Basic Amplifiers and Basic Amplifiers and
Differential Amplifier Differential Amplifier
CSE 577 Spring 2011
Insoo Kim, Kyusun Choi
Mixed Signal CHIP Design Lab.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
The Penn State University
In todays analog design, simulation of circuits is essential
because the behavior of short-channel MOSFETs cannot be
predicted accurately by hand calculations. Nonetheless, if the
designer avoids a simple and intuitive analysis of the circuits
and hence skips the task of gaining insight, then he/she
Dont let the computer think for you Dont let the computer think for you
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and hence skips the task of gaining insight, then he/she
cannot interpret the simulation results intelligently. For this
reason, we say, Dont let the computer think for you. Dont let the computer think for you.
- Behzad Razavi
Contents Contents
Fundamentals
Basic Amplifiers: Low Frequency Analysis
Basic Amplifiers: High Frequency Analysis
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Differential Amplifier
Feedback
Fundamentals Fundamentals
Definitions
DC Operating Point & Load line
Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis
MOSFET intrinsic Capacitances
Definitions Definitions
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mb mb mb mb
DC Operating Point & Load Line DC Operating Point & Load Line
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Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis
Large Signal Analysis
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Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis Large Signal Analysis vs. Small Signal Analysis
Small Signal Analysis
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How convenient !! How convenient !! How convenient !! How convenient !! How convenient !! How convenient !! How convenient !! How convenient !!
MOSFET Intrinsic Capacitances MOSFET Intrinsic Capacitances
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(contd) MOSFET Intrinsic Capacitances (contd) MOSFET Intrinsic Capacitances
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Basic Amplifiers: Low Frequency Basic Amplifiers: Low Frequency
Analysis Analysis
Single Stage Amplifiers
Multi Stage Amplifiers
Single Stage Amplifiers: CS, CD, and CG Stage Single Stage Amplifiers: CS, CD, and CG Stage
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Common Source Stage : Voltage Gain Common Source Stage : Voltage Gain
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Common Drain Stage: Output Resistance Common Drain Stage: Output Resistance
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Common Gate Stage : Input Resistance Common Gate Stage : Input Resistance
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Summary Summary
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Quiz Quiz
CD stage amplifier is suitable for output stage of OPAmp
due to its low output impedance and large bandwidth.
However, in CMOS analog IC, CS stage is more widely
used for output stage OPAmp than CD stage. Why?
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Loads for basic amplifiers Loads for basic amplifiers
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(contd) Loads for basic amplifiers (contd) Loads for basic amplifiers
Diode Connected Load
m mb m
o
mb m o mb m X
X
g g g
r
g g r g g I
V
1 1
||
1 1
1
+
=
+ +
=
1
1
g
g A
m v
=
X
R
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2
1
2
1
) / (
) / (
L W
L W
g
m
m v
(contd) Loads for basic amplifiers (contd) Loads for basic amplifiers
Source degeneration
S m
m
m
R g
g
G
+
1
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] 1 ) ( [
] 1 ) [(
2 2
2 2
+ +
+ + + =
mb m S o
o o mb m S out
g g R r
r r g g R R
Cascode Stage Cascode Stage
Small Signal Analysis
) || (
) || (
1 in m D out out
R R g A
V g R R V
=
=
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Rout
) || (
1 D out m v
R R g A =
] 1 ) ( [
] 1 ) [(
2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 1
+ +
+ + + =
mb m o o
o o mb m o out
g g r r
r r g g r R
Folded Cascode Stage Folded Cascode Stage
o m1
R || R R
R g A
=
=
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( ) [ ] [ ]
( )
L
L m1 D t
o L D
o3 o4C m4C o7 o2 o2C m2C
o4C o2C o
2I/C SR
/C g A
R C / 1
r r g || r || r r g
R || R R
=
= =
=
=
=
(contd) Folded Cascode Stage (contd) Folded Cascode Stage
What are the advantages of folded cascode amplifier?
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Disadvantages:
Limited Output swing
Large Voltage Headroom
Large Power Consumption
Basic Amplifiers: High Frequency Basic Amplifiers: High Frequency
Analysis Analysis
Frequency Analysis
Dominant Pole Approach
Frequency Analysis Frequency Analysis
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(contd) Frequency Analysis (contd) Frequency Analysis
Bode Plot
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Dominant Pole Approach Dominant Pole Approach
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BW Estimation by Dominant Pole Approach BW Estimation by Dominant Pole Approach
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Bandwidth Comparison Bandwidth Comparison
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Quiz Quiz
Design an amplifier which satisfy following features using
basic single-stage amplifiers.
High gain
Large Bandwidth
High input impedance
Low output impedance
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Differential Amplifier Differential Amplifier
Single Stage Amplifiers
Multi Stage Amplifiers
Why differential Amplifier? Why differential Amplifier?
Single Ended Signal can be easily contaminated
A Differential Signal can be cleaned up
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Power Supply noise can be reduced
Differential Amplifier Analysis Differential Amplifier Analysis
Classic Diff Amp
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(contd) Differential Amplifier Analysis (contd) Differential Amplifier Analysis
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Diff Amp with Current Mirror Load Diff Amp with Current Mirror Load
) || (
||
4 2 4 , 2
4 2
4 , 2
o o m v
o o out
m m
r r g A
r r R
g G
=
=
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Common Mode Input Voltage Range
V
SS
+V
TN1
+V
DSAT5
+V
DSAT1
< V
IC
< V
DD
|V
DSAT3
||V
TP3
|+| V
TN1
|
) || ( ) (
) || ( ) 2 (
3 1 3
3 1 3 5 1
o o m
o o m o m
r r g load R CMRR
r r g r g CMRR
=
=
1. What is CM Input Voltage? 1. What is CM Input Voltage? 1. What is CM Input Voltage? 1. What is CM Input Voltage?
2. How do we prove this equation? 2. How do we prove this equation? 2. How do we prove this equation? 2. How do we prove this equation?
(Std. Library) Design Exercise (Std. Library) Design Exercise
Design Flow
Determine Specifications
Power Consumption (ex. 1mW)
Voltage Gain (ex. >30)
Active Common Mode Input range (as large as possible)
Others: slew rate, CMRR, PSRR, etc.
Determine minimum channel length
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Determine channel width
Determine W
1,2
from voltage gain spec.
Determine W
5
& Bias Voltage from power consumption & CM min.
Determine W
3,4
from CM max.
Determine Bias Level of current source tr.
Check other specifications
Feedback Feedback
Feedback & Stability
Voltage Amplifier Model
Common Mode Feedback
Feedback & Stability Feedback & Stability
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Voltage Amplifier Model Voltage Amplifier Model
Models
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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model (contd) Voltage Amplifier Model
1
st
Order Model
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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model (contd) Voltage Amplifier Model
2
nd
Order Model
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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model (contd) Voltage Amplifier Model
Time Response of the 2
nd
Order Model
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(contd) Voltage Amplifier Model (contd) Voltage Amplifier Model
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Feedback Characteristics Feedback Characteristics
Gain desensitization
Band width extension
A
A
A 1
1
A
A
A) (1
A
A
A 1
A
x
x
A
f
f
2
f
s
o
f
d d
d
d
+
=
+
=
+
=
Noise Reduction
2
n
s
2 1
1
n
2 1
2 1
s o
A
V
V
N
S
A A 1
A
V
A A 1
A A
V V
=
+
+
+
=
n
s
V
V
N
S
=
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Band width extension
) A 1 ( / s 1
) A 1 /( A
A(s) 1
A(s)
) s ( A
s/ 1
A
A(s)
M H
M M
f
H
M
+ +
+
=
+
=
+
=
Non-linearity Reduction
(a) (a) (a) (a) w/o feedback w/o feedback w/o feedback w/o feedback
(b) (b) (b) (b) w feedback w feedback w feedback w feedback
Common Mode Feedback Common Mode Feedback
Why is CMFB circuit needed?
Due to TR mismatch, TRs may not be in saturation region at
operating point. DM Gain decreases and CM gain increases
Since output CM level is sensitive to device properties and
mismatches, it cannot be stabilized by means of differential
feedback.
General Topology of CMFB Circuit
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(contd) Common Mode Feedback (contd) Common Mode Feedback
Examples of CMFB
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Useful for low gain applications Useful for low gain applications Useful for low gain applications Useful for low gain applications
Folded cascode amplifier with CMFB Folded cascode amplifier with CMFB Folded cascode amplifier with CMFB Folded cascode amplifier with CMFB
) || || (
4 , 3 2 , 1 2 , 1 F O O m v
R r r g A =
References References
Joongho Choi, CMOS analog IC Design, IDEC Lecture
Note, Mar. 1999.
B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,
McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Hongjun Park, CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits
Design, Sigma Press, 1999.
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