2 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 N = 100; // Number o f t u r n s
9 W =20; // Width o f c o i l (mm)
10 D = 30; // Depth o f c o i l (mm)
11 B = 0.1; // Flux d e n s i t y ( wb/m 2 )
12 I = 10; // C u r r e n t i n c o i l (mA)
13 K = 2*10^ -6; // S p r i n g c o n s t a n t (Nm/ d e g r e e )
14
15 // S o l u t i o n
16 A = W *10^ -3* D *10^ -3; // Area o f c o i l (m 2 )
17 Td = B * N * A * I *10^ -3; // D e f l e c t i n g t o r q u e (Nm)
18 disp ( As d e f l e c t i n g t o r q u e = r e s t o r i n g t o r q u e (K
Theta ) ) ;
19 Theta = Td / K ;

16
20 printf ( The d e f e c t i n g t o r q u e = %. 1 f 10 6 Nm \n
, Td *10^6) ;
21 printf ( T h e r e f o r e , t h e d e f l e c t i o n = %d d e g r e e s \n
, Theta ) ;

17
 Chapter 3

Ammeters

Scilab code Exa 3.1 To calculate the value of shunt resistance

1 // Exa 3 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Rm = 100; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm s
9 Im = 1; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c f i o n current in
milliAmpere
10 I = 100; // T o t a l c u r r e n t i n m i l l i Ampere
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 Rsh = ( Im * Rm ) /( I - Im ) ; // Shunt r e s i s t a n c e
15 printf ( The v a l u e o f s h u n t r e s i s t a n c e = %. 2 f Ohm \n
, Rsh ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.2 To design an Aryton shunt

18
 1 // Exa 3 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 // R e f e r f i g . 3 . 4
9 Rm =100; //Ohms
10 Im =50; // / m i c r o Amp
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 // For 01mA r a n g e
15 // I s h Rsh=ImRm;
16 disp ( The f o u r l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s a r e a s f o l l o w s : ) ;
17 printf ( R1+R2+R3+R4 = %. 2 f \n ,50*100/950) ; //
say e q u a i o n ( 3 . 1 )
18
19 // For 010 mA r a n g e
20 printf ( R1+R2+R3 ( 5 0 / 9 9 5 0 ) R4= % . 3 f \n
,100*50/9950) ; // say e q u a t i o n ( 3 . 2 )
21
22 // For 050 mA r a n g e
23 printf ( R1+R2 ( 5 0 / 4 9 9 5 0 ) R3 ( 5 0 / 4 9 9 5 0 ) R4 = %. 3 f \n
,100*50/49950) ; // say e q u a t i o n ( 3 . 3 )
24
25 // For 0 100mA r a n g e
26 printf ( R1 ( 5 0 / 9 9 9 5 0 ) R2 ( 5 0 / 9 9 9 5 0 ) R3 ( 5 0 / 9 9 9 5 0 )
R4 = %. 3 f \n ,50*100/99950) ; // say e q u a t i o n ( 3 . 4 )
27
28 // c o n v e r t i n g i t i n t o m a t r i x form
29 A =[1 1 1 1;1 1 1 -(50/9950) ;1 1 -(50/49950)
-(50/49950) ;1 ( -50/99950) ( -50/99950)
( -50/99950) ];
30
31 B =[ -50*100/950 ; -100*50/9950 ; -100*50/49950 ;
-50*100/99950];

19
32
33 [R , y ]= linsolve (A , B ) ; A * R + B ; // l i n e a r e q u a i o n s o l v i n g
function
34
35 disp ( The v a l u e o f R1 , R2 R4 and R4 a r e g i v e n a s
f o l l o w s ) ;
36 printf ( R1 = %. 5 f Ohms \n R2= %. 5 f Ohms \n R3= %. 5
f Ohms \n R4= %. 5 f Ohms \n ,R (1) ,R (2) ,R (3) ,R (4)
);
37
38 // The v a l u e o f R3 v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r s

20
 Chapter 4

Voltmeters and Multimeters

Scilab code Exa 4.1 To calculate the sensitivity

1 // Exa 4 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Iful = 200; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t in micro
Amperes
9 Sen = 1/( Iful *10^ -3) ; // S e n s i t i v i t y o f V o l t m e t e r (K
Ohms/V)
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 printf ( The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e v o l t m e t e r = %d k
Ohms/V \n , Sen ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Determine the value of multiplier resistance

21
 1 // Exa 4 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Iful = 50; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t in micro
Amperes
9 Rm = 500; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
10 V = 10; // F u l l r a n g e v o l t a g e o f i n s t r u m e n t ( V o l t s )
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 Rs = V /( Iful *10^ -6) - Rm ; // M u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e
15
16 printf ( The v a l u e o f m u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e = %. 1 f k
Ohms\n , Rs /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3 To convert a basic D Arsonval movement into a mul-
tirange dc voltmeter

1 // Exa 4 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r F i g . 4 . 3 on p a g e no . 77
8
9 Rm =50; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f V o l t m e t e r ( ohms )
10 Ifsd =2; // f u l l s c l a e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t (mA)
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13

22
14 // For 10V r a n g e ( V4 p o s i t i o n o f s w i t c h )
15 V1 =10; // V o l t s
16 Rt1 = V1 /( Ifsd *10^ -3) ; // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e i n k Ohms
17 R4 = Rt1 - Rm ;
18 printf ( The v a l u e o f R4 = %d Ohms \n , R4 ) ;
19 // For a 50V r a n g e ( V3 p o s i t i o n o f s w i t c h )
20 V2 =50; // V o l t s
21 Rt2 = V2 /( Ifsd *10^ -3) ;
22 R3 = Rt2 -( R4 + Rm ) ;
23 printf ( The v a l u e o f R3 = %d k Ohms \n , R3 /1000) ;
24
25 // For 100V r a n g e ( V2 p o s i t i o n o f s w i t c h )
26 V3 =100; // V o l t s
27 Rt3 = V3 /( Ifsd *10^ -3) ; // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e i n k Ohms
28 R2 = Rt3 -( R3 + R4 + Rm ) ;
29 printf ( The v a l u e o f R2 = %d k Ohms \n , R2 /1000) ;
30 // For a 250V r a n g e ( V3 p o s i t i o n o f s w i t c h )
31 V4 =250; // V o l t s
32 Rt4 = V4 /( Ifsd *10^ -3) ;
33 R1 = Rt4 -( R2 + R3 + R4 + Rm ) ;
34 printf ( The v a l u e o f R1 = %d k Ohms \n , R1 /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.4 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance

1 // Exa 4 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Iful = 200; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t in micro
Amperes
9 Rm = 100; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e movement i n
Ohms

23
10 Range = 50; // V o l t a g e r a n g e
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 S = 1/( Iful * 10^ -6) ; // S e n s i t i v i t y of voltmeter i s
ohms / v o l t
15 // Rs=S RangeRm ;
16 Rs = S * Range - Rm ; // M u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e
17
18 printf ( The v a l u e o f m u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e = %. 1 f K
Ohms \n , Rs /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.5 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance for mul-
tiple range dc voltmeter

1 // Exa 4 . 5
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5 // R e f e r c i r c u i t d i a g r a m i n Fig . 4.5 p a g e no . 7 9
6
7 // Given d a t a
8
9 Ifsd =50; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t ( m i c r o Amp
)
10 Rm = 1000; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
11 V1 = 5; // Range o f v o l t m e t e r 1 (V)
12 V2 =10; // Range o f v o l t m e t e r 2 (V)
13 V3 =50; // Range o f v o l t m e t e r 3 (V)
14
15 // S o l u t i o n
16
17 S = 1/( Ifsd *10^ -6) ; // S e n s i t i v i t y o f v o l t m e t e r i n
Ohms/V
18 // The v a l u e o f m u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e f o r d i f f e r e n t

24
 ranges
19
20 // For 5V r a n g e
21 Rs1 = S * V1 - Rm ;
22
23 // For 10V r a n g e
24 Rs2 = S * V2 - Rm ;
25 // For 50V r a n g e
26 Rs3 = S * V3 - Rm ;
27
28 printf ( The v a l u e o f m u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e f o r 05V
, 010V and 050V r a n g e a r e \n %d k Ohms , %d k
Ohms , %d k Ohms r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , Rs1 /1000 , Rs2
/1000 , Rs3 /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.6 To determine which voltmeter can give accurate value
of voltage measured

1 // Exa 4 . 6
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5 // R e f e r r i n g F i g . 4.6 Example on l o a d i n g effect
from p a g e no . 8 1
6
7 // Given d a t a
8 R1 =10000; // Ohms
9 R2 =10000; // Ohms
10 V =100; // A p p l i e d V o l t a g e
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 VR2 = R2 /( R1 + R2 ) * V ; // True V o l t a g e a c r o s s R2
resistance
15 printf ( True v o l t a g e a c r o s s R2 = %d V \n , VR2 ) ;

25
16
17 // Case 1 : U s i n g a v o l t m e t e r 1 h a v i n g s e n s i t i v i t y
o f 1 0 0 0 Ohms/V
18
19 S1 =1000; // S e n s i t i v i t y i n Ohms/ v o l t
20 R21 = S1 * VR2 ; //R2 r e s i s t a n c e on i t s 50 V r a n g e ( Ohms )
21 Req1 = R21 * R2 /( R21 + R2 ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e a c r o s s
R2 ( ohms )
22 printf ( C o n n e c t i n g t h e m e t e r 1 a c r o s s R2 c a u s e s an
e q u i v a l e n t p a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e g i v e n by %. 2 f k
Ohms \n , Req1 /1000) ;
23 V21 = Req1 /( Req1 + R2 ) * V ;
24 printf ( Now t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e t o t a l c o m b i n a t i o n
i s g i v e n by %. 2 f V \n , V21 ) ;
25
26 // Case 2 : U s i n g a v o l t m e t e r h a v i n g s e n s i t i v i t y o f
2 0 , 0 0 0 Ohms/V
27
28 S22 =20000; // S e n s i t i v i t y i n Ohms/ v o l t
29 R22 = S22 * VR2 ; // R2 r e s i s t a n c e on i t s 50V r a n g e ( Ohms )
30 Req2 = R22 * R2 /( R22 + R2 ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e a c r o s s
R2 ( ohms )
31 printf ( C o n n e c t i n g t h e m e t e r 2 a c r o s s R2 c a u s e s an
e q u i v a l e n t p a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e g i v e n by %. 2 f k
Ohms \n , Req2 /1000) ;
32 V22 = Req2 /( Req2 + R2 ) * V ;
33 printf ( Now t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e t o t a l c o m b i n a t i o n
i s g i v e n by %. 2 f V \n , V22 ) ;
34
35 disp ( T h i s e x a m p l e shows t h a t a h i g h s e n s i t i v i t y
voltmeter ( i . e voltmeter 2 in t h i s case ) should
be u s e d t o g e t a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g s ) ;
36 // The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o r i u n d o f f e r r o r .

26
 Scilab code Exa 4.7 To determine voltage across Rb with both meters
along with their repective errors

1 // Exa 4 . 7
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5 // R e f e r r i n g c i r c u i t g i v e n i n f i g . 4 . 7 on p a g e no . 8 1
6
7 S1 =1000; // S e n s i t i v i t y o f m e t e r 1 ( Ohms/ v o l t )
8 S2 =20000; // S e n s i t i v i t y o f m e t e r 2 ( Ohms/ v o l t )
9 Rm1 =200; // Meter r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
10 Rm2 =1500; // Meter r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
11 V1 =10; // Range o f v o l t m e t e r 1 ( V o l t s )
12 V2 =10;
13 Ra =25000; // i n Ohms
14 Rb =5000; // i n Ohms
15 V =30; // A p p l i e d V o l t a g e (V)
16
17 // S o l u t i o n
18
19 VRb = Rb /( Ra + Rb ) * V ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s Rb
20 printf ( The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e r e s i s t a n c e Rb ,
w i t h o u t e i t h e r m e t e r c o n n e c t e d = %d V\n , VRb ) ;
21
22 // For m e t e r 1
23 Rt1 = S1 * V1 ; // T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f m e t e r 1
24
25 Req1 = Rb * Rt1 /( Rb + Rt1 ) ; // T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e a c r o s s Rb
26 VRb1 = Req1 /( Req1 + Ra ) * V ; // V o l t a g e r e a d i n g a c r o s s
Rb w i t h m e t e r 1
27 printf ( The v o l t a g e a c r o s s Rb when m e t e r 1 i s u s e d
i s = %. 2 f V \n , VRb1 ) ;
28 Err1 =( VRb - VRb1 ) / VRb *100; // V o l t m e t e r 1 e r r o r
29 printf ( V o l t m e t e r 1 e r r o r i n p e r c e n t a g e = %. 1 f \n
, Err1 ) ;
30
31 // For m e t e r 2

27
32
33 Rt2 = S2 * V2 ; // T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f m e t e r 2
34
35 Req2 = Rb * Rt2 /( Rb + Rt2 ) ; // T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e a c r o s s Rb
36 VRb2 = Req2 /( Req2 + Ra ) * V ; // V o l t a g e r e a d i n g a c r o s s
Rb w i t h m e t e r 2
37 printf ( The v o l t a g e a c r o s s Rb when m e t e r 2 i s u s e d
i s = %. 1 f V \n , VRb2 ) ;
38
39 Err2 =( VRb - VRb2 ) / VRb *100; // V o l t m e t e r 2 e r r o r
40 printf ( V o l t m e t e r 2 e r r o r i n p e r c e n t a g e = %d \n ,
Err2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.8 To calculate voltage reading and percentage error on
different voltage ranges

1 // Exa 4 . 8
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Ra = 45; // i n k Ohms
9 Rb =5; // i n k Ohms
10 V =50; // S u p p l i e d V o l t a g e (V)
11 S =20; // s e n s i t i v i t y i n k Ohms/V
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 VRb = Rb /( Ra + Rb ) * V ;
16 printf ( The v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s Rb w i t h o u t t h e
v o l t m e t e r c o n n e c t e d i s = %d V\n , VRb ) ;
17
18 // On t h e 5V r a n g e

28
19 Range1 = 5; // V o l t s
20
21 Rm1 = S * Range1 ; // k Ohms
22 Req1 = Rm1 * Rb /( Rm1 + Rb ) ; // k Ohms
23 VRb1 = Req1 /( Req1 + Ra ) * V ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s Rb on 5V
range
24 printf ( The v o l t m e t e r r e a d i n g on 5V r a n g e i s = %. 3 f
V\n , VRb1 ) ;
25 Err1 =( VRb - VRb1 ) / VRb * 100;
26 printf ( P e r c e n t a g e e r r o r on 5V r a n g e i n p e r c e n t a g e
= %. 2 f \n , Err1 ) ;
27
28 // On 10V r a n g e
29
30 Range2 = 10; // V o l t s
31
32 Rm2 = S * Range2 ; // k Ohms
33 Req2 = Rm2 * Rb /( Rm2 + Rb ) ; // k Ohms
34 VRb2 = Req2 /( Req2 + Ra ) * V ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s Rb on 10V
range
35 printf ( The v o l t m e t e r r e a d i n g on 10V r a n g e i s = %. 3
f V\n , VRb2 ) ;
36 Err2 =( VRb - VRb2 ) / VRb * 100;
37 printf ( P e r c e n t a g e e r r o r on 10V r a n g e i n p e r c e n t a g e
= %. 3 f \n , Err2 ) ;
38
39 // On 30V r a n g e
40
41 Range3 = 30; // V o l t s
42
43 Rm3 = S * Range3 ; // k Ohms
44 Req3 = Rm3 * Rb /( Rm3 + Rb ) ; // k Ohms
45 VRb3 = Req3 /( Req3 + Ra ) * V ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s Rb on 30V
range
46 printf ( The v o l t m e t e r r e a d i n g on 30V r a n g e i s = %. 3
f V \n , VRb3 ) ;
47 Err3 =( VRb - VRb3 ) / VRb * 100;
48 printf ( P e r c e n t a g e e r r o r on 30V r a n g e i n p e r c e n t a g e

29
 = %. 1 f \n , round ( Err3 ) ) ;
49
50 disp ( I n t h i s example , t h e 30V r a n g e i n t r o d u c e s t h e
l e a s t e r r o r due t o l o a d i n g . However , t h e v o l t a g e
b e i n g m e a s u r e d c a u s e s o n l y a 10% f u l l s c a l e
d e f l e c t i o n , w h e r e a s on t h e 10V r a n g e t h e a p p l i e d
v o l t a g e c a u s e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a one t h i r d o f t h e
f u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n w i t h l e s s t h a n 3% e r r o r . ) ;
51 // The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r

Scilab code Exa 4.9 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance

1 // Exa 4 . 9
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // As p e r v a l u e s g i v e n i n F i g . 4 . 1 9 ( p a g e no . 9 4 )
8
9 ein =10; // I n p u t RMS v o l t a g e (V)
10 Ifsd =1; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t (mA)
11 Rm =200; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f v o l t m e t e r ( Ohms )
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 Range =0.45* ein ; // Range o f V o l t m e t e r
16 Sdc =1/( Ifsd *10^ -3) ; // DC S e n s i t i v i t y o f m e t e r
movement ( k Ohm/V)
17 Rs = Sdc * Range - Rm ; // M u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t a n c e (Ohm)
18 printf ( The v a l u e o f t h e m u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t o r = %. 1 f
k Ohms\n , Rs /1000) ;

30
 Scilab code Exa 4.10 To calculate the value of multiplier resistance

1 // Exa 4 . 1 0
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Vin =10; // I n p u t RMS v o l t a g e (V)
9 Ifsd =1; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t (mA)
10 Rm =250; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f v o l t m e t e r ( ohms )
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 Sdc =1/( Ifsd *10^ -3) ; // DC s e n s i t i v i t y (K ohm/V)
15 Sac =0.9* Sdc ; //AC s e n s i t i v i t y ( k Ohm/V)
16 Rs = Sac * Vin - Rm ; // M u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t o r (Ohm)
17 printf ( The v a l u e o f m u l t i p l i e r r e s i s t o r = %. 2 f k
Ohms \n , Rs /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.11 To find the value of R1 and R2 along with max value
of R2 to compensate a drop

1 // Exa 4 . 1 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 Rm =100; // Meter r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
8 Ifsd =1; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n c u r r e n t (mA)
9 Rh =2000; // H a l f o f f u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n r e s i s t a n c e
( Ohms )
10 V =3; // I n t e r n a l b a t t e r y v o l t a g e (V)

31
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n s 4 . 1 and 4 . 2 g i v e n on p a g e no . 104
14
15 R1 = Rh - Ifsd *10^ -3* Rh / V ; // C u r r e n t l i m i t i n g
r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
16 R2 = Ifsd *10^ -3* Rm * Rh /( V - Ifsd *10^ -3* Rh ) ; // Z e r o
a d j u s t r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
17 V1 = V -0.05* V ; // V o l t a g e a f t e r 5 p e r c e n t d r o p i n
battery voltage
18 R3 = Ifsd *10^ -3* Rh * Rm /( V1 - Ifsd *10^ -3* Rh ) ; // Maximum
v a l u e o f R2 t o c o m p e n s a t e d r o p i n b a t t e r y
19
20 printf ( The v a l u e s o f R1 and R2 a r e %. 1 f Ohms and
%d Ohms r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,R1 , R2 ) ;
21 printf ( The maximum v a l u e o f R2 t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r a
5 p e r c e n t a g e d r o p \n i n b a t t e r y v o l t a g e i s =%. 2 f
Ohms \n , R3 ) ;

32
 Chapter 5

Digital Voltmeters

Scilab code Exa 5.1 To determine the voltage at ouptut of integrator after
1 sec

1 // Exa 5 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 R =100; // i n k Ohms
9 C =1; // i n m i c r o f a r a d s
10 ei =1; // A p p l i e d v o l t a g e t o i n t e g r a t o r (V)
11 t1 =1; // t i m e i n S e c
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n 5 . 1 from p a g e no . 118
16 eo = ei * t1 /( R *10^3* C *10^ -6) ; // Output v o l t a g e from
integrator
17 printf ( The v o l t a g e a t o u t p u t o f i n t e g r a t o r a f t e r 1
s e c i s = %d V o l t s \n , eo ) ;

33
 Scilab code Exa 5.2 To find the time interval of t2

1 // Exa 5 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // With r e f e r e n c e t o d a t a g i v e n i n Exa 5 . 1
8
9 ei =1; // A p p l i e d i n p u t v o l t a g e t o i n t e g r a t o r (V)
10 t1 =1; // s e c
11
12 // Given d a t a
13
14 er =5; // R e f e r e n c e v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a t t i m e t 1 t o
i n t e g r a t o r (V)
15
16 // Solution
17 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n 5 . 3 from p a g e no . 118
18
19 t2 = ei / er * t1 ; // Time i n t e r v a l t 2 ( s e c )
20 printf ( The t i m e i n t e r v a l o f t 2 i s = %. 1 f s e c \n ,
t2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3 To find resolution of a three and half digit display on
1V and 10V ranges

1 // Exa 5 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;

34
 5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // 3 1/2 d i g i t d i s p l a y
8
9 V1 =1; // V o l t s
10 V2 =10; // V o l t s
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13 disp ( Number o f f u l l d i g i t s i s 3 . ) ;
14 n =3; // F u l l d i g i t s
15 Reso =1/10^ n ;
16 printf ( R e s o l u t i o n = %. 3 f . Hence , m e t e r c a n n o t
d i s t i n g u i s h two v a l u e s i f t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e i s
l e s s t h a n %. 3 f \n , Reso , Reso ) ;
17 printf ( For f u l l s c a l e r e a d i n g o f 1V, t h e r e s o l u t i o n
i s %. 3 f V \n , V1 * Reso ) ;
18 printf ( For f u l l s c a l e r e a d i n g o f 10V, t h e
r e s o l u t i o n i s %. 2 f V \n , V2 * Reso ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.4 To find the resolution and how output will be dis-
played on 1V and 10V ranges

1 // Exa 5 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 n =4; // Number o f f u l l d i g i t s
9 V1 =12.98; // R e a d i n g 1 t o be m e a s u r e d (V)
10 V2 =0.6973; // R e a d i n g 2 t o be m e a s u r e d (V)
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13

35
14 Reso =1/10^ n ; // R e s o l u t i o n
15 printf ( R e s o l u t i o n i s %. 4 f \n , Reso ) ;
16 disp ( There a r e 5 d i g i t p l a c e s i n 4 and 1/2 d i g i t s
display , therefore 12.98 would be d i s p l a y e d
as 1 2 . 9 8 0 );
17 disp ( ) ;
18 printf ( R e s o l u t i o n on 1V r a n g e = %. 4 f . Any r e a d i n g
u p t o t h e 4 t h d e c i m a l can be d i s p l a y e d \n ,1* Reso
);
19 disp ( T h e r e f o r e . 1 2 . 9 8 would be d i s p l a y e d a s 1 2 . 9 8 0
and 0 . 6 9 7 3 w i l l be d i s p l a y e d a s 0 . 6 9 7 3 ) ;
20 disp ( ) ;
21 printf ( R e s o l u t i o n on 10V r a n g e = %. 3 f . T h e r e f o r e .
1 2 . 9 8 would be d i s l a y e d a s 1 2 . 9 8 \n ,10* Reso ) ;
22 disp ( T h e r e f o r e on a 10V r a n g e , t h e r e a d i n g o f 0 . 6 9 7 3
would be d i s p l a y e d a s o . 6 9 7 i n s t e a d o f 0 . 6 9 7 3 ) ;

36
 Chapter 7

Oscilloscope

Scilab code Exa 7.1 To determine the peak to peak amplitude of the sig-
nal

1 // Exa 7 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r r i n g t o waveform shown i n f i g 7 . 5 0 on p a g e
211
8
9 V_attn = 0.5; // V e r t i c a l a t t e n u a t o r (V/ d i v )
10 div =3; // No o f v e r t i c a l d i v i s i o n s
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n : Vpp=( v o l t s / d i v ) ( no . Of d i v
/1) ;
15
16 Vp_p = V_attn * div /1 ;
17
18 printf ( The peak t o peak a m p l i t u d e o f t h e s i g n a l =

37
 %. 1 f V o l t s \n , Vp_p ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.2 To determine the frequency of the signal

1 // Exa 7 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g waveform shown i n f i g 7 . 5 0 on p a g e no .
211
8
9 div =4; // No o f h o r i z o n t a l d i v i s i o n s f o r One c y c l e
10 // Given d a t a
11 time_div = 2; // Time p e r d i v c o n t r o l in micro sec /
div
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 // The p e r i o d o f s i g n a l i s g i v e n a s T=( t i m e / d i v ) (
No o f d i v / c y c l e ) ;
16 T = time_div *10^ -6 * div /1 ; // Time p e r i o d i s
c a l c u l a t e d over 1 cycle
17 F = 1/ T ; // F r e q u e n c y i s i n v e r s e o f t i m e p e r i o d
18
19 printf ( The f r e q u e n c y o f s i g n a l = %d kHz \n ,F
/1000) ;

38
 Chapter 10

Measuring Instruments

Scilab code Exa 10.1 To finf the value of distributed capacitance and value
of inductor

1 // Exa 1 0 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 // 1 s t measurement
9 f1 =1; // i n MHZ
10 C1 =500; // i n p f
11 // 2 nd measurement
12 f2 =2; // i n MHz
13 C2 =110; // i n p f
14
15 // S o l u t i o n
16 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n 1 0 . 2 ( p a g e no . 2 7 8 ) t o c a l c u l a t e
d i s t r i b u t e d Capacitance
17
18 Cs =( C1 -4* C2 ) /3; // D i s t r i b u t e d c a p a c i t a n c e i n p f
19 printf ( The v a l u e o f d i s t r i b u t e d c a p a c i t a n c e = %d p f

39
 \n , Cs ) ;
20 // u s i n g e q u a t i o n o f r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y g i v e n a s f 1
=1/(2 %pi s q r t ( L ( C1+Cs ) ) ;
21 // T h e r e f o r e
22 L =1/(4*( %pi ) ^2* f1 ^2*( C1 + Cs ) ) ; // I n d u c t o r v a l u e
23
24 printf ( The v a l u e o f L ( i n d u c t o r ) i s =%. 3 f m i c r o H \
n ,L *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.2 To determine the value of self capacitance

1 // Exa 1 0 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 f1 =2; // i n MHz
9 f2 =6; // i n MHz
10 C1 =500; // i n p f
11 C2 =50; // i n p f
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 disp ( Given t h a t f 2 =3 f 1 ) ;
16 disp ( T h e r e f o r e by u s i n g e q u a t i o n 1 0 . 1 ) ;
17 disp ( 1 / ( 2 %pi s q r t ( L ( C2+Cs ) ) = 3 / ( 2 %pi s q r t ( L (
C1+Cs ) ) ) ;
18 disp ( T h e r e f o r e ) ;
19 disp ( C1+Cs =9(C2+Cs ) ) ;
20 // T h e r e f o r e Cs i s g i v e n a s
21 Cs =( C1 -9* C2 ) /8; // S e l f c a p a c i t a n c e i n p f
22 printf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f t h e s e l f c a p a c i t a n c e i s = %
. 2 f p f \n , Cs ) ;

40
41
 Chapter 11

Bridges

Scilab code Exa 11.1 To find the unknown resistance Rx

1 // Exa 1 1 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 // Wheatstone s b r i d g e circuit
9 R1 =10; // k Ohms
10 R2 =15; // k Ohms
11 R3 =40; // k Ohms
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14 // From t h e e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 . 4 ) o f b a l a n c e d b r i d g e we
have
15
16 Rx = R2 * R3 / R1 ; // Unknown r e s i s t a n c e Rx
17 printf ( The unknown r e s i s t a n c e Rx i s = %d k Ohms \n
, Rx ) ;

42
 Scilab code Exa 11.2 To calculate the current through galvanometer

1 // Exa 1 1 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g f i g . 1 1 . 5 U n b a l a n c e d Wheatstone b r i d g e
8
9 R1 =1; // i n k Ohms
10 R2 = 2.5; // i n k Ohms
11 R3 =3.5; // i n k Ohms
12 R4 =10; // i n k Ohms
13 V = 6; // A p p l i e d V o l t a g e (V)
14 Rg =0.3; // G a l v a n o m e t e r r e s i s t a n c e i n k Ohms
15
16 // S o l u t i o n
17
18 // Eth=EaEb ; \\ Thevenin s e q u i v a l e n t v o l t a g e
19 Eth = V *( R4 /( R2 + R4 ) - R3 /( R1 + R3 ) ) ;
20 Rth =( R1 * R3 /( R1 + R3 ) ) + ( R2 * R4 /( R2 + R4 ) ) ;
21 // R e f e r i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t c o n n e c t e d a l o n g
w i t h t h e g a l v a n o m e t e r a s shown i n f i g . 1 1 . 6
22 Ig = Eth /( Rth + Rg ) ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h g a l v a n o m e t e r
23 printf ( The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h g a l v a n o m e t e r i s = %. 2 f
m i c r o Amp \n , round ( Ig *10^3) ) ;
24 // The a n s w e r v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r

Scilab code Exa 11.3 To calculate the current through galvanometer by

approximation mehtod

43
 1 // Exa 1 1 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 // R e f e r i n g F i g . 1 1 . 9 ( p a g e no . 3 1 1 ) s l i g h t l y
u n b a l a n c e d Wheatstone b r i d g e
9 R = 700; // i n Ohms
10 Dell_R = 35; // i n Ohms
11 E =10; // S u p p l i e d v o l t a g e (V)
12 Rg =125; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f g a l v a n o m e t e r ( Ohms )
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 Eth = E * Dell_R /(4* R ) ; // Thevenin s e q u i v a l e n t
v o l t a g e (V)
17 Rth = R ; // Thevenin s e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
18 Ig = Eth /( Rth + Rg ) ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h g a l v a n o m e t e r (
Amp)
19 printf ( The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h g a l v a n o m e t e r by t h e
a p p r o x i m a t i o n method i s %. 1 f m i c r o Amp \n , Ig
*10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.4 To find value of Rx

1 // Exa 1 1 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g F i g . 1 1 . 1 2 ( p a g e no . 3 1 5 ) K e l v i n s b r i d g e
8

44
 9 Ra_b =1000; // The r a t i o o f Ra t o Rb
10 R1 = 5; // i n Ohms
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 // We have R1 =0.5 R2
15 R2 = R1 /0.5;
16
17 // From t h e e q a t i o n f o r K e l v i n d b r i d g e RxRa=RbR2
18 Rx = R2 *(1/1000) ; // Unknown r e s i s t a n c e
19 printf ( The v a l u e o f Rx = %. 2 f Ohm \n , Rx ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.5 To determine temperature at which bridge is bal-

anced and amplitude of error signal at 60 degree celsius

1 // Exa 1 1 . 5
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g c i r c u i t i n F i g . 1 1 . 1 5 ( a ) and g r a p h i n
1 1 . 1 5 ( b ) on p a g e no . 3 1 7
8
9 R1 =5; // k Ohms
10 R2 =5; // k Ohms
11 R3 = 5; // k Ohms
12 E =6; // A p p l i e d v o l t a g e (V)
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 // The v a l u e o f Rv when b r i d g e i s b a l a n c e d i s
c a l c u l a t e d as
17 Rv = R2 * R3 / R1 ;
18 printf ( The v a l u e o f Rv = %d K Ohms \n , Rv ) ;

45
19 disp ( From t h e graph , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t which
b r i d g e i s b a l a n c e d i s = 80 d e g r e e c e l s i u s );
20 disp ( From t h e graph , t h e r e s i s t a n c e Rv f o r
b a l a n c i n g b r i d g e a t 60 d e g r e e c e l c i u s comes o u t
t o be 4 . 5 k Ohms ) ;
21 // T h e r e f o r e
22 Rv1 =4.5; // R e s i s t a n c e Rv a t 60 d e g r e e c e l c i u s (K
ohms )
23 es = E *( R3 /( R1 + R3 ) - Rv1 /( R2 + Rv1 ) ) ; // E r r o r s i g n a l
24 printf ( The a m p l i t u d e o f e r r o r s i g n a l a t 60 d e g r e e
c e l s i u s i s = %. 3 f V \n , es ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.6 To find the equivalent series circuit of the unknown
impedance

1 // Exa 1 1 . 6
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 f =2; // kHz
8 C3 =100; // m i c r o f a r a d s
9 R1 =10; // k Ohms
10 R2 =50; // k Ohms
11 R3 =100; // k Ohms
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n s 1 1 . 1 2 ( a ) and 1 1 . 1 2 ( b ) ( p a g e no .
3 2 1 ) t o f i n d v a l u e s o f Rx and Cx
16
17 Rx = R2 * R3 / R1 ;
18 Cx = R1 / R2 * C3 ;
19

46
20 printf ( The e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t c o n s i s t o f
r e s i s t a n c e Rx o f %d K ohms \n i n s e r i e s w i t h a
c a p a c i t o r Cx o f %d m i c r o f a r a d s \n ,Rx , Cx ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.7 To find the equivalent series circuit of the unknown
impedance

1 // Exa 1 1 . 7
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 C1 =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
9 R1 =470; // k Ohms
10 R2 =5.1; // k Ohms
11 R3 =100; // k Ohms
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n 1 1 . 1 5 g i v e n on p a g e no . 324 t o
f i n d Rx and Lx
15
16 Rx = R2 * R3 / R1 ;
17 Lx = R2 * R3 * C1 ;
18
19 printf ( The s e r i e s e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e unknown
i m p e d e n c e c o n s i s t o f s e r i e s c o m b i n a t i o n \n o f Rx
= %. 2 f k Ohms and Lx= %. 1 f H \n , Rx , Lx ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.8 To find the series equivalent inductance and resis-
tance of the nework

47
 1 // Exa 1 1 . 8
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 w =3000; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s
9 R2 =10*10^3; // Ohms
10 R1 = 2*10^3; // Ohms
11 C1 =1*10^ -6; // f a r a d s
12 R3 =1*10^3; // Ohms
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n s 1 1 . 1 9 and 1 1 . 1 8 ( p a g e no . 3 2 6 ) t o
f i n d v a l u e s o f Rx and Lx
17
18 Rx = w ^2* R1 * R2 * R3 * C1 ^2/(1+ w ^2* R1 ^2* C1 ^2) ;
19 Lx = R2 * R3 * C1 /(1+ w ^2* R1 ^2* C1 ^2) ;
20
21 printf ( The s e r i e s e q u i v a l e n t i n d u c t a n c e and
r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e n e t w o r k c o n s i s t o f \n Rx o f %. 2
f k Ohms and Lx o f %d mH \n , Rx /1000 , Lx *10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.9 To determine the unknown capacitance and dissi-
pation factor

1 // Exa 1 1 . 9
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7

48
 8 // R e f e r i n g F i g . 1 1 . 2 6 ( p a g e no . 3 2 8 ) an AC b r i d g e (
SCHERING S BRIDGE)
9
10 R1 = 1; // k Ohms
11 C1 =0.5; // m i c r o f a r a d s
12 R2 =2; // k Ohms
13 C3 =0.5; // m i c r o f a r a d s
14 f = 1000; // Hz
15
16 // S o l u t i o n
17 // U s i n g E q u a t i o n s 1 1 . 2 0 ( a ) and 1 1 . 2 0 ( b ) g i v e n on
p a g e no . 328 we g e t v a l u e Rx and Cx
18
19 Rx = C1 / C3 * R2 ; // i n k Ohms
20 Cx = R1 / R2 * C3 ; // i n m i c r o f a r a d s
21
22 D =2* %pi * f * Cx *10^ -6* Rx *10^3; // D i s s i p a t i o n f a c t o r
23
24 printf ( The unknown c a p a c i t a n c e Cx i s e q u a l t o %. 2 f
m i c r o f a r a d s \n , Cx ) ;
25 printf ( The d i s s i p a t i o n f a c t o r = %. 4 f \n ,D ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.10 To find the equivalent parallel resistance and ca-
pacitance of the Wien bridge

1 // Exa 1 1 . 1 0
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 // Wien s b r i d g e
9 R1 =3.1; // k Ohms
10 C1 =5.2; // m i c r o f a r a d s

49
11 R2 =25; // k Ohms
12 f =2.5; // kHz
13 R4 =100; // k Ohms
14
15 // S o l u t i o n
16
17 w =2* %pi * f ; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y
18 // S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e v a l u e o f C3 from Eq . 1 1 . 2 2 ( p a g e
no . 3 3 0 ) i n Eq . 1 1 . 2 1 ( p a g r no . 3 3 0 ) t o g e t v a l u e
o f R3 a s f o l l o w s
19 R3 = R4 / R2 *( R1 +1/( w ^2* R1 * C1 ^2) ) ;
20 // A l s o we can g e t C3 from Eq . 1 1 . 2 2 ( p a g e no . 3 3 0 )
21 C3 =1/( w ^2* C1 * R1 * R3 ) ;
22 printf ( The p a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e o f %. 1 f K ohms and
c a p a c i t a n c e o f %. 1 f p f \n c a u s e s a Wien b r i d g e
t o n u l l w i t h v a l u e s o f g i v e n component v a l u e s . \
n ,R3 , C3 *10^6) ;

50
 Chapter 12

Recorders

Scilab code Exa 12.1 To determine the frequency of the signal

1 // Exa 1 2 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Chart_speed =40; // i n mm/ s e c
9 Time_base =5; // i n mm
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 Period = Time_base / Chart_speed ;
14 frequ =1/ Period ;
15 printf ( The f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s i g n a l = %d c y c l e s / s e c
\n , frequ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.2 To find chart speed to record on 5mm of recording
paper

51
 1 // Exa 1 2 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 fre =20; // i n Hz
9 Time_base =5*10^ -3; // i n
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 Period =1/ fre ; // i n s e c
14 // S i n c e p e r i o d= t i m e b a s e / c h a r t s p e e d ;
15 Chart_speed = Time_base / Period ; // i n mm/ s e c
16
17 printf ( The c h a r t s p e e d u s e d t o r e c o r d one c o m p l e t e
c y c l e on 5mm o f r e c o r d i n g p a p e r =%. 1 f mm/ s e c \n
, Chart_speed *10^3) ;

52
 Chapter 13

Transducers

Scilab code Exa 13.1 To find the value of output voltage

1 // Exa 1 3 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r c i r c u i t g i v e n i n F i g no . 1 3 . 2 ( b ) g i v e n on
p a g e no . 3 8 1
8
9 Shaft =3; // S h a f t s t r o k e i n i n c h e s
10 Wiper =0.9; // i n i n c h e s
11 R =5; // T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e ( R1+R2 ) i n K ohms
12 Vt =5; // A p p l i e d v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 R2 = Wiper / Shaft * R ; // i n k Ohms
17 // S i n c e Vo/ Vt=R2 / ( R1+R2 ) ;
18 // T h e r e f o r e
19 Vo = R2 /( R ) * Vt ; // Output V o l t a g e ( R1+R2 )
20 printf ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e = %. 1 f V \n , Vo ) ;

53
 Scilab code Exa 13.2 To find the new value of Vc

1 // Exa 1 3 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 Ra =5; // ( R1+R2 ) i n k Ohms
8 Rb =5; // ( R3+R4 ) i n k Ohms
9 Vt =5; // A p p l i e d v o l t a g e (V)
10 Shaft =5; // S h a f t d i s t a n c e i n i n c h e s
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 disp ( As g i v e n , w i p e r moves 0 . 5 i n c h t o w a r d s A from
t h e c e n t r e , i t w i l l have moved 3 i n c h e s from B )
;
15 Wiper =3; // Wiper movement from B i n i n c h e s
16 Wiper1 =2.5; // Wiper movement from A i n i n c h e s
17 R2 = Wiper / Shaft * R ; // i n k Ohms
18 R4 = Wiper1 / Shaft * R ; // i n k Ohms
19 // Ve=VR2VR4
20 Vc =( R2 /( Ra ) ) * Vt - ( R4 /( Rb ) ) * Vt ;
21
22 printf ( The new v a l u e o f Vc= %. 1 f V \n , Vc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.3 To calculate the change in resistance

1 // Exa 1 3 . 3
2

54
 3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 K =2; // Gauge f a c t o r
9 strain =1*10^ -6; // R a t i o o f c h a n g e i n l e n g t h t o
or igin al length
10 R =130; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 // As K = r a t i o o f d e l l R/R t o d e l l L/L
15 Dell_R = K * R * strain ; // Change i n r e s i s t a n c e
16 printf ( The c h a n g e i n r e s i s t a n c e = %d m i c r o Ohms \n
, Dell_R *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.4 To find the meter reading at 77 degree fahrenheit
and at 150 degree fahrenheit

1 // Exa 1 3 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 R = 4; // R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e r m i s t o r i n k Ohms
9 R1 =0.003; // Meter r e s i s t a n c e i n k Ohms
10 Rc =0.017; // i n k Ohms
11 Vt =15; // i n V o l t s
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 // From f i g . 1 3 . 2 ( b ) g r a p h o f Temp v s R e s i s t a n c e we

55
 f i n d t h a t , t h e r m i s t o r r e s i s t a n c e a t 25 d e g r e e
C e l s i u s i s 4 K ohms and a t 6 5 . 5 5 5 6 d e g r e e
C e l s i u s i t i s 950 ohms .
16 R_25 = 4; // i n k Ohms
17 R_65 =0.95; // i n k Ohms
18
19 I1 = Vt /( R_25 + R1 + Rc ) ; // c u r r e n t a t 25 d e g r e e Celsius (
A)
20 I2 = Vt /( R_65 + R1 + Rc ) ; // c u r r e n t a t 6 5 . 5 5 6 d e g r e e
C e l s i u s (A)
21
22 printf ( The c u r r e n t m e t e r r e a d i n g a t 25 d e g r e e
C e l s i u s = %. 2 f mA and a t 150 d e g r e e f a h r e n h e i t =
%. 1 f mA \n , I1 , I2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.5 To calculate the output voltage vs core position for
various core movements

1 // Exa 1 3 . 5
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Input =6.3; // V
9 Output =5.2; // V
10 Range = 9.5; // i n c h e s
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 // 0 . 5 i n c h e s c o r e d i s p l a c e m e n t p r o d u c e s 5 . 2 V
15 // T h e r e f o r e , a 0 . 4 5 i n c h movement p r o d u c e s v o l t a g e
as
16 V1 =0.45*5.2/0.5;

56
17 // S i m i l a r l y 0 . 3 0 i n c h e s c o r e movement p r o d u c e s
volta ge as
18 V2 = -0.30* -5.2/( -0.5) ; // V
19 // A l s o 0.25 i n c h c o r e movement p r o d u c e s v o l t a g e a s
20 V3 = -0.25* -5.2/( -0.5) ; // V
21
22 printf ( The c o r e movement o f 0 . 4 5 i n c h p r o d u c e s
v o l t a g e o f %. 2 f V and \n movement o f 0.30 i n c h
p r o d u c e s v o l t a g e o f %. 2 f V \n ,V1 , V2 ) ;
23 printf ( The c o r e movement o f 0.25 i n c h from t h e
c e n t r e p r o d u c e s v o l t a g e o f %. 1 f V \n , V3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.6 To calculate the amount of electrical energy to be

applied

1 // Exa 1 3 . 6
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 K =0.32; // C o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
9 Op =1; // Output i n o z . i n .
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 // 1 o z . i n .= 1 o z . i n . ( 1 f t /12 i n . ) ( 1 l b /16 o z )
( 1 . 3 5 6 1 / 1 f t l b ) = 7.0610 3 J ;
14
15 Elec_mech = 7.06*10^ -3; // E l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y
converted to mechanical energy ( J )
16 Ee = Elec_mech / K ; // A p p l i e d E l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y
17 printf ( The e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y o f %. 2 f mJ must be
a p p l i e d \n , Ee *10^3) ;

57
18 // The a n s w e r m e n t i o n e d i n t h e book i s i n c o r r e c t

Scilab code Exa 13.7 To calculate the required series resistance along with
the dark current level

1 // Exa 1 3 . 7
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g c i r c u i t i n f i g . 1 3 . 7 ( a ) and g r a p h i n f i g
. 1 3 . 7 ( b ) on p a g e no . 4 2 2
8
9 I =10; // mA
10 V =30; // V o l t s
11 Illumination =400; // i n l /m2
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 disp ( From g r a p h ( 1 3 . 7 ( b ) , c e l l r e s i s t a n c e a t 400 l
/m2 i s 1 K ohms ) ;
16 Rcell =1; // K ohms
17
18 R1 = V / I - Rcell ; // R e q u i r e d s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e
19
20 Rdark =100; // C e l l s d a r k r e s i s t a n c e i n K ohms
21 Idark = V /( R1 + Rdark ) ; // Dark c u r r e n t
22 printf ( The r e q u i r e d s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e and d a r k
c u r r e n t l e v e l a r e %d K ohms amd %. 1 f mA
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,R1 , Idark ) ;

58
 Chapter 14

Signal Conditioning

Scilab code Exa 14.1 To design a differentiator and draw its output wave-
form

1 // Exa 1 4 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6
7 // Given d a t a
8
9 fa =800; // The h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y ( Hz )
10 Vp =2; // V o l t s
11
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14 disp ( L e t C1 =0.1 m i c r o f a r a d s )
15 C1 =0.1; // m i c r o f a r a d s
16 // Then Rf i s g i v e n a s
17 Rf =1/(2* %pi * C1 *10^ -6* fa ) ; // Ohms
18 printf ( C a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f Rf = %. 3 f k Ohms .
s e l e c t i n g n e a r e s t h i g h e r v a l u e o f 2 . 2 k Ohms \n
, Rf /1000) ;

59
19
20 fb =20* fa ;
21 R1 =1/(2* %pi * C1 *10^ -6* fb ) ; // Ohms
22 printf ( The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f R1 = %. 1 f Ohms . L e t
R1=100 Ohms \n , R1 ) ;
23
24 // S i n c e R1C1=Rf Cf
25 Cf = R1 * C1 *10^ -6/2200; // Rf i s t a k e n a s 2 . 2 k Ohms a s
s t a t e d above
26 printf ( The v a l u e o f Cf = %. 5 f m i c r o f a r a d s . L e t Cf
= 0 . 0 0 4 7 m i c r o f a r a d s \n , Cf *10^6) ;
27
28 Rom =(1/100+1/2200) ^ -1;
29 printf ( Rom = %. 1 f Ohms \n , Rom ) ;
30
31 t =0:0.1*10^ -3:1.5*2.50*10^ -3;
32
33 Vin = Vp * sin (2* %pi * fa * t ) ; // I n p u t V o l t a g e e q u a t i o n
34 xlabel ( Time ( s e c ) ) ;
35 ylabel ( V o l t a g e (V) ) ;
36 title ( I n p u t V o l t a g e ) ;
37 plot2d (t , Vin ) ;
38 figure (1) ;
39
40 Vo = -2200*0.1*10^ -6* Vp *2* %pi * fa * cos (2* %pi *800* t ) ; //
Output v o l t a g e e q u a t i o n
41 xlabel ( Time ( s e c ) ) ;
42 ylabel ( V o l t a g e (V) ) ;
43 title ( Output V o l t a g e ) ;
44 plot2d (t , Vo ) ;
45 // The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r

Scilab code Exa 14.2 To determine the output voltage of opamp

1 // Exa 1 4 . 2

60
 2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Va =2; // V o l t s
9 Vb =1; // V o l t s
10 Vc =3; // V o l t s
11 Ra =3; // k Ohms
12 Rb =3; // k Ohms
13 Rc =3; // k Ohms
14 Rf =1; // k Ohms
15 Rom =270; // Ohms
16 Supply =15; // V o l t s
17
18 // S o l u t i o n
19
20 disp ( Assuming t h a t t h e opamp i s i n i t i a l l y n u l l e d )
;
21 // U s i n g e q u a t i o n 1 4 . 8 t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o u t p u t
voltage
22 Vo = -( Rf / Ra * Va + Rf / Rb * Vb + Rf / Rc * Vc ) ;
23 printf ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e = %d V o l t s \n , Vo ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.3 To determine the output voltage at 0 degree celsius
and 100 degree celsius

1 // Exa 1 4 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7

61
 8 R1 =2.2; // k Ohms
9 Rf =10; // k Ohms
10 R =120; // ( Ra=Rb=Rc ) k Ohms
11 E =5; // V o l t s
12 Vcc =15; // V o l t s
13 Rt =120; // k Ohms a t r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e o f 25
degree c e l s i u s
14 Tco = - 1; // T e m p e r a t u r e co e f f i c i e n t i n K/ d e g r e e
celsius
15
16 // Given d a t a
17
18 disp ( At 25 d e g r e e c e l s i u s , Ra=Rb=Rc=120 K .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e b r i d g e i s b a l a n c e d and Va=Vb .
T h e r e f o r e , Vo=0. ) ;
19 Delta_R = Tco *(0 -25) ;
20 // For 0 d e g r e e c e l s i u s
21 printf ( At 0 d e g r e e c e l s i u s t h e c h a n g e d e l t a R i n
t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e t h e r m i s t o r i s %d k Ohms \n
, Delta_R ) ;
22
23 Vo = -( Delta_R ) * E * Rf /(2*(2* R + Delta_R ) * R1 ) ;
24 printf ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t 0 d e g r e e c e l s i u s = %
. 2 f V o l t s \n , Vo ) ;
25 // For 100 d e g r e e c e l s i u s
26 Delta_R1 = Tco *(100 -25) ;
27 Vo1 = -( Delta_R1 ) * E * Rf /(2*(2* R + Delta_R1 ) * R1 ) ;
28
29 printf ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t 100 d e g r e e c e l s i u s =
%. 2 f V o l t s \n , Vo1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.4 To determine the change in resistance of each gauge
element

1 // Exa 1 4 . 4

62
 2 // R e f e r c i r c u i t 1 4 . 2 5 g i v e n on p a g e no . 484
3
4 clc ;
5 clear all ;
6
7 // Given d a t a
8
9 E =10; // V o l t s
10 R =50; // U n s t r a i n e d g a u g e r e s i s t a n c e ( Ohms )
11 Gain =100; // A m p l i f i e r g a i n
12 Vo =1.5; // Output V o l t a g e
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 // U s i n g t h e f o r m u l a : Vo=E ( D e l t a R /R) g a i n
17
18 Delta_R = Vo * R /( E * Gain ) ; // Change i n r e s i s t a n c e
19
20 printf ( The c h a n g e i n r e s i s t a n c e =%. 2 f Ohms\n T h i s
means t h a t Rt1 and Rt3 d e c r e a s e by 0 . 0 7 ohms \n
and Rt2 and Rt4 i n c r e a s e by 0 . 0 7 ohms when a
c e r t a i n w e i g h t i s p l a c e d on t h e s c a l e p l a t f o r m \n
, Delta_R ) ;
21 // The a n s w e r m e n t i o n e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s i n c o r r e c t
a s R=50 Ohms and n o t 100 Ohms .

63
 Chapter 15

Filters

Scilab code Exa 15.1 To design a low pass filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6
7 // Given d a t a
8 Fh =2; // kHz
9 Af =2; // P a s s band g a i n
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 disp ( L e t C1= 0 . 0 1 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
14 C =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
15 R =1/(2* %pi * Fh * C ) ; // k Ohms
16 printf ( The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f R i s %. 3 f K ohms .
N e a r e s t p r a c t i c a l v a l u e f o r R1 i s 8 . 2 k Ohms\n ,R
);
17 // Af=1+Rf /R1 ;
18 // As Af =2. So , Rf=R1
19 disp ( I n t h i s c a s e , Rf=R1= 10 k Ohms i s s e l e c t e d

64
 );

Scilab code Exa 15.2 To calculate the value of resistance

1 // Exa 1 5 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Wc =20*10^3; // A n g u l a r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s
9 C =0.01*10^ -6; // i n farads
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 // As Wc=1/(RC) ;
14 R =1/( Wc * C ) ;
15
16 printf ( The v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d = %d k
Ohms \n ,R /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.3 To design a second order low pass filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Fh = 2*10^3; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9

65
10 // S o l u t i o n
11
12 disp ( L e t C2=C3 = 0 . 0 0 3 3 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
13
14 // Fh =1/(2 %pi RC) ; where R=R2=R3 and C2=C3=C ;
15 C =0.0033*10^ -6; // f a r a d s
16 // T h e r e f o r e
17 R =1/(2* %pi * Fh * C ) ;
18 printf ( C a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f R = %. 1 f K ohms . Let ,
R=R2=R3=22 k Ohms i s s e l e c t e d \n ,R /1000) ;
19 // S i n c e Rf /R1 = 0 . 5 8 6 , t h e r e f o r e Rf = 0 . 5 8 6 R1 ;
20 // L e t f i x v a l u e o f R1 a s
21 R1 =10*10^3; // Ohms
22 Rf =0.586* R1 ;
23 printf ( The r e m a i n i n g c om p o n e n t s a f t e r c a l c u l a t i o n
comes o u t t o be a s Rf= %. 2 f k Ohms and R1= %d k
Ohms \n , Rf /1000 , R1 /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.4 To determine the low cuoff frequency of second or-
der high pass Butterworth filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // S e c o n d o r d e r f i l t e r
8
9 R =47*10^3; // Ohms ( R2=R3=R)
10 C =0.0022*10^ -6; // f a r a d s ( C2=C3=C)
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 Fl =1/(2* %pi * R * C ) ; // low c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y ( Hz )

66
15 printf ( The low c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y f o r a h i g h p a s s
f i l t e r =%. 2 f kHz \n , Fl /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.5 Design a wide band pass filter and to calculate the
value of Q for this filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 5
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Fl =100; // l o w e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9 Fh =1000; // h i g h e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
10 Af =4; // p a s s band g a i n
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 // Wide b a n d p a s s f i l t e r d e s i g n
15 // 1 . For a low p a s s f i l t e r Fh=1 KHz =1/(2 %pi RC) ;
16
17 disp ( For a low p a s s f i l t e r s e c t i o n ) ;
18 disp ( L e t C1 =0.01 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
19 C1 =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
20 R1 =1/(2* %pi * Fh * C1 *10^ -6) ;
21 printf ( The v a l u e o f r e s i s t o r = %. 1 f K ohms \n , R1
/1000) ;
22
23 // 2 . For a h i g h p a s s f i l t e r F l =100 Hz =1/(2 %pi RC)
;
24 disp ( For a h i g h p a s s f i l t e r s e c t i o n ) ;
25 disp ( L e t C2 =0.01 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
26 C2 =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
27 R2 =1/(2* %pi * Fl * C2 *10^ -6) ;

67
28 printf ( The v a l u e o f r e s i s t o r = %d K ohms \n , R2
/1000) ;
29
30 disp ( S i n c e t h e p a s s band g a i n i s 4 , t h e g a i n o f
the h i g h p a s s and low p a s s f i l t e r s e c t i o n s a r e
set e a c h e q u a l t o 2 . T h e r e f o r e , R1=Rf=10 K ohms
for both s e c t i o n s . );
31
32 // Q f o r f i l t e r
33 Fc = sqrt ( Fl * Fh ) ;
34
35 Q = Fc /( Fh - Fl ) ;
36 printf ( The v a l u e o f Q =%. 2 f which i s l e s s than 10 ,
a s e x p e c t e d f o r a w i d e band p a s s f i l t e r \n ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.6 Design a narrow band pass filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 6
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g f i g . 15.17 Narrow band p a s s f i l t e r
8
9 Fc =1; // kHz
10 Q =5; // Q u a l i t y f a c t o r
11 Avo =8; // V o l t a g e g a i n
12 Fc1 =1.5; //New c e n t r e f r e q u e n c y ( kHz )
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 disp ( L e t C1=C2=C3=C( s a y ) =0.01 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
17 C =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
18 // But

68
19 R1 = Q /(2* %pi * Fc *10^3* C *10^ -6* Avo ) ; // From eqn . 15.45
on p a g e no . 5 3 0
20 R2 = Q /(2* %pi * Fc *10^3* C *10^ -6*(2* Q ^2 - Avo ) ) ; // From eqn
. 1 5 . 4 7 on p a g e no . 530
21 R3 = Q /( %pi * Fc *10^3* C *10^ -6) ; // From eqn . 1 5 . 4 6 on
a g r no . 530
22 printf ( The V a l u e s o f R1 , R2 and R3 a r e %. 3 f k Ohms
( a p p r o x 10 k Ohms ) , %. 3 f k Ohms ( a p p r o x 2 k Ohms
and %. 3 f k Ohms ( a p r o x 159 k Ohms ) r e s p e c t i v e l y \n
, R1 /1000 , R2 /1000 , R3 /1000) ;
23 // To c h a n g e Fc t o Fc1 we s i m p l y have t o c h a n g e R2
t o R21 g i v e n a s
24 R21 =2000*( Fc / Fc1 ) ^2; // s i n c e R2=2 k Ohms ( a p p r o x )
25 printf ( The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f new R2 t o c h a n g e
Fc from 1 kHz t o 1 . 5 kHz k e e p i n g Avo ( V o l t a g e g a i n
) and BW c o n s t a n t i s = %. 2 f ohms ( a p p r o x 820 Ohms
) \n , R21 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.7 Design a wide band reject filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 7
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g f i g . 15.20 Wide band r e j e c t f i l t e r
8
9 Fl =100; // Hz
10 Fh =1000; // Hz
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13 // 1 . For a h i g h p a s s f i l t e r Fh=1 KHz =1/(2 %pi RC)
;
14 disp ( For a h i g h p a s s f i l t e r s e c t i o n );

69
15 disp ( L e t C1 =0.01 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
16 C1 =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
17 R1 =1/(2* %pi * Fh * C1 *10^ -6) ;
18 printf ( The v a l u e o f r e s i s t o r = %. 1 f k Ohms \n , R1
/1000) ;
19
20 // 2 . For a low p a s s f i l t e r F l =100 Hz =1/(2 %pi RC) ;
21 disp ( For a low p a s s f i l t e r s e c t i o n ) ;
22 disp ( L e t C2 =0.01 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
23 C2 =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
24 R2 =1/(2* %pi * Fl * C2 *10^ -6) ;
25 printf ( The v a l u e o f r e s i s t o r = %. 1 f k Ohms \n , R2
/1000) ;
26
27 disp ( S i n c e t h e p a s s band g a i n i s 4 , t h e g a i n o f
t h e h i g h p a s s and low p a s s f i l t e r s e c t i o n s a r e
s e t e a c h e q u a l t o 2 . T h e r e f o r e , R1=Rf=10 k Ohmss
f o r both s e c t i o n );
28 disp ( F u r t h e r , t h e g a i n o f t h e summing a m p l i f i e r i s
s e t t o 1 , t h e r e f o r e R2=R3=R4=10 k Ohms ) ; // K
ohms
29 R =10000; //Ohms (R=R2=R3=R4 )
30 Rom =(1/ R +1/ R +1/ R ) ^ -1;
31 printf ( The v a l u e o f Rom = %. 1 f k Ohms\n , Rom
/1000) ;
32 // There i s a p r i n t i n g m i s t a k e a s c =0.1 m i c r o f a r d
i s p r i n t e d i n s t e a d of 0.01 micro farad .

Scilab code Exa 15.8 Design a 50 Hz active notch filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 8
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5

70
 6 // Given d a t a
7 // A c t i v e n o t c h f i l t e r
8
9 Fn =50; // Notch o u t f r e q u e n c y ( Hz )
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 disp ( L e t C= 0 . 0 4 7 m i c r o f a r a d s ) ;
14 C =0.047; // m i c r o f a r a d s
15 R =1/(2* %pi * Fn * C *10^ -6) ;
16
17 printf ( The v a l u e o f R i s c a l c u l a t e d a s %d k Ohms
\n , round ( R /1000) ) ;
18 disp ( For R/ 2 , two 68 k Ohms r e s i s t o r s c o n n e c t e d i n
p a r a l l e l a r e u s e d and f o r t h e 2C components , two
0.047 micro farad c a p a c i t o r s connected in
p a r a l l e l a r e used . );

Scilab code Exa 15.9 To determine the phase angle for the all pass filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 9
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // R e f e r i n g F i g . 1 5 . 2 ( a ) A l l p a s s f i l t e r
8 f =2.5; // I n p u t f r e q u e n c y i n kHz
9
10 // S o l u t i o n
11
12 disp ( L e t C=0.01 m i c r o f a r a d s and R= 15 k Ohms ) ;
13 C =0.01; // m i c r o f a r a d s
14 R =15; // k Ohms
15 Phi =2* atan (2* %pi * f * C * R ) ; // p h a s e a n g l e i n r a d i a n s

71
16
17 printf ( T h i s means t h a t t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e Vo h a s
t h e same f r e q u e n c y and a m p l i t u d e a s t h e i n p u t
v o l t a g e but l a g s i t by %d d e g r e e s \n , Phi *180/
%pi ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.10 To determine the values of the external compo-
nents

1 // Exa 1 5 . 1 0
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // S e c o n d o r d e r i n v e r t i n g B u t t e r w o r t h low p a s s
filter
8 // R e f e r i n g T a b l e 1 5 . 1 and 1 5 . 3 i n p a g e no 517 and
538 r e s p e c t i v e l y
9
10 Af =6; // DC g a i n
11 Fc =1.5; // KHz
12 Q =10;
13
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 disp ( A c c o r d i n g t o T a b l e 1 5 . 1 , t h e inverting
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s would n o r m a l l y be u s e d t o g i v e an
i n v e r t i n g low p a s s o u t p u t . However , t o o b t a i n a
g a i n o f 6 , an i n v e r t i n g uncommitted opamp h a s t o
b r used , h e n c e t h e noni n v e r t i n g f i l t e r
c o n f i g u r a t i o n must be u s e d . ) ;
17
18 // From t a b l e 1 5 . 4 g i v e n on p a g e no 538
19 R2 =316/ Q ;

72
20 R3 =100/(3.16* Q -1) ;
21 // R1 t r e a t e d a s open c i r c u i t
22 printf ( \n The R1 i s open w h i l e R2 and R3 a r e %. 1 f
, k Ohms %. 1 f k Ohms r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,R2 , R3 ) ;
23 // From e q u a t i o n s 1 5 . 5 4 g i v e n on p a g e no 538 we g e t
R4 and R5
24 R4 =(5.03) *10^7/( Fc *10^3) ; //Ohms
25 R5 = R4 ;
26 printf ( \n The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f R4=R5=%. 2 f k
Ohms \n , R4 /1000) ;
27 disp ( u s e R4=R5=33 k Ohms ) ;
28
29 disp ( L e t R6=1.8 K ohms ) ;
30 R6 =1.8; // K ohms
31 R7 = R6 * Af ;
32 R8 =(1/ R6 + 1/ R7 ) ^ -1;
33
34 printf ( The v a l u e s o f R6 and R7 a r e %. 1 f k Ohms , %
. 3 f K ohms r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,R6 , R7 ) ;
35 printf ( The v a l u e o f R8 = %. 3 f k Ohms \n , R8 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.11 Using FLT U2 design a notch filter

1 // Exa 1 5 . 1 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Fc =4; // kHz
9 Q =8;
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12

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13 disp ( The FLTU2 can be u s e d a s a n o t c h f i l t e r by
summing t h e i n v e r t e d o u t p u t o f t h e b a n d p a s s
f i l t e r d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e i n p u t s i g n a l by means o f
t h e uncommitted opamp . ) ;
14
15 // From t a b l e 1 5 . 3 g i v e n on p a g e no 538
16 R2 =100; // k Ohms
17 R3 =100/((3.40* Q ) -1) ;
18 // R1 t r e a t e d a s open c i r c u i t
19 printf ( The R1 i s open w h i l e R2 and R3 a r e %. 1 f , %
. 2 f K ohms r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,R2 , R3 ) ;
20
21 // From e q u a t i o n s 1 5 . 5 4 g i v e n on p a g e no 538 we g e t
R4 and R5
22 R4 =(5.03) *10^7/( Fc *10^3) ;
23 R5 = R4 ;
24 printf ( The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f R4=R5=%. 2 f k Ohms
( 1 2 k Ohms ) \n , R4 /1000) ;
25 disp ( L e t R6=R7=R8=10 K ohms ) ;
26 R =10000; //R=R6=R7=R8=10 k Ohms
27 R9 =(1/ R +1/ R +1/ R ) ^ -1;
28 printf ( The v a l u e o f R9 =%. 2 f K ohms \n , R9 /1000) ;
29 disp ( The c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t d i a g r a m i s shown i n f i g .
1 5 . 2 6 on p a g e no . 5 4 1 . ) ;
30 // The v a l u e o f R3 v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r .

74
 Chapter 16

Measurement Setup

Scilab code Exa 16.1 To calculate modulation index

1 // Exa 1 6 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 fd =75; // F r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n i n KHz
9 fm =5; // F r e q u e n c y o f m o d u l a t i n g s i g n a l i n kHz
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12
13 // From e q u a t i o n 1 6 . 5 ( p a g e no . 5 9 0 ) we c a l c u l a t e Mi
as
14 Mi = fd / fm ; // M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x
15
16 printf ( The m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x =%d \n , Mi ) ;

75
 Chapter 17

Data acquisition and conversion

Scilab code Exa 17.1 To determine the weights assigned to 1st 2nd and
3rd LSB and change in output voltage due to change in the bits

1 // Exa 1 7 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 // A 5 b i t r e s i s t i v e d i v i d e r
8
9 n =5; // s i n c e 5 b i t r e s i s t i v e d i v i d e r
10 Ip1 =[1 1 0 1 1]; // D i g i t a l i n p u t 1 ( 1 s t e l e m e n t o f
a r r a y i s MSB)
11 Ip2 =[1 0 1 1 0]; // D i g i t a l i n p u t 2 ( 1 s t e l e m e n t o f
a r r a y i s MSB)
12 V1 =10; // V o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o b i n a r y 1
13 V0 =0; // V o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o b i n a r y 0
14
15 // S o l u t i o n
16
17 LSB_weight =1/(2^ n - 1) ;
18 printf ( The LSB w e i g h t = %. 4 f \n , LSB_weight ) ;

76
19 LSB2_weight =2^(2 -1) /(2^ n -1) ;
20 printf ( The 2 nd LSB w e i g h t = %. 4 f \n , LSB2_weight )
;
21 LSB3_weight =2^(3 -1) /(2^ n -1) ;
22 printf ( The 3 r d LSB w e i g h t = %. 4 f \n , LSB3_weight )
;
23 LSB_op = V1 * LSB_weight ; // Change i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due
t o c h a n g e i n LSB
24 printf ( The c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o c h a n g e
i n LSB = %. 4 f V \n , LSB_op ) ;
25 LSB2_op = V1 * LSB2_weight ;
26 printf ( THe 2 nd LSB c a u s e s a c h a n g e i n o u t p u t
v o l t a g e o f %. 4 f V \n , LSB2_op ) ;
27 LSB3_op = V1 * LSB3_weight ;
28 printf ( THe 3 r d LSB c a u s e s a c h a n g e i n o u t p u t
v o l t a g e o f %. 4 f V \n , LSB3_op ) ;
29 Va =( V1 *2^4+ V1 *2^3+ V0 *2^2+ V1 *2^1+ V1 *2^0) /(2^ n -1) ; //
output v o l t a g e f o r d i g i t a l Ip1
30 Vb =( V1 *2^4+ V0 *2^3+ V1 *2^2+ V1 *2^1+ V0 *2^0) /(2^ n -1) ;
31 printf ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r a d i g i t a l i n p u t 1 and
2 a r e %. 2 f V and %. 3 f V r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,Va , Vb )
;

Scilab code Exa 17.2 To determine the output voltages for each bit

1
2 // Exa17 . 2
3
4 clc ;
5 clear all ;
6
7 // Given d a t a
8
9 n =5; // 5 b i t l a d d e r
10 V =10; // For b i n a r y 1

77
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13 // r e f e r i n g t a b l e 1 7 . 4 ( p a g e no . 6 1 5 )V a r i o u s Output
v o l t a g e f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g MSB
14
15 disp ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r e a c h b i t i s a s f o l l o w s :
);
16 disp ( ) ;
17 for i =1: n
18 MSB ( i ) = V /2^ i ; // v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o MSB i
19 printf ( %d MSB Va = V/2%d = %. 4 f V \n ,
i ,i , MSB ( i ) ) ;
20 end

Scilab code Exa 17.3 To calculate the output voltage

1 // Exa 1 7 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Vin =5; // I n p u t v o l t a g e ( V o l t s )
9 Rin =2.5; // k Ohms
10 Rf =1; // k Ohms
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 Iin = Vin / Rin ; // I n p u t c u r r e n t (mA)
15 If = Iin ;
16 Vout = - If * Rf ;
17
18 printf ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e = %d V o l t s \n , Vout ) ;

78
 Scilab code Exa 17.4 To determine the output current for various 4 bit
combinations

1 // Exa 1 7 . 4
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 Vref =5; // R e f e r e n c e v o l t a g e (V)
8 R =5; // k Ohms
9
10 // S o l u t i o n
11
12 disp ( From f i g . 1 7 . 1 8 ( c ) , f o r a 4 b i t D/A c o n v e r t e r
I=V r e f /R ( D3+D221+D122+D0 3) ) ;
13 // 16 i n p u t c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e a s f o l l o w s
14 Ip ={[0 0 0 0];[0 0 0 1];[0 0 1 0];[0 0 1 1];[0 1 0
0];[0 1 0 1];[0 1 1 0];[0 1 1 1];[1 0 0 0];[1 0 0
1];
15 [1 0 1 0];[1 0 1 1];[1 1 0 0];[1 1 0 1];[1 1 1 0];[1
1 1 1]}; // [ D3 D2 D1 D0 b i t s ]
16
17 disp ( I n p u t B i t s Output C u r r e n t (mA)
p e r c e n t F r a c t i o n o f maximum ) ;
18 for i =1:16
19 Iout ( i ) = Vref / R * ( Ip (i ,1) + Ip (i ,2) *2^ -1+ Ip (i ,3) *2^ -2+
Ip (i ,4) *2^ -3) ;
20
21 printf ( %d %d %d %d %. 3 f
%. 3 f \n , Ip (i ,1) , Ip (i ,2) , Ip (i ,3) ,
Ip (i ,4) , Iout ( i ) ,( Iout ( i ) /1.875) *100) ; // 1 . 8 7 5 (mA)
i s the h i g h e s t output c u rr e n t
22 end

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 Chapter 20

Measurement of power

Scilab code Exa 20.1 To calculate the Rf test power

1 // Exa 2 0 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 V1 =20; // s u p e r i m p o s e d s m a l l AF v o l t a g e (V)
9 V2 =30; // B r i d g e b a l a n c e v o l t a g e (V)
10 R1 =100; // B r i d g e arm r e s i s t o r ( ohms )
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13
14 RF_pwr =( V2 ^2 - V1 ^2) /(4* R1 ) ;
15 printf ( RF t e s t power = %. 2 f W \n , RF_pwr ) ;

Scilab code Exa 20.2 To calculate the power radiated by a transmission

line

80
 1 // Exa 2 0 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 M =200; // mass i n grams
9 Heat =1; // Sp . Heat o f w a t e r ( c a l /gm d e g r e e )
10 T1 =30; // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g r e e C e l s i u s )
11 T2 =40; // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g r e e C e l s i u s )
12
13 // S o l u t i o n
14
15 Pwr_rad =4.18* M * Heat *( T2 - T1 ) ; // i n Watt
16 printf ( The power r a d i a t e d = %. 2 f kW \n , Pwr_rad
/1000) ;
17
18 // The a n s w e r i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s m e n t i o n e d a s 8 . 3 kW
but by c a l c u l a t i o n i t comes o u t t o be 8 . 3 6 kW.

Scilab code Exa 20.3 To determine the standing wave ratio

1 // Exa 2 0 . 3
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7
8 Vmax =8; //Maximum v a l u e o f v o l t a g e
9 Vmin =2; // minimum v a l u e o f v o l t a g e
10
11 // S o l u t i o n
12 SWR =( Vmax + Vmin ) /( Vmax - Vmin ) ; // S t a n d i n g wave r a t i o

81
13 printf ( S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o = %. 2 f \n , SWR ) ;

82
 Chapter 21

Control systems

Scilab code Exa 21.1 To find the percentage error in measurement

1 // Exa 2 1 . 1
2
3 clc ;
4 clear all ;
5
6 // Given d a t a
7 Emax =20; //Max v a l u e o f v a r i a b l e (mA)
8 Emin =4; // Min v a l u e o f v a r i a b l e (mA)
9 Em =13; // Measured v a l u e o f v a r i a b l e
10 Eref =10; // S e t ( r e f ) p o i n t o f v a r i a b l e (mA)
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13 //Ep=(EmE r e f ) / ( EmaxEmin ) 1 0 0 ; // P e r c e n t a g eerror
from p a g e no . ( 7 0 3 )
14 // T h e r e f o r e
15 Ep =( Em - Eref ) /( Emax - Emin ) *100;
16 printf ( The v a l u e o f Ep = %. 2 f p e r c e n t . S i n c e Ep i s
p o s i t i v e , t h e measurement i s a b o v e t h e s e t p o i n t
\n , Ep ) ;

83