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Q1 Wk3 Module 3 Biotechnology SSPElective

General Science (San Carlos College)

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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Week 3 - Movement
of Materials Through
the Cell Membrane

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Second Edition, Revised 2021

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
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authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools Division
Superintendent: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Ed.D.

Development Team of the Module

Writer:
Mrs. Joanne P. Lee, Master Teacher I, Don Vicente Rama MNHS
Mrs. Floremel Sabellano, Teacher III, Tejero National HS

Content and Language Editors:

Dr. Olivia P. Labis, Master Teacher I, Gothong MNHS

Mrs. Emily May G. Rapirap, Master Teacher II, Don Vicente Rama MNHS
Ms. Maria Aurora V. Mangapis, Master Teacher I, Pardo National HS

Management Team:
Chairperson:

Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Members:

Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Mrs.Grecia F. Bataluna, Curriculum Implementation Division Chief
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, Education Program Supervisor-Science
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, Education Program Supervisor -LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education, Division of Cebu City ROVII
Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
Telephone Nos. (032) 266-1616, (032) 263-9095
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8
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Week 3 – Movement
of Materials Through
the Cell Membrane

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MODULE 3 Movement of Materials Through

the Cell Membrane

Have you tried washing the dishes or staying in a pool so long that your fingers
became wrinkled? What caused your fingers to wrinkle? How long did it take your
fingers to return to normal? Why does this happen? After going through this module,
you are expected to:
1. discuss cellular exchange of materials with the environment;
2. explain osmosis as a type of diffusion;
3. distinguish between the following sets of terms: osmosis, facilitated
diffusion, and active transport; hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions;
4. appreciate how discoveries on cellular structures and functions have led to
useful technologies; and
5. explain how the activities of certain cell organelles are used to promote food
production and health.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will learn how materials move into and out of the cells.
You will also learn how materials are constantly being exchanged between a living cell
and the nonliving world. You will also learn how discoveries on cellular structures and
functions have led to useful technologies.

What I Know?

Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer on a sheet
of paper.

1.Which type of membrane allows some materials to pass through while

keeping others out?
A.Impermeable B. Saturated C. Semi-permeable d. Tri-layer

2.Through what process do transport proteins or membrane proteins assist

substances to enter and exit the cell?
A. Diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D.Passive transport

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Use the diagram to answer questions 3 and 4.

Figure 1

3.What happens with the water molecules?

A. The water molecules will enter the cell.
B. The water molecules will move out of the cell.
C. The water molecules will remain where they are.
D. The water molecules will disappear.

4.What happens with the sugar molecules?

A. The sugar molecules will enter the cell.
B. The sugar molecules will move out of the cell.
C. The sugar molecules will remain where they are.
D. The sugar molecules will disappear

5.Through which process do sugar molecules enter or exit a cell?

A. Diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D.Passive Transport

6.Which process ALWAYS involves movement of materials from inside the

cell to outside the cell?
A. Diffusion B. Endocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Osmosis

7.In what direction do substances moves across a cell membrane without

using the cell’s energy?
A. away from the area where it is less concentrated.
B. away from the area where it is more concentrated.
C. toward the area where it is more concentrated.
D. toward the area where it is less concentrated.
..
8.If a solution outside a cell is more concentrated so that the cell loses water
to its environment, which of the following describes the external solution?
A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Homeostatic D. Isotonic

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9.Which mechanism requires energy?

A. Active transport B. Diffusion C.Facilitated diffusion D.Osmosis

10.Through what process do white blood cells in the lymph nodes ingest
bacteria and debris?
A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Pinocytosis

11.Which of the following is characteristic of cell membrane?

A. Impermeable B. Permeable C. Semi-permeable D.None of these

12.Which refers to a solution containing a greater concentration of solvent

than the solution it is being compared with?
A. Equilibrium B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic D. Isotonic

13.Which solution contains a higher concentration of solute than the solution

it is being compared with?
A.10% water & 90% salt C. 90% water & 10% salt
B. 50% water & 50% salt D. pure water

14.What part of the cell maintains homeostasis in the cell?

A. Cell membrane B. Golgi bodies C. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes

15.Why does the cell placed in hypotonic solution swell?

A. After some time, the net movement of water is zero.
B. More water molecules move out than into the cell.
C.The cell gains water.
D.The cell loses water.

LESSON 1 Movement of Materials

Through the Cell Membrane

What’s In

Structure and functions of the Plasma Membrane

• The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its
surroundings.
• Membranes have been chemically analyzed and found to be made of proteins
and lipids in a double layer, known as the phospholipid bilayer.

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• In 1972, J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic

of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions
exposed to water.

Figure 3.1Phospholipid bilayer (cross section) Figure 3.2 The fluid mosaic model
Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008 . Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008
. .

• Because of its structure the plasma membrane exhibits selective (or semi-)
permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others.

The cell membrane is described as fluid mosaic because it resembles fluids

in which lipids (fats) and proteins can move relative to each other within the
membrane ; and mosaic because diverse proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are
embedded in its structure.

The figure above shows the cell membrane’s sandwich bilayer of phospholipid.
The bilayer constitutes a hydrophobic region (water-fearing) which faces in and a
hydrophilic (water-loving) region which faces out. The arrangement of the
phospholipids in the lipid bilayer makes the cell membrane selectively permeable. A
phospholipid’s head is polar and its fatty acid tails are nonpolar.

What’s New?
Just like the ticket taker who controls who enters and exits the movie house,
the cell membrane also regulates what substances go in and out of the cell. Only
certain substances can enter and exit the cell thus making the cell membrane
semipermeable.

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The diagram above shows the different ways on how molecules move across
the cell membrane.

What Is It?

Transport of Materials Across a Membrane

There are two major ways that molecules can be moved across a membrane,
and the distinction has to do with whether cell energy is used. Passive mechanisms
like diffusion use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done.

Passive Transport versus Active Transport

How do molecules move into and out of the cell?
Molecules move like a crowd of bump cars in an amusement park. They move
from crowded areas into places where there are fewer of them.
The simplest forms of transport across a membrane are passive. Passive
transport is the diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy
investment. A concentration gradient is a region of space over which the
concentration of a substance changes, and substances will naturally move down their
gradients, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion is the tendency of molecules of any substance to spread out in the
available space. There are three main types of diffusion: simple, channel, and
facilitated diffusion.
Simple diffusion is pretty much exactly what it sounds like – molecules move
down their gradients through the membrane. Molecules that practice simple diffusion
must be small and nonpolar, in order to pass through the membrane. An example of
simple diffusion is osmosis, which is the diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane.

Figure 3. 3 Diffusion of one solute

Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008

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The movement of water across cell

membranes and the balance of water between
the cell and its environment are crucial to
organisms. Osmosis can cause a cell to swell or
get smaller depending on the amount of water
around the cell.

Water Balance of Cells Without Walls

Tonicity is the ability of a solution to cause
a cell to gain or lose water. The tonicity of a
solution depends in part on its concentration of
solutes that cannot cross the membrane
Figure 3.5 Two types of transport proteins
(nonpenetrating solutes), relative to that inside Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008.
the cell. If there is a higher concentration of
.
nonpenetrating solutes in the surrounding
solution, water will tend to leave the cell, and vice versa.
• Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net
water movement across the plasma membrane
• Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell
loses water
• Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell
gains water

(a) Animal cell. An animal cells

fares best in an isotonic
environment unless it has
special adaptations that
offset the osmotic uptake
or loss of waterr.

(b) Plant cell. Plant cells are

turgid (firm) and generally
healthiest in a hypotonic
environment,where the
uptake of water is
eventually balanced by
the wall pushing back on
the cell.

Figure 3.4 Osmosis in cells in different solutions

Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008

In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed the passive movement of

molecules across the plasma membrane by helping many polar molecules and ions
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impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Most transport proteins are very
specific: They transport some substances but not others. The two types of transport
proteins are channel proteins and carrier proteins.

Channel proteins simply provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or

ion to cross the membrane. Some channel proteins are open all the time, but others
are “gated”.

Channel proteins include:

• Aquaporins, for facilitated diffusion of water
• Ion channels that open or close in response to a stimulus (gated channels)

Carrier proteins can change their shape to move a target molecule from one side of
the membrane to the other.
Sometimes the body needs to move molecules against their gradient. This is
known as moving “uphill” and requires energy from the cell, usually in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). To pump a solute across a membrane against its
gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy. Therefore, this type of membrane
traffic is called active transport. The transport proteins that move solutes against a
concentration gradient are all carrier proteins, rather than channel proteins. This
makes sense because when channel proteins are open, they merely allow solutes to
flow down their concentration gradient, rather than picking them up and transporting
them against their gradient.
Active transport allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from
their surroundings. One type of active transport system is the sodium-potassium

Figure 3.6 The sodium-potassium pump

Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B., 2008

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pump (Na⁺/K⁺ pump or Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), which exchanges sodium (Na+) for

potassium (K+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells.

Figure 3.7 Passive and active transport

Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008

Some molecules or particles are just too large to pass through the plasma membrane
or to move through a transport protein. So, cells use two other active transport
processes to move these macromolecules (large molecules) into or out of the cell.
These mechanisms involve enclosing the substances to be transported in their own
small globes of membrane, which can then bud from or fuse with the membrane to
move the substance across. Vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm move
macromolecules or large particles across the plasma membrane. There are two types
of vesicle transport, endocytosis and exocytosis. Both processes are active
transport processes, requiring energy.
Exocytosis (exo = external, cytosis = transport mechanism) is a form of bulk transport
in which materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in
membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Figure 3.8 Exocytosis

Source: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P.,2008

Endocytosis (endo = internal, cytosis = transport mechanism) is a general term

for the various types of active transport that move particles into a cell by enclosing
them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane.

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Figure 3.9 Endocytosis

Source: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., &
Walter, P.,2008

There are three types of endocytosis:

●Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”)

●Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”)
●Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Figure 3.10 Types of endocytosis

Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B.,2008

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What’s More

Self-Test 3.1
Answer the question briefly. If the cell membrane were not semi-permeable, a cell
might die. Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Self-test 3.2

The beaker in the diagram has a selectively permeable membrane separating

two solutions. Suppose that the salt molecules are small enough to pass through the
membrane but the starch molecules are too large to pass through. Will the water level
on either side of the membrane change? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(Key to answers are found at the end of this module.)

What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize what we have learned.

1. Cell membranes act as barriers to most, but not all, molecules. The
development of a cell membrane that could allow some materials to pass while
constraining the movement of other molecules was a major step in the evolution
of the cell.
2. Cell membranes are selectively (or semi-) permeable barriers separating the
inner cellular environment from the outer cellular (or external) environment.
3. Passive transport requires no energy from the cell. Diffusion is the net
movement of a substance (liquid or gas) from an area of higher concentration

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to one of lower concentration.

4. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
5. Hypertonic solutions are those in which more solute (and hence lower water
potential) is present. Hypotonic solutions are those with less solute (again read
as higher water potential). Isotonic solutions have equal concentrations of
substances. Water potentials are thus equal. Although there will still be equal
amounts of water movement in and out of the cell, the net flow is zero.
6. Active transport requires the cell to spend energy, usually in the form of ATP.
7. Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge
inward, forming a vesicle. Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an
entire cell is engulfed. Pinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be transported
binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane.
8. Exocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which materials are transported from
the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with
the plasma membrane.

What I Can Do
Activity 1
Do this simple activity to find out why your fingers wrinkle.
Pour 250 ml of water into each of two small bowls. Stir a pinch of salt in one
bowl. Label it as “salt water”. Place slices of raw potato in each bowl. Predict how the
potato slices will be affected. After 20 minutes, pick up the slices and examine them.
Describe the slices. How do they compare with wrinkled fingers?

Activity 2

Why are foods treated with salt or sugar have longer shelf life?
Explain the reason for using salt and sugar for food preservation by doing the
activity below.
Preserve a food readily available in your locality using sugar or salt and observe
if the food product lasts for 4 days. Warning: Do not buy ready-made preserved food.
Make your own. Have it documented by recording a video or taking a picture while
doing the food preservation activity from day 1 to day 5. You can choose from the
following ginamos or bagoong (salted anchovies), atchara (pickled papaya), hipon

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(salted small shrimps), pickled cucumber, sugar-cured pork ham or pork bacon, salted
meat, salted egg, and salted fish (tinabal). Note: Observe budget-friendly cost of
products. Prepare a product enough for the activity.

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1.Which of the following molecules can penetrate rapidly across the cell
membrane?
A. H2O B.Na+ C. protein D. sugar

2.Which type of animal cell has elastic cell membrane and can engulf
pathogens and other foreign substances?
A.Erythrocytes C. Sperm cells
B.Leukocytes D. Striated muscle cell

3.A cell with 5% of solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 1% solute

concentration. What will happen to the cell over time?
A. The cell will lose water and shrink.
B. The cell will gain water and expand.
C. The cell will undergo no exchange of water with its surroundings.
D. The cell will both gain and lose equal amounts of water, thus, it will
remain the same.

4.When a red blood cell is placed in a solution of pure water, the interior solution
of the cell is best described as ___________.
A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic D. No movement

5. Why do cells swell, burst or rupture?

A. Cells have abnormal concentration of solute and solvent
B. Cells have normal or equal concentration of solute and solvent
C. Cells have low solute concentration and high-water concentration
D. Cells have high solute concentration and low water concentration

6. Why does the cell placed in hypotonic solution swell? A. The cell gains water.
A. After some time, the net movement of water is zero
B. More water molecules move out than move into the cell

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C.The cell gains water.

D.The cell loses water.

7. Which of these solutions contains a higher concentration of solute than the

other solutions?
A.10% water & 90% salt C. 90% water & 10% salt
B. 50% water & 50% salt D. pure water

8. Through what process do white blood cells in the lymph nodes ingest
bacteria and debris?
A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Pinocytosis

9.How can you describe the internal concentration of the fish cells in
“ginamos”?
A. Equilibrium B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic D. Isotonic

10.In what direction do substances move across a cell membrane without

using the cell’s energy?
A. away from the area where it is less concentrated.
B. away from the area where it is more concentrated.
C.toward the area where it is more concentrated.
D.toward the area where it is less concentrated

11.Which process ALWAYS involves movement of materials in bulk from

inside the cell going outside the cell?
A. Diffusion B. Endocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Osmosis

12.Through which process do sugar molecules enter or exit a cell?

A. Diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D. None of the above

13.What part of the cell maintains homeostasis or balance in the movement of

materials going in and out of the cell?
A. Cell membrane B. Golgi bodies C. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes

14.Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?

A. Impermeable B. Permeable C. Semi-permeable D None of these

15.Through what process do transport proteins or membrane proteins assist

substances to enter and exit the cell?
A.Diffusion B.Facilitated diffusion C.Osmosis D.Passive transport

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Additional Activities

Feel free to check out these videos to enrich your knowledge and
understanding of the concepts discussed in this module.

a. The Plasma Membrane and the Fluid Mosaic Model

(https://youtu.be/CNbZDcibegY)
b. Cell Transport - (https://youtu.be/ufCiGz75DAk)
c. Osmosis and Tonicity - (https://youtu.be/Y_w07A7chnk)
d. The Naked Egg and Osmosis - (https://youtu.be/SrON0nEEWmo)
e. Endocytosis and Exocytosis - (https://youtu.be/_dlbw8ubjgc)

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Answer Key

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References
"Active Transport: Primary & Secondary Overview (article)." Khan Academy.
Accessed September 5, 2021. https://tinyurl.com/p2ns8h5d.
"Bulk Transport (article)." Khan Academy. Accessed September 5, 2021.
https://tinyurl.com/94avbvjt.
"DepEd Learning Portal." TinyURL.com - Shorten That Long URL into a Tiny URL.
Accessed September 5, 2021. https://tinyurl.com/vkc5rbyt.
"Exocytosis and Endocytosis." CK-12 Foundation. Last modified May 15, 2021.
https://tinyurl.com/3j3ywsxu.
"Passive Transport and Active Transport Across a Cell Membrane Article (article)."
Khan Academy. Accessed September 5, 2021. https://tinyurl.com/4ustjmjm.
Reece, Jane B. Campbell Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2011.
"Simple Diffusion and Passive Transport (article)." Khan Academy. Accessed
September 5, 2021. https://tinyurl.com/4zt8hmdf.
Wilson, John, and Tim Hunt. Molecular Biology of the Cell 5E. New York: Garland
Science, 2008.

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Department of Education, Cebu City Division

Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
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