Overview of Eurocode 3

SUMMARY NOTES ON EUROCODE 3
by
Chiew Sing-Ping
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction
.................................
Chapter 2
Materials ........................................
Pg 3 5
Chapter 3
Section Classification
....................
Pg 6 9
Chapter 4
Restrained Beams
.........................
Pg 10- 13
Chapter 5
Unrestrained Beams
......................
Pg 14 20
Chapter 6
Tension Members
..........................
Pg 21 23
Chapter 7
Compression Members
Chapter 8
Web Bearing and Buckling
..................
............
Appendix I Formulae for Beam Deflection
..........
Appendix II Tables of Dimensions and Gross Section Properties
Pg 2
Pg 24 - 28
Pg 29 - 31
Pg 32
Pg 33 - 40
Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
The structure shall be designed to have adequate structural resistance to sustain the actions and influences on
it, and it should remain serviceable and be durable. It should also have adequate fire resistance and be robust,
i.e. not disproportionately damaged by accident events. The design requirements are outlined in EN1990
Basis of Structural Design and it is based on limit state design.
1.2
LIMIT STATE DESIGN

The principal limit states are the ultimate limit state which is concerned with collapse involving yielding,
buckling or overturning and the serviceability limit state which is concerned with function involving
deflection or vibration. Other limit states are fire resistance, durability and robustness.
The design principles are as follows:
define relevant limit states
1.3.
determine appropriate actions {F}, e.g. dead loads, imposed loads
determine design effects {E}, e.g. bending moments, deflections
determine design resistance {R}
ensure no limit state is exceeded {R > E}
VERIFICATION BY PARTIAL FACTOR METHOD

The partial factor method is used to verify the relevant limit state is not exceeded. Partial safety factors are
applied to characteristic values to obtain design values for actions, material and resistances in verifying the
limit state, for e.g. partial factors are applied to characteristic values for both actions and material to
account for variability, i.e.
F applied as a multiplier to the characteristic value of an action
M applied as a divisor to the characteristic value of material
The value of depends on:
the limit state under consideration
the variable to which it is applied
the context e.g. is an action beneficial in relation to the considered effect
The effect of actions depends on the combinations of actions that can occur and EN1990 gives explicit rules
on how to determine design values of combined actions. As an example, in ultimate limit state under
combined dead and imposed loads, it can be simplified to:
1.4
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk where Gk and Qk are the characteristic dead and imposed loads respectively
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
Characteristic values of actions are given in various parts of EN1991 Actions on Structures, and actions most
relevant to building design in Singapore are:
dead and imposed loads EC1 Part 1-1
wind loads Part 1-4
actions on structures exposed to fire EC1 Part 1-2
August 2012
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS
2.1
DESIGN STRENGTH OF STEEL [EC3-1-1: Clause 3.2.1]

The nominal values of the yield strength, fy, and the ultimate strength, fu, for structural steel can be obtained
either by:
a) adopting fy = Reh and fu = Rm from the product standard, or
b) using the values from EC3 Table 3.1.
EC3 Table 3.1: Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu for hot rolled
structural steel
Material thickness 3 mm [EC3-1-1: Clause 1.1.2]

However, the Singapore National Annex set slightly stricter requirements. The nominal values of the fy and
fu for structural steel should be those obtained from the product standards, such as EN 10025-1.
Further information on the yield and ultimate strength for structural steel is also given in BC 1: 2012.
August 2012
EC3 Table 3.1 (continued): Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile
strength fu for structural hollow sections
Material thickness 3 mm [EC3-1-1: Clause 1.1.2]
2.2
DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS [EC3-1-1: Clause 3.2.2]

A minimum ductility is required to prevent brittle and sudden failure. The recommended values are:
August 2012
a) fu 1,10fy
b) elongation at failure 15%
c) u 15y
2.3
MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS [EC3-1-1: Clause 3.2.6]

E = 210000 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity, E
G=
Shear modulus, G
E
81000 N mm 2
2(1 + )
Poissons ratio in elastic range,

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion,
2.4
= 0,3
= 12 10-6 per K (for T 100C)
MATERIAL PARTIAL FACTORS

The partial factors, Mi, have been determined such that
2.5
M0 = 1,00
[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.1]
M0 = 1.00
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-1]
M1 = 1,00
[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.1]
M1 = 1.00
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-1]
M2 = 1,25
[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.1]
M2 = 1.10
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-1]
M2 = 1.25
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
M3 = 1,25
[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]
M3 = 1.25
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
M3,ser = 1,10
[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]
M3,ser = 1.10
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
M4 = 1,00
[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]
M4 = 1.00
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
M5 = 1,00
[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]
M5 = 1.00
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
M6,ser = 1,00
[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]
M6 = 1.00
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
M7 = 1,10
[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]
M7 = 1.10
[NA to SS EN 1993-1-8]
SYMBOLS
E
Modulus of elasticity
fy
Yield strength of structural steel
fu
Ultimate strength of structural steel
Shear modulus
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
Strain at yield strength (= fy / E)
Strain at ultimate strength
M0
Partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is
M1
Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks
M2
Partial factor for resistance of cross-sections in tension to fracture
Poissons ratio in elastic range
August 2012
CHAPTER 3 SECTION CLASSIFICATION

3.1
INTRODUCTION [Clause EC3-1-1: Clauses 5.5.1 & 5.5.2]

The role of cross section classification is to identify the extent to which the resistance and rotation capacity
of the cross sections is limited by its local buckling resistance.
Four classes of sections are defined as follows:
a) Class 1 sections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required from plastic
analysis without reduction of the resistance.
b) Class 2 sections are those which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have limited rotation
capacity because of local buckling.
c) Class 3 sections are those in which the stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel member
assuming an elastic distribution of stresses can reach the yield strength, but local buckling is liable to
prevent development of the plastic moment resistance.
d) Class 4 sections are those in which local buckling will occur before the attainment of yield stress in one
or more parts of the cross-section.
A section is classified according to the highest (least favourable) class of its compression parts.
3.2
CLASSIFICATION [EC3-1-1: Table 5.2]

The limiting proportions for Class 1, 2 and 3 compression parts should be obtained from EC3 Table 5.2. Any
compression part which fails to satisfy the limits for Class 3 should be taken as Class 4.
Tables 5.2 (1) and 5.2 (2): I-, H-, Box-sections, C-channels, Built-up sections
Table 5.2 (3): Angles, Tubular-sections
Example:
I-Beam under bending

Web: Table 5.2 (1), Part subject to bending, Classification based on c/t
Flange: Table 5.2 (2), Part subject to compression, Classification based on c/t
Example:
H-Column under compression

Web: Table 5.2 (1), Part subject to compression, Classification based on c/t
Flange: Table 5.2 (2), Part subject to compression, Classification based on c/t
August 2012
Example:
Beam-Column
Web: Table 5.2 (1), Part subject to bending and compression, Classification based on c/t
Flange: Table 5.2 (2), Part subject to bending and compression, Classification based on c/t
EC3 Table 5.2 (sheet 1 of 3): Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts
August 2012
August 2012
3.3
CLASS 4 SECTIONS [EC3-1-1: Clauses 5.5.2(2) & 6.2.2.5]

The effective cross-section properties of Class 4 sections should be based on the effective widths of the
compression parts. The effective widths may be used to make allowances for reductions in resistance due to
the effects of local buckling. Reference is to be made to EC3-1-5: Clause 5.2.2.
August 2012
CHAPTER 4 RESTRAINED BEAMS

4.1
SHEAR [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.6]

The design value of the shear force, VEd, must be smaller than the design shear resistance Vc,Rd.
VEd
1,0
Vc,Rd
4.1.1
Shear Resistance [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.6.2].
The plastic design shear resistance Vpl,Rd, in the absence of torsion.
Vc , Rd = V pl , Rd =
Av ( f y
3)
M0
The shear area, Av, can be taken as follows [EC3-1-1: Clause6.2.6.3]:

a) Rolled I- & H-sections, load parallel to web
Av = A 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf
hwtw
b) Rolled channel actions, load parallel to web

Av = A 2btf + (tw + r)tf
c) Rolled T-section, load parallel to web
Av = 0,9(A btf)
d) Welded I-, H- and box sections, load parallel to web
Av = (hwtw)
e) Welded I-, H-, channel and box sections, load parallel to flanges
Av = A (hwtw)
f) Rolled rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness, load parallel to depth
Av = Ah / (b + h)
g) Rolled rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness, load parallel to width
Av = Ab / (b + h)
h) Circular hollow sections and tubes of uniform thickness
Av = 2A /
may be conservatively taken as 1,0.
Vc,Rd can be equal to Vpl,Rd for plastic design, or Vel,Rd for elastic design
4.1.2
Shear Buckling [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.6.6].
Shear buckling need not be considered if:
hw
72
tw
where, =
August 2012
235
fy
10
4.2
BENDING MOMENT [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.5]

The design value of the bending moment, MEd, must be smaller than the design resistance for bending Mc,Rd.
M Ed
1,0
M c,Rd
4.2.1
Bending Resistance (Low Shear)

Section is considered low shear when VEd < 0,5Vpl,Rd
[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.8]
The design resistance for bending, Mc,Rd, in the absence of torsion.

M c ,Rd = M pl ,Rd =
M c,Rd = M el,Rd =
M c ,Rd =
Wpl f y
For Class 1 or 2 cross sections
M0
Wel,min f y
For Class 3 cross sections
M0
Weff ,min f y
M0
Where Wel,min and Weff,min corresponds to the fibre with the maximum elastic stress
4.2.2
Bending Resistance (High Shear) [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.8]

Section is considered high shear when VEd > 0,5Vpl,Rd
The equations used for calculating bending resistance is the same as that for low shear except that
the yield strength will be reduced using (1 ) fy
2 VEd
=
1
Vpl , Rd
4.2.3
Allowances for Fastener (Bolt) Holes [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.5(4)]

Fastener holes in the tension flange may be ignored provided that for the tension flanges:
A f , net 0,9f u
M2
Af fy
M0
Fastener holes (except for oversize and slotted holes) in compression zone of the cross-section may
be ignored provided that they are filled by fasteners.
August 2012
11
4.3
VERTICAL DEFLECTION [EC3-1-1: Clause 7.2.1, EC0: Annex A1.4.3]

The definitions of vertical deflections are defined in Figure A1.1.
Deflections are based on unfactored actions in service. The SG National Annex is assuming deflections due
to permanent actions can be countered by pre-cambering; hence, w1 and w2 would be zero, so wtot would be
equal to w3 which should be less than the permissible limit given below.
The serviceability deflection limit depends on the criterion being used:
a) To avoid unsightly appearance, a value of L/200 (L/180 for cantilevers) might be used after making
allowances for any pre-camber.
b) For against cracking of plaster finishes, a value of L/360 is adopted.
c) For crane gantry girders, a value of L/600 is used.
4.4
DESIGN PROCEDURE
a) Section Classification [EC3-1-1: Clause 5.5.2]
b) Analysis structure to obtain factored moment MEd and shear VEd
c) Calculate Vc,Rd [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.6]
d) Check Vc,Rd VEd
e) Check whether beam is under low shear, VEd < 0,5Vpl,Rd, or high shear
f) Calculate Mc,Rd [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.5]
g) Check Mc,Rd MEd
h) Check deflection [EC3-1-1: Clause 7.2.1]
August 2012
12
4.5
SYMBOLS
A
Cross-sectional area
Af
Tension flange area
Av
Shear area
Overall breadth of section
fy
Overall depth of section
hw
Depth of web of section
Mc,Rd
Design resistance for bending (Can be plastic or elastic bending resistance)
Mel,Rd
Design elastic bending resistance
Mpl,Rd Design plastic bending resistance

MEd
Design value of bending moment (Applied moment due to factored loading)
Root radius of section
tf
Flange thickness of section
tw
Web thickness of section
Vc,Rd
Design shear resistance (Can be plastic or elastic shear resistance)
Vpl,Rd
Design plastic shear resistance
VEd
Design value of shear force (Applied shear force due to factored loading)
Wpl
Plastic section modulus
Wel,min Minimum elastic section modulus

Weff,min Minimum effective section modulus
August 2012
Shear area factor ( = 1.0 from UK NA).
13
CHAPTER 5 UNRESTRAINED BEAMS (LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING)

5.1
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF MEMBERS IN BENDING [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2]

A laterally unrestrained member subject to major axis bending should be verified against lateral-torsional
buckling as follows:
M Ed
1,0
M b,Rd
5.1.1
Buckling Resistance [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.1]

The design buckling resistance moment of a laterally unstrained beam, Mb,Rd, should be taken as:
M b ,Rd = LT Wy
fy
M1
Wy = Wpl,y
For Class 1 or 2 cross sections
Wy = Wel,y
Wy = Weff,y
Where, LT is the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling.
5.1.2
Lateral Torsional Buckling Curves General Case [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.2]

The non-dimensional slenderness LT should be taken as:
LT =
Wy f y
M cr
2 EI z k I w (kL) 2 GI t
2
+
+ (C 2 z g ) C 2 z g
M cr = C1
(kL) 2 k w I z
2 EI z
Use Table 6.4 to determine the relevant buckling curve (a, b, c or d) to use. The value of LT is
determined using slenderness LT and the appropriate buckling curve in Table 6.3:
LT =
1
2
LT + 2LT LT
but LT 1,0
2
LT = 0,5[1 + LT ( LT 0,2) + LT ]
August 2012
14
EC3 Table 6.3: Recommended values for imperfection factors for lateral torsional
buckling curves
EC3 Table 6.4: Recommended values for lateral torsional buckling curves for crosssections using equation (6.56)
For LT LT,0 or for MEd/Mcr LT,02, lateral torsional buckling effects may be ignored and only crosssectional checks are necessary.
5.1.3
Lateral Torsional Buckling Curves rolled or equivalent welded sections Case [EC3-1-1:
Clause 6.3.2.3]
LTB curves for rolled or equivalent welded sections case are described through the following
equation:
LT =
where
1
2
2
LT
LT + LT
LT 1.0
but
1
LT 2
LT
2
LT = 0.5[1 + LT (LT LT,0 ) + LT
]
LT,0 = 0,4
= 0,75
(maximum value)
(minimumvalue)
The definitions LT , LT and Mcr are as for the general case but the selection of LTB curve should be based
on Table 6.5 of EN 1993-1-1.
EC3 Table 6.5: Recommended values for lateral torsional buckling curves for crosssections using equation (6.57)
Cross-section
Limits
Rolled I sections
h/b 2
h/b > 2
h/b 2
h/b > 2
Welded sections
August 2012
Buckling curve
15
SS EN 1993-1-1: 2010, Table 6.5 should be replaced with the following table:
Cross-section
Rolled I- and H- sections, and hot-finished hollow

sections
Limits
Buckling curve
h/b 2
2.0 < h/b 3.1
h/b > 3.1
Angles (for moments in the major principal plane)
d
h/b 2
2.0 < h/b 3.1
Welded sections and cold-formed hollow sections
5.1.4
Elastic Critical Moment for Lateral Torsional Buckling

The elastic critical moment Mcr can be calculated from the following formula derived form the
buckling theory:
2 EI z k I w (kL) 2 GI t
+ 2
+ (C2 z g ) 2 C2 z g
M cr = C1
2
(kL) k w I z EI z
Iw =
I z (D t f )2
4
For normal support conditions at the ends (fork supports), k = kw = 1,0. When the transverse load is
applied in the shear centre, C2zg = 0. The Mcr equation can be simplified to:
M cr = C1
August 2012
2 EI z
L2
I w L2 GI t
+
I z 2 EI z
16
Values of C1 for cases with transverse loading (for k = 1,0)
For end moment loading C1 may be obtained from using the following table:
+1,00
+0,75
+0,50
+0,25
0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
C1
1,00
1,14
1,31
1,52
1,77
2,05
2,33
2,57
2,55
Values of C1 for cases with end moments (for k = 1.0)

Alternatively, C1 may be obtained from using the equation below:
C1 = 1.88 1.40 + 0.52 2 but C1 2.70

5.2
SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR BEAMS WITH RESTRAINTS [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.4]

5.2.1 SLENDERNESS OF EQUIVALENT COMPRESSION FLANGE
Members with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to LTB if:
The slenderness of the equivalent compression flange satisfied:
f =
August 2012
M
kc Lc
c0 c,Rd
if,z 1
M y,Ed
17
Where, M c,Rd = Wy
fy
M1
1 = E f = 93.9 = 93.9 235 f

y
y
C 0 = LT ,0 + 0.1
kc is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints; see Table 6.6 of EC3-1-1
EC3 Table 6.5: Correction factor kc
5.2.2 BUCKLING RESISTANCE

If the slenderness of the compression flange f exceeds the limit given in the forgoing equation, the
design buckling resistance moment is taken as:

M b,Rd = K fl M c,Rd but M b,Rd M c,Rd
The modify factor kfl = 1.0, for hot rolled I-sections;
kfl = 1.0, for welded I-sections with h/b 2;
kfl = 0.9, for other sections.
is the reduction factor of the equivalent compression flange determined using the non-dimensional
slenderness f from the buckling curve c (Figure 6.4 of EC 3-1-1; see page 24) .
5.3
DESIGN PROCEDURE
5.3.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE WITH GENERAL METHOD
August 2012
18
b) Analysis structure to obtain factored moment MEd

c) Calculate Mcr [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.2]
d) Calculate LT [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.2]
e) Use Table 6.4 to determine buckling curve to use [EC3-1-1: Table 6.4]
f) Use Table 6.3 to determine LT to use [EC3-1-1: Table 6.3]
g) Calculate LT and LT [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.2]
h) Calculate Mb,Rd [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.1]
i)
Check Mb,Rd MEd
5.3.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE WITH SIMPLIFIED METHOD

a)
Section classification [EC3-1-1: Clause 5.5.2]
b) Determine effective (buckling) length Lc

c) Calculate if,z and Wyfy (Mc,Rd)
d) Slenderness correction factor kc and
[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.4.1]
e) Determine slenderness [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.4.1]

f) Determine buckling reduction factor
g) Design buckling resistance Mb,Rd = kflMc,Rd[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.4.2]
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19
5.4
SYMBOLS
C1
Coefficient depending on the loading and end restraint conditions
C2
Coefficient depending on the loading and end restraint conditions
Overall depth of beam section
Modulus of elasticity of structural steel
fy
Shear modulus of structural steel
Effective length factor and refers to end rotation on plan (k 1,0)
kc
Slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints
kfl
Modification factor accounting for the conservation of the equivalent compression flange method
kw
Effective length factor and refers to end warping (kw = 1,0)
if,z
Radius of gyration of the equivalent compression flange composed of the compression flange plus
1/3 of the compressed part of web, about the minor axis of the section
It
Torsion constant of section
Iw
Warping constant of section
Iz
Second moment of area of the section in the minor axis
Beam length between points which have lateral restraints
Mb,Rd
Design buckling resistance moment
Mcr
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
MEd
Design value of bending moment (Applied moment due to factored loading)
tf
Thickness of flange
Wpl,y
Plastic section modulus about the y-y axis
Wel,y
Elastic section modulus about the y-y axis
Weff,y
Effective section modulus about the y-y axis
zg
Distance between point of load application and the shear centre
LT
Imperfection factor in accordance to Tables 6.3 and 6.4
reduction parameter ( = 0.75, minimum value)
Reduction factor of the equivalent compression flange
LT
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
LT
Non-dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional buckling
LT,0
Plateau length of the lateral torsional buckling curves (max. value = 0,4) [Clause 6.3.2.3]
August 2012
20
CHAPTER 6 TENSION MEMBERS

6.1
TENSION [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.3]

The design value of the tension force, NEd, must be smaller than the design resistance of the cross-section for
uniform tension Nt,Rd.
N Ed
1,0
N t ,Rd
The design resistance of the cross-sections for uniform tension, Nt,Rd, should be taken as the smaller of:
a) the design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section
N t , Rd =
Af y
M0
b) the design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section at holes for fasteners
N t ,Rd =
6.2
0,9A net f u
M2
NET AREA [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.2.2]

The net area of a cross-section should be taken as its gross area less appropriate deductions for all holes and
other openings.
The deduction for a single fastener (bolt) hole should be the gross cross-sectional area of the hole in the
plane of its axis.
6.2.1
Non-Staggered Holes
The total area to be deducted for fastener holes should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of
the holes in any cross-section perpendicular to the member axis (see failure plane 2 in Figure 6.1)
A net = A tnd 0
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21
6.2.2
Staggered Holes
Where the fastener holes are staggered, the total area to be deducted for fasteners should be the
greater of:
a) the deduction of non-staggered holes
b)
t nd 0
s2
4p
A net = A tnd 0
A net = A t nd 0
s2
4p
EC3 Figure 6.1: Staggered holes and critical fracture lines 1 and 2
EC3 Figure 6.2: Angles with holes in both legs
6.3
DESIGN PROCEDURE
b) Section Classification [EC3-1-1: Clause 5.5.2]
c) Analysis structure to obtain factored load NEd
d) Calculate Anet [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.2.2, Figures 6.1 and 6.2]
e) Calculate Nt,Rd [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.3]
f) Check Nt,Rd NEd
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22
6.4
SYMBOLS
A
Gross cross-sectional area
Anet
Net cross-sectional area
d0
Diameter of hole
fy
fu
Ultimate strength of structural steel
NEd
Design value of tension force (Applied tension force due to factored loading)
Nt,Rd
Design resistance of the cross-section for uniform tension
Number of holes
Spacing of the centres of the same two holes measured perpendicular to the member axis
Spacing of the centres of the same two holes measured parallel to the member axis
Thickness of tension section
August 2012
23
CHAPTER 7 COMPRESSION MEMBERS

7.1
COMPRESSION (NO BUCKLING) [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.2.4]

The design value of the compression force, NEd, must be smaller than the design resistance of the crosssection for uniform compression Nc,Rd.
N Ed
1,0
N c ,Rd
The design resistance of the cross-sections for uniform compression, Nc,Rd, should be determined as follows:
N c , Rd =
N c,Rd =
Af y
For Class 1, 2 or 3 cross sections
M0
A eff f y
M0
Fastener (Bolt) holes (except for oversize and slotted holes) may be ignored in compression members
provided that they are filled by fasteners.
7.2
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1]

The design value of the compression force, NEd, must be smaller than the design buckling resistance of the
compression member, Nb,Rd.
N Ed
1,0
N b ,Rd
7.2.1
Buckling Resistance [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.1]

The design buckling resistance of the compression member, Nb,Rd, should be taken as:
N b ,Rd =
N b , Rd =
Af y
M1
A eff f y
M1
where is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode.
August 2012
24
7.2.2
Buckling Curves [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.2]

The non-dimensional slenderness should be taken as:
=
N cr =
Af y
N cr
A eff f y
N cr
2 EI
L2cr
[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.3] Class 1, 2 and 3 only
Use EC3 Table 6.2 to determine the relevant buckling curve (a0, a, b, c or d) to use. The value of is
determined using slenderness , appropriate buckling curve and either calculation or graphical
method.
a) Calculation method
=
1
+ 2
but 1,0
2
= 0,5[1 + ( 0,2) + ]
EC3 Table 6.1: Imperfection factors for buckling curves

Buckling curve
Imperfection factor
a0
0,13
0,21
0,34
0,49
0,76
Graphical method
EC3 Figure 6.4: Buckling curves
August 2012
25
EC3 Table 6.2: Selection of buckling curve for a cross-section
August 2012
26
7.2.3
Slenderness for Flexural Buckling [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.3)

=
Af y
N cr
=
1 =
L cr 1
i 1
Aeff f y
N cr
Aeff
=
Lcr
i
A
1
E
fy
For Class 1, 2 and 3 sections, substitute 1 into equation to find
N cr =
2 EI
L2cr
For 0,2 or for NEd/Ncr 0,04, the buckling effects may be ignored and only cross-sectional
checks are necessary.
7.3
DESIGN PROCEDURE
b) Structural analysis to obtain design value NEd
c) Calculate Ncr [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.3]
d) Calculate [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.2]
e) Use Table 6.2 to determine buckling curve to use [EC3-1-1: Table 6.2]
f) Use Table 6.1 to determine to use [EC3-1-1: Table 6.1]
g) Calculate and [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.2]
h) Steps f) and g) can be replaced by using Figure 6.4 to find [EC3-1-1: Figure 6.4]
i)
Calculate design buckling resistance Nb,Rd [EC3-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.1]
j)
Check Nb,Rd NEd
August 2012
27
7.4
SYMBOLS
Cross-sectional area
Aeff
Effective cross-sectional area
Modulus of elasticity
fy
Radius of gyration of section
Second moment of area of the section in the buckling plane considered
Lcr
Buckling length in the buckling plane considered (Effective length)
Nb,Rd
Design buckling resistance of the compression member
Nc,Rd
Design resistance of the cross-section for uniform compression
Ncr
Elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross sectional properties
NEd
Design value of compression force (Applied compression force due to factored loading)
Imperfection factor in accordance to Tables 6.1 and 6.2
Reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
Non-dimensional slenderness for compression buckling
August 2012
28
CHAPTER 8 WEB BEARING AND BUCKLING

8.1
TRANSVERSE FORCE [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.1.2]
The transverse forces applied on the flanges to web of rolled beams and welded girders can be distinguished
by three different types as follows:
a) Through the flange and resisted by shear forces in the web, see Figure 6.1 (a);
b) Through one flange and transferred through the web directly to the other flange, see Figure 6.1 (b).
c) Through one flange adjacent to an unstiffened end, see Figure 6.1 (c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
EC3-1-5 Figure 6.1: Buckling coefficients for different types of load application
8.2
Design resistance to transverse forces [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.2.1]
For unstiffened or stiffened webs the design resistance to local buckling under transverse forces should be
taken as:
FRd =
f yw Leff tw
M1
Where, Leff is the effective length for resistance to transverse forces:
Leff = f l y
8.2.1
Length of stiff bearing [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.3.1]
The length of stiff bearing ss on the flange should be taken as the distance over which the applied
load is effectively distributed at a slope of 1:1, as shown in Figure 6.2. However, s s hw .
EC3-1-5 Figure 6.2: Length of stiff bearing
August 2012
29
8.2.2
Reduction factor F for effective length for resistance [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.4.1]
The reduction factor F should be taken as:
F =
0 .5
1.0
l y t w f yw
where F =
Fcr
tw3
Fcr = 0.9k F E
hw
For webs without longitudinal stiffeners k F should be obtained from Figure 6.1.
8.2.3
Effective loaded length [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.5.1.2)
The effective loaded length l y should be calculated as follows:

1) For types a) and b) in Figure 6.1, l y should be obtained using:
l y = s s + 2t f (1 + m1 + m2 )
But l y distance between adjacent transverse stiffeners
2)
For type c) l y should be taken as the smallest value obtained from the follow equations:
2
l y = le + t f
m1 le
+
+ m2
2 t f
l y = le + t f m1 + m2
F Et w2
where le =
m1 =
2 f yw hw
f yf b f
f yw t w
h
m 2 = 0.02 w
t
f
m2 = 0
August 2012
ss + c
if F > 0.5
if F < 0.5
30
8.3
DESIGN PROCEDURE
a) Load type and buckling coefficients k F [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.1.2]

b) Calculate Fcr [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.4.1]
c) Assuming F and calculate m1, m2 [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.5.1]
d) Calculate le [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.5.3]
e) Calculate ly based on different load types. [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.5.2]
f) Check F [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.4.1]
g) Calculate F 1.0 [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.4.1]
h) Calculate Leff [EC3-1-5: Figure 6.2.1]
8.4
i)
Calculate FRd [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.2.1]
j)
Check FRd FEd [EC3-1-5: Clause 6.6.1]
SYMBOLS
fyw
The yield strength of the web
fyf
The yield strength of the flange
FRd
Design buckling resistance under transverse forces
FEd
Design value of transverse load
kF
Buckling coefficient
ly
Effective loaded length
Leff
The effective length of web
ss
Length of stiff bearing
tw
The thickness of the web
Reduction factor due to local buckling
APPENDIX I - FORMULAE FOR BEAM DEFLECTION

August 2012
31
Loading and Support conditions
Maximum deflection & Position
F
A
FL3
3 EI
(B)
L
w
A
B
L
wL4
8 EI
(B)
5 wL4
384 EI
(C)
w
A
B
L
F
A
C b
x
x
x =
Fbx 2
(L b 2 x 2 )
6 LEI
x =
Fb
6 LEI
(0xa)
3
3
2
2
b ( x a ) x + ( L b ) x (ax
L)
F
A
L/2
L/2
F/2
A
L/3
FL3
48 EI
(C)
6.81FL3
384 EI
(C)
wL4
384 EI
(C)
FL3
192 EI
(C)
F/2
C
L/3
B
L/3
w
A
B
L
F
A
L/2
August 2012
B
L/2
32
APPENDIX II TABLES OF DIMENSIONS AND GROSS SECTION PROPERTIES

b
z
tf
r
h d
tw
Dimensions
Designation
Size
Mass
Per
Metre
mm
1016 x 305
914 x 419
914 x 305
838 x 292
762 x 267
686 x 254
August 2012
Area
of
Section
Depth
of
Section
Width
of
Section
Thickness
Root
Radius
Depth
Between
Fillets
Web
tw
Ratios For
Local
Buckling
Flange
Web
cf/tf
cw/tw
Dimensions For Detailing

End
Clearance
C
mm
mm
mm
Flange
tf
Notch
kg/m
cm2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
487
620
1036.1
308.5
54.1
30.0
30.0
867.9
2.02
28.9
17
149
84
438
557
1025.9
305.4
49.0
26.9
30.0
867.9
2.23
32.3
15
149
79
393
500
1016.0
303.0
43.9
24.4
30.0
868.2
2.49
35.6
14
149
74
349
445
1008.1
302.0
40.0
21.1
30.0
868.1
2.76
41.1
13
150
70
314
400
1000.0
300.0
35.9
19.1
30.0
868.2
3.08
45.5
12
150
66
272
347
990.1
300.0
31.0
16.5
30.0
868.1
3.60
52.6
10
152
61
249
317
980.2
300.0
26.0
16.5
30.0
868.2
4.30
52.6
10
152
56
222
283
970.3
300.0
21.1
16.0
30.0
868.1
5.31
54.3
10
152
51
388
494
921.0
420.5
36.6
21.4
24.1
799.6
4.79
37.4
13
210
61
343
437
911.8
418.5
32.0
19.4
24.1
799.6
5.48
41.2
12
210
56
289.1
368
926.6
307.7
32.0
19.5
19.1
824.4
3.91
42.3
12
154
51
253.4
323
918.4
305.5
27.9
17.3
19.1
824.4
4.48
47.7
11
154
47
224.2
286
910.4
304.1
23.9
15.9
19.1
824.4
5.23
51.8
10
154
43
200.9
256
903.0
303.3
20.2
15.1
19.1
824.4
6.19
54.6
10
154
39
226.5
289
850.9
293.8
26.8
16.1
17.8
761.7
4.52
47.3
10
149
45
193.8
247
840.7
292.4
21.7
14.7
17.8
761.7
5.58
51.8
149
40
175.9
224
834.9
291.7
18.8
14.0
17.8
761.7
6.44
54.4
149
37
196.8
251
769.8
268.0
25.4
15.6
16.5
686.0
4.32
44.0
10
136
42
173
220
762.2
266.7
21.6
14.3
16.5
686.0
5.08
48.0
136
38
146.9
187
754.0
265.2
17.5
12.8
16.5
686.0
6.27
53.6
136
34
133.9
171
750.0
264.4
15.5
12.0
16.5
686.0
7.08
57.2
136
32
170.2
217
692.9
255.8
23.7
14.5
15.2
615.1
4.45
42.4
131
39
152.4
194
687.5
254.5
21.0
13.2
15.2
615.1
5.02
46.6
131
36
140.1
178
683.5
253.7
19.0
12.4
15.2
615.1
5.55
49.6
131
34
125.2
159
677.9
253.0
16.2
11.7
15.2
615.1
6.51
52.6
131
31
33
Section Properties
Section
Size
Surface
Area
per
Metre
mm
1016 x
305
914 x
419
914 x
305
838 x
292
762 x
267
686 x
254
August 2012
Second
Moment
of Area
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
Radius
of
Gyration
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
Elastic
Modulus
Plastic
Modulus
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
Buckling
parameter
Torsional
Index
Warping
Constant
Torsional
Constant
Iw
IT
dm6
cm4
21.1
64.4
4299
0.868
23.1
56.0
3185
2168
0.868
25.5
48.4
2330
16592
1941
0.872
27.9
43.3
1718
14851
1713
0.872
30.7
37.7
1264
934
12826
1470
0.873
35.0
32.2
835
784
11350
1245
0.861
39.9
26.8
582
m2
cm4
cm4
cm
cm
cm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
3.19
1021427
26728
40.6
6.57
19717
1733
23200
2800
0.867
3.17
909913
23454
40.4
6.49
17739
1536
20762
2469
3.14
807696
20503
40.2
6.40
15900
1353
18539
3.13
723138
18467
40.3
6.44
14347
1223
3.11
644218
16239
40.1
6.37
12884
1083
3.10
553981
14011
40.0
6.36
11190
3.08
481313
11761
39.0
6.09
9821
3.06
407968
9553
38.0
5.81
8409
637
9807
1020
0.850
45.7
21.5
390
3.44
719638
45441
38.2
9.59
15627
2161
17665
3341
0.885
26.7
88.86
1734
3.42
625782
39159
37.8
9.46
13726
1871
15477
2890
0.883
30.1
75.78
1193
3.01
504188
15598
37.0
6.51
10883
1014
12570
1601
0.867
31.9
31.21
926
2.99
436306
13302
36.8
6.42
9501
871
10942
1371
0.866
36.2
26.37
626
2.97
376415
11237
36.3
6.27
8269
739
9535
1163
0.861
41.3
22.08
422
2.96
325255
9424
35.7
6.07
7204
621
8351
982
0.854
46.8
18.36
291.4
2.81
339704
11360
34.3
6.27
7985
773
9155
1212
0.870
35.0
19.29
513.7
2.79
279176
9067
33.6
6.06
6642
620
7640
974
0.862
41.6
15.20
305.8
2.78
246022
7800
33.1
5.90
5893
535
6808
842
0.856
46.5
12.99
221.4
2.55
239957
8175
30.9
5.71
6234
610
7167
959
0.869
33.2
11.33
404.3
2.53
205282
6850
30.5
5.58
5387
514
6198
807
0.864
38.1
9.39
267.2
2.51
168502
5456
30.0
5.40
4470
411
5156
647
0.858
45.2
7.40
159.0
2.51
150692
4788
29.7
5.30
4018
362
4644
570
0.854
49.8
6.46
119
2.35
170327
6631
28.0
5.53
4916
518
5631
811
0.872
31.8
7.42
307.6
2.34
150356
5784
27.8
5.46
4374
455
5000
710
0.871
35.5
6.42
219.6
2.33
136268
5184
27.6
5.39
3987
409
4558
638
0.868
38.7
5.72
168.7
2.32
117993
4383
27.2
5.24
3481
347
3994
542
0.862
43.9
4.80
116
34
Dimensions
Designation
Size
Mass
Per
Metre
mm
610 x 305
610 x 229
610 x 178
533 x 312
533 x 210
533 x 165
457 x 191
457 x 152
406 x 178
August 2012
Area
of
Section
Depth
of
Section
Width
of
Section
Thickness
Root
Radius
Depth
Between
Fillets
Web
tw
Ratios For
Local
Buckling
Flange
Web
cf/tf
cw/tw

End
Clearance
C
mm
mm
mm
Flange
tf
Notch
kg/m
cm2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
238
303
635.8
311.4
31.4
18.4
16.5
540.0
4.14
29.3
11
157
48
179
228
620.2
307.1
23.6
14.1
16.5
540.0
5.51
38.3
157
40
149.1
190
612.4
304.8
19.7
11.8
16.5
540.0
6.60
45.8
157
36
139.9
178
617.2
230.2
22.1
13.1
12.7
547.6
4.34
41.8
119
35
125.1
158
612.2
229.0
19.3
11.9
12.7
548.2
4.97
46.1
119
32
113
144
607.6
228.2
17.3
11.1
12.7
547.6
5.54
49.3
119
30
101.2
129
602.6
227.6
14.8
10.5
12.7
547.6
6.48
52.2
119
28
92
117
603.0
178.8
15.0
10.9
12.7
547.6
4.75
50.2
94
28
28
91
116
602.5
178.4
15.0
10.6
12.7
547.1
4.75
51.6
94
81.9
104
598.7
177.9
12.8
10.0
12.7
547.7
5.57
54.8
94
26
270.8
346
577.1
317.8
37.6
21.1
12.7
476.5
3.61
22.6
13
158
50
218.8
279
560.3
317.8
29.2
18.3
12.7
476.5
4.69
26.0
11
160
42
181.6
231
550.7
314.7
24.4
15.2
12.7
476.5
5.62
31.3
10
160
37
150.3
192
542.5
312.2
20.3
12.7
12.7
476.5
6.75
37.5
160
33
138.4
176
549.1
213.9
23.6
14.7
12.7
476.5
3.68
32.4
110
36
122
155
544.5
211.9
21.3
12.7
12.7
476.5
4.08
37.5
110
34
109
139
539.5
210.8
18.8
11.6
12.7
476.5
4.62
41.1
110
32
101
129
536.7
210.0
17.4
10.8
12.7
476.5
4.99
44.1
110
30
92.1
117
533.1
209.3
15.6
10.1
12.7
476.5
5.57
47.2
110
28
82.2
105
528.3
208.8
13.2
9.6
12.7
476.5
6.58
49.6
110
26
84.8
108
534.9
166.5
16.5
10.3
12.7
476.5
3.96
46.3
88
29
74.4
95
529.1
165.9
13.5
9.7
12.7
476.7
4.84
49.1
88
26
24
65.5
84
524.8
165.1
11.4
8.9
12.7
476.6
5.74
53.6
88
105.7
135
469.1
193.9
20.6
12.6
10.2
407.5
3.91
32.3
101
31
98.3
125
467.2
192.8
19.6
11.4
10.2
407.6
4.11
35.8
101
30
89.3
114
463.4
191.9
17.7
10.5
10.2
407.6
4.55
38.8
101
28
82
104
460.0
191.3
16.0
9.9
10.2
407.6
5.03
41.2
101
26
74.3
95
457.0
190.4
14.5
9.0
10.2
407.6
5.55
45.3
101
25
67.1
86
453.4
189.9
12.7
8.5
10.2
407.6
6.34
48.0
101
23
82.1
105
465.8
155.3
18.9
10.5
10.2
407.6
3.29
38.8
82
29
74.2
94
462.0
154.4
17.0
9.6
10.2
407.6
3.66
42.5
82
27
67.2
86
458.0
153.8
15.0
9.0
10.2
407.6
4.15
45.3
82
25
59.8
76
454.6
152.9
13.3
8.1
10.2
407.6
4.68
50.3
82
24
52.3
67
449.8
152.4
10.9
7.6
10.2
407.6
5.71
53.6
82
21
84.8
108
417.3
180.8
18.2
10.9
10.2
360.5
4.11
33.1
95
28
74.2
95
412.8
179.5
16.0
9.5
10.2
360.4
4.68
37.9
95
26
67.1
86
409.4
178.8
14.3
8.8
10.2
360.4
5.23
41.0
95
25
60.1
77
406.4
177.9
12.8
7.9
10.2
360.4
5.84
45.6
95
23
54.1
69
402.6
177.7
10.9
7.7
10.2
360.4
6.86
46.8
95
21
35
Section Properties
Section
Size
Surface
Area
per
Metre
Second
Moment
of Area
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
Plastic
Modulus
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
cm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
Buckling
parameter
Torsional
Index
IT
cm4
21.3
14.463
785.2
27.7
10.15
340.1
0.886
32.7
8.17
200
611
0.875
30.6
3.99
216.4
3639
528
0.872
34.5
3.40
149.1
3281
469
0.870
38.0
2.99
111.3
256
2881
400
0.864
43.1
2.52
77
2142
161
2511
258
0.848
42.8
1.242
71.0
2120
160
2480
256
0.850
43.2
1.23
68.6
2.45
209472
15837
26.3
7.23
6589
1017
7486
1574
0.886
2.41
153025
11409
25.9
7.07
4935
743
5547
1144
0.886
2.39
125877
9308
25.7
7.00
4111
611
4594
937
2.11
111778
4505
25.0
5.03
3622
391
4142
2.09
97542
3872
24.8
4.95
3187
338
2.08
87319
3434
24.6
4.88
2874
301
2.07
75780
2915
24.2
4.76
2515
1.88
64577
1436
23.4
3.50
1.88
63879
1426
23.5
3.51
533 x
312
533
x210
533 x
165
457 x
191
457 x
152
406 x
178
August 2012
cm
Torsional
Constant
Iw
610 x
305
cm
Warping
Constant
dm6
m2
610 x
178
cm4
Elastic
Modulus
mm
610 x
229
cm4
Radius
of
Gyration
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
1.87
55891
1207
23.2
3.40
1867
136
2195
218
0.843
48.5
1.04
49
2.36
197263
20156
23.9
7.63
6836
1268
7810
1956
0.890
15.9
14.67
1279.7
2.33
151141
15648
23.3
7.49
5395
985
6115
1518
0.884
19.8
11.03
642.2
2.31
123290
12691
23.1
7.41
4478
807
5033
1239
0.885
23.4
8.79
373.6
2.29
100688
10305
22.9
7.33
3712
660
4144
1011
0.885
27.8
7.03
216
1.90
86088
3864
22.1
4.68
3136
361
3613
568
0.873
25.0
2.668
250.3
1.89
76043
3388
22.1
4.67
2793
320
3196
500
0.877
27.6
2.32
178.4
1.88
66822
2943
21.9
4.60
2477
279
2828
436
0.875
30.9
1.99
126.3
1.87
61519
2692
21.9
4.57
2292
256
2612
399
0.874
33.2
1.82
101.0
1.86
55228
2389
21.7
4.51
2072
228
2360
356
0.872
36.5
1.60
75.7
1.85
47539
2008
21.3
4.38
1800
192
2059
300
0.864
41.6
1.33
51.5
1.69
48632
1275
21.2
3.44
1818
153
2107
243
0.862
35.5
0.857
73.8
1.68
40862
1032
20.8
3.30
1545
124
1800
199
0.852
41.3
0.69
47.3
1.67
35044
859
20.5
3.20
1336
104
1561
166
0.847
47.0
0.57
32
1.67
48829
2511
19.0
4.32
2082
259
2387
405
0.877
24.4
1.263
145.7
1.67
45727
2347
19.1
4.33
1957
243
2232
379
0.881
25.7
1.18
121.3
1.66
41015
2089
19.0
4.29
1770
218
2014
338
0.880
28.3
1.04
90.7
1.65
37051
1871
18.8
4.23
1611
196
1831
304
0.877
30.9
0.92
69.2
1.64
33319
1671
18.8
4.20
1458
176
1653
272
0.877
33.9
0.82
51.8
1.63
29380
1452
18.5
4.12
1296
153
1471
237
0.872
37.9
0.71
37.1
1.51
36589
1185
18.7
3.37
1571
153
1811
240
0.873
27.4
0.591
89.2
1.50
32674
1047
18.6
3.33
1414
136
1627
213
0.873
30.1
0.52
65.9
1.50
28927
913
18.4
3.27
1263
119
1453
187
0.869
33.6
0.45
47.7
1.49
25500
795
18.3
3.23
1122
104
1287
163
0.868
37.5
0.39
33.8
1.48
21369
645
17.9
3.11
950
85
1096
133
0.859
43.9
0.31
21
1.52
31560
1798
17.1
4.08
1513
199
1725
309
0.881
24.4
0.716
92.5
1.51
27310
1546
17.0
4.04
1323
172
1501
267
0.882
27.6
0.61
62.8
1.50
24331
1365
16.9
3.99
1189
153
1346
237
0.880
30.5
0.53
46.1
1.49
21596
1203
16.8
3.97
1063
135
1199
209
0.880
33.8
0.47
33.3
1.48
18722
1021
16.5
3.85
930
115
1055
178
0.871
38.3
0.39
23
36
Dimensions
Designation
Size
Mass
Per
Metre
mm
406 x 140
356 x 406
356 x 368
356 x 171
356 x 127
305 x 305
305 x 165
305 x 127
305 x 102
254 x 254
August 2012
Area
of
Section
Depth
of
Section
Width
of
Section
Thickness
Root
Radius
Depth
Between
Fillets
Web
tw
Ratios For
Local
Buckling
Flange
Web
cf/tf
cw/tw

End
Clearance
C
mm
mm
Mm
Flange
tf
Notch
kg/m
cm2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
46
59
403.2
142.2
11.2
6.8
10.2
360.4
5.13
53.0
78
21
39
50
398.0
141.8
8.6
6.4
10.2
360.4
6.69
56.3
78
19
633.9
808
474.6
424.0
77.0
47.6
15.2
290.2
2.25
6.1
26
198
92
551
702
455.6
418.5
67.5
42.1
15.2
290.2
2.56
6.9
23
198
83
467
595
436.6
412.2
58.0
35.8
15.2
290.2
2.98
8.1
20
198
73
393
501
419.0
407.0
49.2
30.8
15.2
290.2
3.51
9.4
17
198
64
339.9
433
406.4
403.0
42.9
26.6
15.2
290.2
4.03
10.9
15
198
58
287.1
366
393.6
399.0
36.5
22.6
15.2
290.2
4.74
12.8
13
198
52
235.1
299
381.0
394.8
30.2
18.4
15.2
290.2
5.73
15.8
11
198
45
201.9
257
374.6
374.7
27.0
16.5
15.2
290.2
6.07
17.6
10
189
42
177
226
368.2
372.6
23.8
14.4
15.2
290.2
6.89
20.2
189
39
152.9
195
362.0
370.5
20.7
12.3
15.2
290.2
7.92
23.6
189
36
129
164
355.6
368.6
17.5
10.4
15.2
290.2
9.37
27.9
189
33
67.1
85
363.4
173.2
15.7
9.1
10.2
311.6
4.58
34.2
92
26
57
73
358.0
172.2
13.0
8.1
10.2
311.6
5.53
38.5
92
23
51
65
355.0
171.5
11.5
7.4
10.2
311.6
6.25
42.1
92
22
45
57
351.4
171.1
9.7
7.0
10.2
311.6
7.41
44.5
92
20
39.1
50
353.4
126.0
10.7
6.6
10.2
311.6
4.63
47.2
70
21
33.1
42
349.0
125.4
8.5
6.0
10.2
311.6
5.82
51.9
70
19
282.9
360
365.3
322.2
44.1
26.8
15.2
246.7
3.00
9.2
15
158
59
240
306
352.5
318.4
37.7
23.0
15.2
246.7
3.51
10.7
14
158
53
198.1
252
339.9
314.5
31.4
19.1
15.2
246.7
4.22
12.9
12
158
47
158.1
201
327.1
311.2
25.0
15.8
15.2
246.7
5.30
15.6
10
158
40
136.9
174
320.5
309.2
21.7
13.8
15.2
246.7
6.11
17.9
158
37
117.9
150
314.5
307.4
18.7
12.0
15.2
246.7
7.09
20.6
158
34
96.9
123
307.9
305.3
15.4
9.9
15.2
246.7
8.60
24.9
158
31
54
69
310.4
166.9
13.7
7.9
8.9
265.2
5.15
33.6
90
23
46.1
59
306.6
165.7
11.8
6.7
8.9
265.2
5.98
39.6
90
21
40.3
51
303.4
165.0
10.2
6.0
8.9
265.2
6.92
44.2
90
19
48.1
61
311.0
125.3
14.0
9.0
8.9
265.2
3.52
29.5
68
23
41.9
53
307.2
124.3
12.1
8.0
8.9
265.2
4.07
33.2
68
21
37
47
304.4
123.3
10.7
7.1
8.9
265.2
4.60
37.4
68
20
32.8
42
312.7
102.4
10.8
6.6
7.6
275.9
3.73
41.8
58
18
28.2
36
308.7
101.8
8.8
6.0
7.6
275.9
4.58
46.0
58
16
24.8
32
305.1
101.6
7.0
5.8
7.6
275.9
5.76
47.6
58
15
167.1
213
289.1
265.2
31.7
19.2
12.7
200.3
3.48
10.4
12
133
44
132
168
276.3
261.3
25.3
15.3
12.7
200.3
4.36
13.1
10
133
38
107.1
136
266.7
258.8
20.5
12.8
12.7
200.3
5.38
15.6
133
33
88.9
113
260.3
256.3
17.3
10.3
12.7
200.3
6.38
19.4
133
30
73.1
93
254.1
254.6
14.2
8.6
12.7
200.3
7.77
23.3
133
27
37
Section Properties
Section
Size
Surface
Area
per
Metre
Second
Moment
of Area
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
Radius
of
Gyration
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
Elastic
Modulus
Plastic
Modulus
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
Buckling
parameter
Torsional
Index
mm
m2
cm4
cm4
cm
cm
cm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
406 x
140
1.34
15685
538
16.4
3.03
778
76
888
118
0.871
38.9
356 x
406
356 x
368
356 x
171
356 x
127
305 x
305
305 x
165
305 x
127
305 x
102
254 x
254
Warping
Constant
Torsional
Constant
Iw
IT
dm6
cm4
0.207
19.0
1.33
12508
410
15.9
2.87
629
58
724
91
0.858
47.5
0.16
11
2.52
274845
98126
18.4
11.02
11582
4629
14235
7108
0.843
5.5
38.78
13723.6
2.47
226939
82671
18.0
10.85
9962
3951
12076
6058
0.841
6.1
31.13
9240.4
2.42
183004
67834
17.5
10.68
8383
3291
10002
5034
0.839
6.9
24.31
5808.6
2.38
146673
55369
17.1
10.51
7001
2721
8228
4155
0.837
7.9
18.93
3553.7
2.35
122543
46854
16.8
10.40
6031
2325
6999
3544
0.836
8.8
15.48
2342.8
2.31
99876
38678
16.5
10.28
5075
1939
5812
2949
0.835
10.2
12.33
1440.6
2.28
79085
30994
16.3
10.17
4151
1570
4687
2383
0.834
12.1
9.54
811.5
2.19
66262
23689
16.1
9.60
3538
1264
3972
1920
0.844
13.4
7.156
557.5
2.17
57118
20530
15.9
9.54
3103
1102
3455
1671
0.844
15.0
6.09
381.5
2.16
48590
17554
15.8
9.49
2685
948
2965
1435
0.844
17.0
5.11
250.5
2.14
40246
14612
15.6
9.43
2264
793
2479
1199
0.844
19.9
4.18
153
1.38
19463
1362
15.1
3.99
1071
157
1211
243
0.886
24.4
0.412
55.7
1.37
16038
1108
14.9
3.91
896
129
1010
199
0.882
28.8
0.33
33.4
23.8
1.36
14136
968
14.8
3.86
796
113
896
174
0.881
32.1
0.29
1.36
12066
811
14.5
3.76
687
95
775
147
0.874
36.8
0.24
16
1.18
10172
358
14.3
2.68
576
57
659
89
0.871
35.2
0.105
15.1
1.17
8250
280
14.0
2.58
473
45
543
70
0.863
42.2
0.08
1.94
78872
24635
14.8
8.27
4318
1529
5105
2342
0.855
7.7
6.35
2033.8
1.91
64203
20315
14.5
8.15
3643
1276
4247
1951
0.854
8.7
5.03
1271.3
1.87
50904
16300
14.2
8.04
2995
1037
3440
1581
0.853
10.2
3.88
734.0
1.84
38747
12570
13.9
7.90
2369
808
2680
1230
0.851
12.5
2.87
378.0
1.82
32815
10700
13.7
7.83
2048
692
2297
1053
0.851
14.2
2.39
248.9
161.0
1.81
27673
9060
13.6
7.77
1760
589
1958
895
0.850
16.2
1.98
1.79
22249
7308
13.4
7.69
1445
479
1592
726
0.850
19.3
1.56
91
1.26
11696
1063
13.0
3.93
754
127
846
196
0.889
23.6
0.234
34.8
1.25
9899
896
13.0
3.90
646
108
720
166
0.891
27.1
0.19
22.2
1.24
8503
764
12.9
3.86
560
93
623
142
0.889
31.0
0.16
14.7
1.09
9575
461
12.5
2.74
616
74
711
116
0.873
23.3
0.102
31.8
1.08
8196
389
12.4
2.70
534
63
614
98
0.872
26.5
0.08
21.1
1.07
7166
335
12.3
2.67
471
54
539
85
0.872
29.7
0.07
15
1.01
6501
194
12.5
2.15
416
38
481
60
0.866
31.6
0.044
12.2
1.00
5366
155
12.2
2.08
348
31
403
48
0.859
37.4
0.03
7.4
0.99
4455
123
11.9
1.97
292
24
342
39
0.846
43.4
0.03
4.8
1.58
29998
9870
11.9
6.81
2075
744
2424
1137
0.851
8.5
1.635
626.4
1.55
22529
7531
11.6
6.69
1631
576
1869
878
0.850
10.3
1.19
318.6
1.52
17511
5928
11.3
6.59
1313
458
1484
697
0.848
12.4
0.90
172.4
1.50
14268
4858
11.2
6.55
1096
379
1224
575
0.850
14.5
0.72
102.3
1.49
11407
3908
11.1
6.48
898
307
992
465
0.849
17.3
0.56
58
August 2012
38
Dimensions
Designation
Size
Mass
Per
Metre
mm
254 x 146
254 x 102
Area
of
Section
Depth
of
Section
Width
of
Section
Thickness
Root
Radius
Depth
Between
Fillets
Web
tw
Ratios For
Local
Buckling
Flange
Web
cf/tf
cw/tw

End
Clearance
C
mm
mm
mm
Flange
tf
Notch
kg/m
cm2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
43
55
259.6
147.3
12.7
7.2
7.6
219.0
4.92
30.4
80
20
37
47
256.0
146.4
10.9
6.3
7.6
219.0
5.73
34.8
80
19
31.1
40
251.4
146.1
8.6
6.0
7.6
219.0
7.26
36.5
80
16
28.3
36
260.4
102.2
10.0
6.3
7.6
225.2
4.04
35.7
58
18
25.2
32
257.2
101.9
8.4
6.0
7.6
225.2
4.80
37.5
58
16
14
22
28
254.0
101.6
6.8
5.7
7.6
225.2
5.93
39.5
58
99.7
127
228.6
210.3
23.8
14.5
10.2
160.6
3.68
11.1
108
34
86.1
110
222.2
209.1
20.5
12.7
10.2
160.8
4.29
12.7
108
31
71
90
215.8
206.4
17.3
10.0
10.2
160.8
5.09
16.1
108
28
60
76
209.6
205.8
14.2
9.4
10.2
160.8
6.20
17.1
108
24
52
66
206.2
204.3
12.5
7.9
10.2
160.8
7.04
20.4
108
23
46.1
59
203.2
203.6
11.0
7.2
10.2
160.8
8.00
22.3
108
21
30
38
206.8
133.9
9.6
6.4
7.6
172.4
5.85
26.9
74
17
203 x 102
25.1
23.1
32
29
203.2
203.2
133.2
101.8
7.8
9.3
5.7
5.4
7.6
7.6
172.4
169.4
7.20
4.37
30.2
31.4
5
5
74
58
15
17
178 x 102
19.0
24
177.8
101.2
7.9
4.8
7.6
146.8
5.14
30.6
58
16
37
47
161.8
154.4
11.5
8.0
7.6
123.6
5.70
15.5
83
19
30
38
157.6
152.9
9.4
6.5
7.6
123.6
6.98
19.0
83
17
23
29
152.4
152.2
6.8
5.8
7.6
123.6
9.65
21.3
83
14
152 x 89
22.3
16
28
20
152.1
152.4
152.1
88.7
6.6
7.7
5.8
4.5
6.4
7.6
126.1
121.8
10.11
4.48
21.7
27.1
5
4
83
52
13
15
127 x 76
13
17
127.0
76.0
7.6
4.0
7.6
96.6
3.74
24.2
46
15
24
31
107.0
100.0
12.0
7.9
6.0
71.0
3.34
9.0
56
18
21
26
102.0
102.0
9.4
8.0
6.0
71.2
4.36
8.9
57
15
19.4
25
105.7
103.1
8.8
7.1
6.4
75.3
4.73
10.6
58
15
203 x 203
203 x 133
152 x 152
102 x 102
August 2012
39
Section Properties
Section
Size
Surface
Area
per
Metre
Second
Moment
of Area
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
Plastic
Modulus
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
Axis
y-y
Axis
z-z
cm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
Buckling
parameter
Torsional
Index
Warping
Constant
Torsional
Constant
Iw
IT
dm6
cm4
m2
254 x
146
1.08
6544
677
10.9
3.52
504
92
566
141
0.891
21.2
0.10
23.9
1.07
5537
571
10.8
3.48
433
78
483
119
0.890
24.3
0.09
15.3
1.06
4413
448
10.5
3.36
351
61
393
94
0.880
29.6
0.07
8.6
0.90
4005
179
10.5
2.22
308
35
353
55
0.874
27.5
0.028
9.6
0.90
3415
149
10.3
2.15
266
29
306
46
0.866
31.5
0.02
6.4
0.89
2841
119
10.1
2.06
224
23
259
37
0.856
36.4
0.02
4.1
203 x
203
203 x
133
203 x
102
178 x
102
152 x
152
152 x 89
127 x 76
102 x
102
cm4
Elastic
Modulus
mm
254 x
102
cm4
Radius
of
Gyration
Axis
Axis
y-y
z-z
cm
cm
1.25
11330
3695
9.4
5.39
991
351
1152
537
0.852
9.0
0.387
211.8
1.24
9449
3128
9.3
5.34
850
299
977
456
0.850
10.2
0.32
136.8
1.22
7618
2537
9.2
5.30
706
246
799
374
0.853
11.9
0.25
80.2
1.21
6125
2065
9.0
5.20
584
201
656
305
0.846
14.1
0.20
47.2
1.20
5259
1778
8.9
5.18
510
174
567
264
0.848
15.8
0.17
31.8
1.19
4568
1548
8.8
5.13
450
152
497
231
0.847
17.7
0.14
22
0.92
2896
385
8.7
3.17
280
57
314
88
0.881
21.5
0.04
10.3
0.91
2340
308
8.6
3.10
230
46
258
71
0.877
25.6
0.03
6.0
0.79
2105
164
8.5
2.36
207
32
234
50
0.888
22.5
0.015
7.0
0.74
1356
137
7.5
2.37
153
27
171
42
0.888
22.6
0.010
4.4
0.91
2210
706
6.8
3.87
273
91
309
140
0.848
13.3
0.040
19.2
0.90
1748
560
6.8
3.83
222
73
248
112
0.849
16.0
0.03
10.5
0.89
1250
400
6.5
3.70
164
53
182
80
0.840
20.7
0.02
4.6
0.89
0.64
1209
834
387
90
6.5
6.4
3.69
2.10
159
109
51
20
176
123
78
31
0.838
0.890
21.5
19.6
0.02
0.005
4
3.6
0.54
473
56
5.4
1.84
75
15
84
23
0.895
16.3
0.002
2.9
0.59
587
200
4.4
2.55
110
40
129
61
0.844
8.1
0.005
13.5
0.59
456
167
4.2
2.53
89
33
104
50
0.827
9.6
0.00
7.8
0.60
474
161
4.4
2.55
90
31
103
48
0.836
10.8
0.00
August 2012
40

Overview of Eurocode 3

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SUMMARY NOTES ON EUROCODE 3

Web Bearing and Buckling

Appendix I Formulae for Beam Deflection

Appendix II Tables of Dimensions and Gross Section Properties

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

LIMIT STATE DESIGN

determine appropriate actions {F}, e.g. dead loads, imposed loads

determine design effects {E}, e.g. bending moments, deflections

determine design resistance {R}

ensure no limit state is exceeded {R > E}

VERIFICATION BY PARTIAL FACTOR METHOD

M applied as a divisor to the characteristic value of material

The value of depends on:

the limit state under consideration

the variable to which it is applied

the context e.g. is an action beneficial in relation to the considered effect

dead and imposed loads EC1 Part 1-1

wind loads Part 1-4

actions on structures exposed to fire EC1 Part 1-2

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

DESIGN STRENGTH OF STEEL [EC3-1-1: Clause 3.2.1]

Material thickness 3 mm [EC3-1-1: Clause 1.1.2]

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

Material thickness 3 mm [EC3-1-1: Clause 1.1.2]

DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS [EC3-1-1: Clause 3.2.2]

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS [EC3-1-1: Clause 3.2.6]

Poissons ratio in elastic range,

MATERIAL PARTIAL FACTORS

[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.1]

[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.1]

[EC3-1-1: Clause 6.1]

[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]

[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]

[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]

[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]

[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]

[EC3-1-8: Clause 2.2]

Yield strength of structural steel

Ultimate strength of structural steel

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion

Strain at yield strength (= fy / E)

Strain at ultimate strength

Partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is

Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks

Partial factor for resistance of cross-sections in tension to fracture

Poissons ratio in elastic range

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

CHAPTER 3 SECTION CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION [Clause EC3-1-1: Clauses 5.5.1 & 5.5.2]

CLASSIFICATION [EC3-1-1: Table 5.2]

I-Beam under bending

H-Column under compression

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3

CLASS 4 SECTIONS [EC3-1-1: Clauses 5.5.2(2) & 6.2.2.5]

Training Course on Design of Steel Structures to Eurocode 3