Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They originated from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts have an outer envelope and internal thylakoid membranes where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur, generating ATP and NADPH. The dark reactions then use these products to fix carbon and produce sugars in the chloroplast stroma. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, proteins, lipids and DNA and have a semicrystalline internal structure of grana and stroma that supports the two photoysnthesis phases.
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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They originated from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts have an outer envelope and internal thylakoid membranes where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur, generating ATP and NADPH. The dark reactions then use these products to fix carbon and produce sugars in the chloroplast stroma. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, proteins, lipids and DNA and have a semicrystalline internal structure of grana and stroma that supports the two photoysnthesis phases.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They originated from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts have an outer envelope and internal thylakoid membranes where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur, generating ATP and NADPH. The dark reactions then use these products to fix carbon and produce sugars in the chloroplast stroma. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, proteins, lipids and DNA and have a semicrystalline internal structure of grana and stroma that supports the two photoysnthesis phases.
Copyright:
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They originated from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts have an outer envelope and internal thylakoid membranes where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur, generating ATP and NADPH. The dark reactions then use these products to fix carbon and produce sugars in the chloroplast stroma. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, proteins, lipids and DNA and have a semicrystalline internal structure of grana and stroma that supports the two photoysnthesis phases.
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CHLOROPLAST
Site of photosynthesis
Suchitra 11msb0028 Powerpoint Templates Page 1
INTRODUCTION CHLOROPLAST what does it mean??????? chloro means-green plast means-living Performs photosynthetic activity Powerpoint Templates
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HISTORICAL Term chloroplasts were first described by Nehemiah Grew & Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek . The term PLASTID was used by Shimper in 1885.
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EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN Chloropla sts are one of the many different types of organelles in the plant cell.
Originate d from cyanobacte ria through endosymbi osis. Powerpoint Templates Page 4
The entire chloroplast is bounded by an ENVELOPE,whi ch is made of double unit membrane.
contain only 1-2 % of the total protein of chloroplast.
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STROMA The matrix or stoma fills most of the volume of the chloroplast.
It contains about 50% of the proteins of the chloroplast. Contains RIBOSOMES & DNA molecules. It is the place where co2 occurs. Gel-fluid like substance surrounding the Powerpoint Templates thylakoids.
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THYLAKOIDS consist of flattend and closed vesicles arranged as a membranous network.
It may be stacked like a neat pile of coins forming GRANA.
There may be 40-80 grana in the matrix of a chloroplast.
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Molecular organization of thylakoid :5 major superamolecular complexes:1. Photosystem I : Contains reactive centre composed of P700. 2. Photosystem II : Comprises two intrinsic proteins that bind to the reaction centre of chlorophyll P 680. 3. Cytochrome b/f : Contains one cytochrome f,two cytochromes of b 563,one FeS centre & a polypeptide. 4. ATP synthetase. 5.Light harvesting complex. Powerpoint Templates Page 11
Function of chloroplast:Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: The process by which organisms convert solar energy to chemical energy.
6H20 + 6CO2
C6H12O6 + 6O2
This is an energy requiring reaction - the energy source is sunlight
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The photosynthesis reactions can be broken down into two components:
LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION
It is light dependent reaction. Occurs in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES.
It is light-independent reaction. Occurs in the STROMA.
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LIGHT REACTION The photosynthetic light reaction is completed by passing through the following processes: I. Light absorption by photosynthetic pigment: Photosynthetic unit Dual pigment system: photosystem I & photosystem II Powerpoint Templates Page 14
Photosystem I Each PS I unit consist of about 200 molecules of chlorophyll a &50 carotene molecules. Reaction centre (chlorophyll a molecule) called-P 700. Occurs in thylakoid membrane. Powerpoint Templates Page 15
Photosystem II It also occurs in thylakoid membranes. Each PS II consists 200 molecules of chlorophyll a,200 molecules of carotenols,chlorophyll b,c or d. Reaction centre is called-P 690(shorterwavelength trap). Powerpoint Templates Page 16
2.Electron transport system & oxidation of water
light drives the conversion of water to oxygen. NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. Formation of ATP molecules takes place. Powerpoint Templates Page 17
DARK REACTION The dark reaction is completed by passing through three main phases: Phase 1: carboxylation:- 3 molecules of carbon dioxide are attached to 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5,biphosphate to produce short-lived six carbon intermediates,this process is called carboxylation. Catalyzed by the enzymes:RuBP carboxylase,carbooxydismutase. Powerpoint Templates Page 18
2.Phase II:glycolytic reversal: Six molecules of PGA(3-phosphoglyceric acid) are transformed into six molecules of 1,3,diphosphoglyceric acid. These in turn get converted into six molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate, 3phopsphoglyceraldehyde(PGAL). Powerpoint Templates Page 19
3.Phase III:regeneration of RuBP: 3 molecules of RuBP are regenerated by a complex series of reaction which utilize 3 ATP molecules & 5 molecules of 3phosphoglyceric acid.
