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27 pages, 9149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Needs Hierarchy for Public Service Facilities and Guidance-Control Programming in Small Chinese Towns Influenced by Complex Urbanization of Residents: The Evidence from Zhejiang

by Zhi Qiu, Yue Wang, Jie Wang, Zhu Wang and Yi Zhou

Land 2023, 12(6), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061205 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1718

Abstract

Due to the rapid urbanization of China, residential areas and residents in small towns exhibit dual and complex urbanization patterns and characteristics. The “one-size-fits-all” approach to programming public service facilities has led to inefficient use of idle facilities and the frequent use of [...] Read more.

Due to the rapid urbanization of China, residential areas and residents in small towns exhibit dual and complex urbanization patterns and characteristics. The “one-size-fits-all” approach to programming public service facilities has led to inefficient use of idle facilities and the frequent use of facilities that are not integrated into the public service system. Therefore, an investigation of programming logic based on residents’ needs within the complex urbanization patterns and characteristics of small towns is urgently required. This study distinguishes between rural and nonrural facilities, using the Kano model to evaluate residents’ hypothetical satisfaction with the provision of facilities or lack thereof. Based on the “rural and nonrural” facility need coupling model, four stages of urbanization were identified. Using the Better–Worse coefficient and the chi-square test, this study analyzes residents’ cognitive needs and population attributes across various stages of urbanization. Moreover, the study examines the “residential area–resident facility” matching relationship. Ultimately, a “required + optional item” public service facility guidance-control system based on the matching of human–land urbanization is proposed to improve the current programming system for public service facilities. This system provides a theoretical basis for improving the public service level in small towns and ensuring optimally relevant regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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20 pages, 2543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of County-to-District Transformation on Urban Residential Land Supply: A Multi-Period Difference-in-Differences Model Analysis

by Mengjia Zhen, Junlan Yu, Siyi Chen, Ning Wang and Zhigang Chen

Land 2023, 12(6), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061149 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1588

Abstract

Utilizing panel data from 264 prefecture-level cities in mainland China between 2009 and 2017, this study employs a multi-period difference-in-differences model and propensity score matching to assess the effects of county-to-district transformation (CDT) on the scale, proportion, and price of the urban residential [...] Read more.

Utilizing panel data from 264 prefecture-level cities in mainland China between 2009 and 2017, this study employs a multi-period difference-in-differences model and propensity score matching to assess the effects of county-to-district transformation (CDT) on the scale, proportion, and price of the urban residential land supply. The findings reveal the following details: (1) CDT led to a short-term increase in the overall proportion and price of this land, whereas its influence on the scale of the supply exhibited a time lag; (2) the policy’s impact on residential land supply varied across different types of cities, with a more pronounced effect on the scale, proportion, and price in large cities; and (3) the current implementation of CDT primarily modified the urban land’s supply–demand relationship through the expansion of built-up space, conversion of spatial function, and agglomeration of population and the labor force, consequently affecting the supply of the aforementioned land. Finally, this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions on how to adjust land supply and effectively regulate the land market during the process of promoting the withdrawal of counties in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 4631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of Job Accessibility and Residential Location on Housing Occupancy Rate: A Case Study of Xiamen, China

by Feng Ren, Jinbo Zhang and Xiuyun Yang

Land 2023, 12(4), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040912 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2402

Abstract

The serious mismatch between industrialization and urbanization has led to the emergence of ghost cities. Industry-and-city integration aims to agglomerate industries and the population simultaneously by coordinating the planning and construction, and by mixing different functional areas including industry, office, living, and commercial [...] Read more.

The serious mismatch between industrialization and urbanization has led to the emergence of ghost cities. Industry-and-city integration aims to agglomerate industries and the population simultaneously by coordinating the planning and construction, and by mixing different functional areas including industry, office, living, and commercial functions. Based on the population spatial vector database of Jimei District in Xiamen in 2020, this paper empirically analyzes the effects of spatial patterns between industry and city, in terms of residential location and job accessibility, on the housing occupancy rate in new towns and cities. The findings demonstrate that: (1) The attraction of residential location to population varies among three different urban expansion models. The housing occupancy rate of residential areas that meet the concentric circle model is the highest, followed by the sector model, and the multiple nuclei model is the lowest; (2) The jobs–housing relationship has a stable and positive impact on the occupancy rate of commercial housing in the new town, which verifies that job accessibility is the basic demand for families’ residential location choice; (3) There is a significant pattern difference in the influence of job accessibility on the occupancy rate. The occupancy rate of the sector model residential area is highly dependent on job accessibility: the higher the job accessibility, the lower the occupancy rate of the concentric residential area, while job accessibility has a weak impact on the occupancy rate of the multiple nuclei residential area. The conclusions suggest that the spatial planning of new towns should include a clear population absorbing strategy, and the residential location should follow the expansion law of the urban residential functional area, balance the relationship between industrial agglomeration and the job–housing relationship, and allocate life factors in a targeted manner according to the actual impact of job accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 31520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring House Vacancy Dynamics in The Pearl River Delta Region: A Method Based on NPP-VIIRS Night-Time Light Remote Sensing Images

by Xuan Liu, Zehao Li, Xinyi Fu, Zhengtong Yin, Mingzhe Liu, Lirong Yin and Wenfeng Zheng

Land 2023, 12(4), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040831 - 5 Apr 2023

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 3847

Abstract

Urban spatial interaction integrates cities into closely related urban network systems in continuous urban regions. However, it also brings differentiation and has mutual negative impacts between each location. Unbalanced development is one such impacts and needs closely monitoring. The housing vacancy rate (HVR) [...] Read more.

Urban spatial interaction integrates cities into closely related urban network systems in continuous urban regions. However, it also brings differentiation and has mutual negative impacts between each location. Unbalanced development is one such impacts and needs closely monitoring. The housing vacancy rate (HVR) in a continuous urban region is an important index in the unbalanced development of a continuous urban region since it indicates the uneven distribution of population and investment across cities. This study uses NPP-VIIRS NTL data and Landsat 8 OLT images to estimate HVRs at the district level. Additionally, this study tracks the spatial–temporal dynamics of HVR distributions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The comparison between the sampled HVRs and estimated HVRs verifies the effectiveness of the estimated HVRs in identifying dynamic changes in HVRs. This study has found that although overall decreasing HVRs are observed in the PRD, speculations and irrational real estate investment exist in cities on the west bank of the Pearl River Estuary and in some isolated districts in other cities. Furthermore, increasing proportions of vacant pixels in most cities indicate rising real estate development, requiring further supervision. This study suggests that more precise data and advanced techniques could help to improve the accuracy of the estimation techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Interaction Characteristics and Decoupling Effects of Urban Expansion in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration

by Zhaolan Wang, Li Wang, Biao Zhao and Qian Pei

Land 2023, 12(4), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040772 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid improvement in the urbanization level of the Central Plains urban agglomeration is bound to bring about significant changes in urban land expansion and economic development. However, at present, there is little attention paid to the research on the [...] Read more.

In recent years, the rapid improvement in the urbanization level of the Central Plains urban agglomeration is bound to bring about significant changes in urban land expansion and economic development. However, at present, there is little attention paid to the research on the spatiotemporal interaction characteristics of urban expansion and the interaction between urban expansion and economic development in this region, and existing research lacks a geographical analysis perspective. This study uses spatial autocorrelation, hot spot analysis, LISA time path, and standard deviation ellipse models to analyze the spatiotemporal interaction characteristics of urban expansion in the Central Plains urban agglomeration from 1990 to 2020, and it uses bilateral spatial autocorrelation and decoupling models to analyze the spatial correlation and decoupling effects of urban expansion and economic development. The results show that (1) the urban built-up area of the Central Plains urban agglomeration as a whole is growing in a “J” shape, and the expansion rate has increased rapidly in the past 10 years. (2) The spatial expansion of the city is mainly in the direction of “northwest–southeast”; the directionality has been gradually strengthened in the past 10 years, mainly in the direction of several prefecture-level cities under the jurisdiction of Anhui Province, and the spatial center of gravity of the city has shifted significantly to the south. (3) The spatial agglomeration characteristics of urban expansion in the Central Plains urban agglomeration are not obvious; local hot spots are concentrated in Jiaozuo and its surrounding areas, and urban expansion has local spatial structural instability. (4) During the 2005–2020 period, the risk of uncoordinated urban expansion and economic growth in the Central Plains urban agglomeration increased. This study is of great significance for the rational control of regional development, providing empirical reference for the formulation of the development planning of the Central Plains urban agglomeration, as well as providing a reference for research ideas and methods related to urbanization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Location and study area: Central Plains urban agglomeration. Full article ">Figure 2
Expansion intensity Central Plains urban agglomeration in different periods. Full article ">Figure 3
Expansion intensity of different cities in different periods. Full article ">Figure 4
Standard deviation ellipse of urban built-up area and distribution of urban center of gravity. Full article ">Figure 5
Evolution of hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion. (a) 1990–1995 hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion; (b) 1995–2000 hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion; (c) 2000–2005 hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion; (d) 2005–2010 hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion; (e) 2010–2015 hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion; (f) 2015–2020 hot and cold spots of urban spatial expansion. Full article ">Figure 6
Schematic diagram of LISA time path analysis results. (a) Relative length of LISA time path; (b) LISA time path curvature; (c) LISA time path moving direction. Full article ">Figure 7
Spatial correlation between urban expansion and economic growth. (a) 2005–2010 Local bivariate spatial autocorrelation; (b) 2010–2015 Local bivariate spatial autocorrelation; (c) 2015–2020 Local bivariate spatial autocorrelation. Full article ">Figure 8
Types of decoupling between urban expansion and economic growth. (a) 2005–2010 Decoupling type; (b) 2010–2015 Decoupling type; (c) 2015–2020 Decoupling type. Full article ">

18 pages, 3703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Analysis of Land-Use Change Based on the PLUS Model in the Fuxian Lake Basin (Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China)

by Guoqiang Ma, Qiujie Li, Jinxiu Zhang, Lixun Zhang, Hua Cheng, Zhengping Ju and Guojun Sun

Land 2023, 12(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010120 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2682

Abstract

It is essential to study the characteristics of land use change in the Fuxian Lake basin, a plateau lake in Yunnan Province, and to predict the basin’s future trend of land use change for sustaining the key carriers of current national major strategies [...] Read more.

It is essential to study the characteristics of land use change in the Fuxian Lake basin, a plateau lake in Yunnan Province, and to predict the basin’s future trend of land use change for sustaining the key carriers of current national major strategies such as ecological civilization, green development, and rural revitalization. This study used the Fuxian Lake basin as the subject and based on the seven periods of historical land use data, added six driving factors including human and natural factors, applied patches to generate the land-use simulation model (PLUS), and forecasted and analyzed the characteristics of land-use change in the basin in 2048 under the three scenarios of natural trend development, ecological protection, and production protection. The results showed that: (1) the overall simulation accuracy of the model was 79.14%, Kappa index was 0.73, FOM value was 0.29, and the model’s consistency was high. The model can be used to simulate future land-use changes in the Fuxian Lake basin. (2) In the natural development scenario, land-use development and the driving factors in the basin have the following relationship: rainfall and trunk road distance significantly impacted the types of land that emphasize ecological conservation and product development. Elevation and soil distribution characteristics had a significant impact on land types focused mainly on water zones and ecological protection. The land types mainly focused on urban construction were greatly affected by elevation, trunk road distance, GDP per capita, and other factors. (3) The main direction of land-use change in the watershed is the mutual conversion between farmland and forest land, with the continuous expansion of construction land. In the production protection scenario, the area of farmland increased by 44.79 hm². In the ecological protection scenario, the area of arbor forest land increased by 37.85 hm² and the area of shrub forest land decreased by 62.37 hm². (4) From the perspective of spatial distribution patterns, the regional hotspot change blocks are mainly concentrated in the north of the basin, along the coast of the north of Fuxian Lake, and the southern land. In general, the PLUS model had good applicability in this study. The simulation results of the different scenarios were in line with the land development in the Fuxian Lake basin and can provide scientific reference for land-space planning, ecological and production land constraints, and coordination of development in the Fuxian Lake basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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16 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Protection Alone Is Not Enough to Conserve Ecosystem Carbon Storage: Evidence from Guangdong, China

by Lihan Cui, Wenwen Tang, Sheng Zheng and Ramesh P. Singh

Land 2023, 12(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010111 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2475

Abstract

The increase in atmospheric CO₂ caused by land use and land cover change (LUCC) is one of the drivers of the global climate. As one of the most typical high-urbanization areas, the ecological conflicts occurring in Guangdong Province warrant urgent attention. A [...] Read more.

The increase in atmospheric CO₂ caused by land use and land cover change (LUCC) is one of the drivers of the global climate. As one of the most typical high-urbanization areas, the ecological conflicts occurring in Guangdong Province warrant urgent attention. A growing body of evidence suggests LUCC could guide the future ecosystem carbon storage, but most LUCC simulations are simply based on model results without full consistency with the actual situation. Fully combined with the territorial spatial planning project and based on the land use pattern in 2010 and 2020, we have used the Markov and Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model to simulate the future four land use scenarios: the Business as Usual (BU), Ecological Protection (EP), Farmland Protection (FP), and Economic Development (ED) scenario, and the ecosystem carbon storage was assessed by the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The results show that the built-up area experience further expansion in all scenarios, the largest scale happened in ED and the smallest in FP. Besides, the forest area in the EP scenario is the largest, while the land use pattern developed based on the previous circumstances in the BU scenario. Furthermore, the carbon storage plunged from 1619.21 Tg C in 2010 to 1606.60 Tg C in 2020, with a total decrease of 12.61 Tg C. Urban expansion caused 79.83% of total carbon losses, of which 31.56% came from farmland. In 2030, the carbon storage dropped in all scenarios, and their storage amount has a relationship of FP > BU > EP > ED. To better resolve the ecological problems and conserve ecosystem carbon storage, not only ecological protection but also the protection of the land near the city such as farmland protection strategies must be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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24 pages, 3763 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Triple Spatial Effects of the Administrative Hierarchy on Urban Built-Up Areas in Fujian Province, China: Heterogeneity, Radiation, and Segmentation

by Yu Liu, Zhuorui Yu, Daining Liu, Hao Zhang, Long Zhou, Guoqiang Shen, Chasong Zhu, Yiheng Sun and Yanran Wang

Land 2022, 11(12), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122275 - 12 Dec 2022

Viewed by 2129

Abstract

The expansion of urban built-up areas is one of the most prominent characteristics of land use change in China. A growing body of literature has emphasized the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas expansion, including heterogeneity, radiation, and [...] Read more.

The expansion of urban built-up areas is one of the most prominent characteristics of land use change in China. A growing body of literature has emphasized the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas expansion, including heterogeneity, radiation, and segmentation. However, the existing studies have mainly focused on the administrative hierarchy at the prefectural level and above and have primarily concentrated on one single effect; few have integrated the triple effects as a whole. Based on high-resolution land use data and taking Fujian province as a study case, this study proposes an integrated theoretical framework and modeling approach and investigates the triple spatial effects of administrative hierarchy on built-up areas at the prefectural level and below. Descriptive statistics show the following: (1) Built-up areas of municipal districts are significantly larger than those of county-level units, showing the heterogeneity characteristics of urban land distribution across different levels of administrative hierarchy; (2) The county-level units adjacent to municipal districts exploit more built-up areas than other county-level units, indicating the radiation effects of municipal districts; (3) The radiation effects tend to be reduced if a municipal district and its adjacent county-level units are not located in the same prefectural city, revealing the segmentation effects among the different prefectural cities. Using the spatial econometric model with regimes, we further find the following: (1) The strengths of driving forces of built-up areas are heterogeneous between municipal districts and county-level units, and there are significant spatial interactions among administrative units; (2) The spatial interactions between municipal districts and county-level units are stronger than those between two county-level units, but the strength is restricted by the prefectural boundary, reflecting the radiation effects of municipal districts and the segmentation effects of the prefectural boundary, respectively. By investigating the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas, we conclude that comprehensively considering these triple effects as a whole will result in a fuller understanding of the rapid built-up areas expansion in China, especially at the prefectural level and below. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 2426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical Correlates of the Shrinkage of Cities and Towns in Northeast China

by Wei Liu, Yao Tong, Jing Zhang, Zuopeng Ma, Guolei Zhou and Yanjun Liu

Land 2022, 11(12), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122208 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2115

Abstract

The growth and shrinkage of cities and towns are normal phenomena in the evolution of regional town systems. The growth and shrinkage of different levels of cities and towns are mutually influential. This study uses ArcGIS and the Hierarchical Linear Model to analyze [...] Read more.

The growth and shrinkage of cities and towns are normal phenomena in the evolution of regional town systems. The growth and shrinkage of different levels of cities and towns are mutually influential. This study uses ArcGIS and the Hierarchical Linear Model to analyze the hierarchical differences and correlations in the characteristics and mechanisms of shrinking cities and towns in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that the shrinkage of cities and towns is characterized by hierarchical differences. High-level cities show widespread and slight shrinkage, while low-level towns show the most severe and continued shrinkage. The population shrinkage of cities and towns within the same municipality is not fully synchronized. In terms of spatial patterns, the multi-level relationship between cities and towns is divided into growth-driven, central siphon, peripheral growth, local growth, and global shrinkage. The shrinkage of high-level cities is mainly influenced by economic and industrial development and built-up environment. The shrinkage of low-level towns is constrained by population concentration, economic development, enterprise scale, local arable land resources, and environmental quality. Wages, jobs, and infrastructures in high-level cities have a strong siphoning effect on low-level towns, while technology and industrial development drive the population and economic development of low-level towns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Figure 1
A multi-level perspective of Chinese cities and towns (revised from Li and Mykhnenko [<a href="#B50-land-11-02208" class="html-bibr">50</a>]). Full article ">Figure 2
A multi-level framework for understanding the shrinkage of cities and towns. Full article ">Figure 3
Cities and towns in Northeast China. Full article ">Figure 4
Spatial pattern of multi-level town shrinkage in Northeast China. Subfigure (a) shows the spatial pattern of multi-level town shrinkage in Northeast China during the period 2000–2010; Subfigure (b) shows the spatial pattern of multi-level town shrinkage in Northeast China during the period 2010–2020. Full article ">Figure 5
Local spatial autocorrelation of multi-level town shrinkage in Northeast China. Subfigure (a) shows the local spatial autocorrelation of multi-level town shrinkage in Northeast China during the period 2000–2010; Subfigure (b) shows the local spatial autocorrelation of multi-level town shrinkage in Northeast China during the period 2010–2020. Full article ">Figure 6
Types of multilevel associations of urban shrinkage in Northeast China. Subfigure (a1) and (a2) show the types of multilevel associations of urban shrinkage in Northeast China during the period 2000–2010 and the period 2010–2020, respectively; Subfigure (b1–b5) show the five types of multilevel associations of urban shrinkage, respectively. Full article ">

19 pages, 6390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Land Use on Time-Varying Passenger Flow Based on Site Classification

by Kexin Lei, Quanhua Hou, Weijia Li, Meng Zhao, Jizhe Zhou, Lingda Zhang, Shihan Chen and Yaqiong Duan

Land 2022, 11(12), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122189 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

During the different periods of a day, the imbalanced distribution of inbound ridership, that is related to land use, results in extreme flow, which makes metro management challenging. The causes of imbalanced passenger flow from the perspective of land use in metro station [...] Read more.

During the different periods of a day, the imbalanced distribution of inbound ridership, that is related to land use, results in extreme flow, which makes metro management challenging. The causes of imbalanced passenger flow from the perspective of land use in metro station areas are studied in this paper. More specifically, based on site classification, the impact of land use, including the floor area ratio and gross floor area on passenger flow, was explored by using a multiple linear regression model. The results first indicate that the impact intensities of the floor area ratio on peak hourly flow were 0.41, 0.21, and 0.20 around business, residential, and mixed sites, respectively. Second, for the abovementioned sites, the types with the greatest impact intensities of gross floor area on peak hourly flow were commercial and business facilities (B), residential (R), as well as administration and public services (A), which were 0.73, 0.32, and 0.87, respectively. Finally, for the land-development-control schemes for business, residential, and mixed sites, the maximum values of the floor area ratio were roughly 7.2, 5.3, and 8.2, respectively. The results presented in this study provide guidance for land development in metro station areas and contribute to avoiding the emergence of extreme passenger flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 3684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accommodation and Avoidance: Functional Conflict Theory (FCT)-Based Governance Logic of Resettled Community Conflict in China

by Kexi Xu, Hui Gao, Jieyu Su, Haijun Bao, Bingqian Zhan, Chun Jiang and Liuzhao Chen

Land 2022, 11(10), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101867 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3362

Abstract

The resettled community is a special type of transitional community in China where the residents are urbanized peasants who lost their lands during urbanization development. However, resettled community conflicts (RCCs) are barriers to sustainable community transformation. Focusing on functional conflict, this study identified [...] Read more.

The resettled community is a special type of transitional community in China where the residents are urbanized peasants who lost their lands during urbanization development. However, resettled community conflicts (RCCs) are barriers to sustainable community transformation. Focusing on functional conflict, this study identified the conflicts in the resettled community and proposed feasible governance logic for RCCs. The research in this article has a significant theoretical foundation in functional conflict theory. By examining a large sample of cases, seven RCC types were identified (e.g., inner discontent of residents, mass incidents), of which three have positive functions and four have negative impacts. Furthermore, three RCC causes were identified: right-based, interest-based, and value-based conflicts. Their mechanisms for the conflict function are, respectively, the contextual dual-functional, destructive one-way, and structural dual-functional paths. Considering these findings, we propose a dual governance logic of RCC: accommodation and avoidance. Within the dual logic, specific governance strategies are proposed for the different RCC causes and their functional formation paths. This research serves as an important reference for proper policy measures to govern RCCs and promote the sustainable transformation of resettled communities. The methodology adopted can be extended to the study of RCC in broader global contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 3200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

County-Level City Shrinkage in China: Representation, Cause, and Response

by Dingpan Chen, Yuzhe Wu, Zhou Lin and Zhiyi Xu

Land 2022, 11(10), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101845 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

Shrinkage in China’s cities has gradually received increasing attention. Specifically, county-level shrinking cities are numerous and widely distributed. City shrinkage even appears throughout Zhejiang Province, which is highly developed and has stable economic growth. County-level shrinking cities resulting from regional competition can still [...] Read more.

Shrinkage in China’s cities has gradually received increasing attention. Specifically, county-level shrinking cities are numerous and widely distributed. City shrinkage even appears throughout Zhejiang Province, which is highly developed and has stable economic growth. County-level shrinking cities resulting from regional competition can still maintain long-term and stable economic growth, but their economic growth lags behind the whole competitive region. We identified five county-level shrinking cities in Zhejiang Province, and characterized the shrinkage phenomenon in Changshan County using census, nighttime lighting (NTL), and Tencent Location Big Data. City shrinkage resulted from the comprehensive effects of declining traditional industries, backward per capita income, highly skilled labor force shortages, and population age structure changes. Given the shrinkage status of Changshan, we proposed countermeasures and suggestions including aspects of industrial development, urban planning, social governance, and care for the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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19 pages, 4560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Locational Dynamics of Luxury Hotels in Shanghai Metropolis, China: A Spatial-Temporal Perspective

by Hongbo Zhao, Tianshun Gu, Li Yue and Xiaoman Xu

Land 2022, 11(10), 1690; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101690 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the spatial associations of luxury hotels by using geographical information system (GIS) tools and the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to examine the relationships between the distribution of luxury hotels and exogenous (regional) determinants of urban subdistricts [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the spatial associations of luxury hotels by using geographical information system (GIS) tools and the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to examine the relationships between the distribution of luxury hotels and exogenous (regional) determinants of urban subdistricts in which the luxury hotels are located. Shanghai City is used as an example. The study first introduces the spatial-temporal characteristics of luxury hotels in Shanghai City, and the key exogenous determinants that contribute to luxury hotel location choice are identified with the MGWR model. The nearest neighbor index decreased from 1.01 to 0.47 and Moran’s I statistics increased from 0.268 to 0.452, revealing that the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of luxury hotels presents a cluster trend from 1995 to 2015. The significance level of the standard regression coefficient shows that the institutional proximity, room rate, green space and the World Expo are the primary determining factors that influence the distribution of luxury hotels in Shanghai City. The analysis is important theoretically, as it presents new and novel methodologies for shedding light on the influencing factors of the locational dynamics of luxury hotels. Meanwhile, it enriches the methodologies for analyzing the relationships between luxury hotels and urban structures, and it is important for practitioners, as it provides strategic information that would enable them to globally select appropriate locations for luxury hotels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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16 pages, 4837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption in Shenzhen, China

by Wenwen Tang, Lihan Cui, Sheng Zheng and Wei Hu

Land 2022, 11(10), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101673 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3575

Abstract

Investigating the future land use patterns and carbon emissions are of great significance for carbon reduction. This study established the relationship between land use types and carbon emissions from energy consumption and adopted three future scenarios that combine shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and [...] Read more.

Investigating the future land use patterns and carbon emissions are of great significance for carbon reduction. This study established the relationship between land use types and carbon emissions from energy consumption and adopted three future scenarios that combine shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs), the system dynamics (SD) model, and the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model to simulate land use patterns in 2030 and 2035. Then the spatial distribution of future carbon density and its change in Shenzhen were obtained. Under scenario SSP245, a large amount of industrial and mining land is converted into living land from 2020 to 2035, and new living land is mainly located in Bao’an District and Guangming District. Under scenario SSP370, a large amount of living land replaces other land due to a plentiful population from 2020 to 2035, which is rare under other scenarios. The expansions of areas with high carbon density during 2020–2030 are mainly distributed in Nanshan District and Longhua District under all three scenarios. During 2030–2035, carbon emissions will decrease under scenarios SSP126 and SSP245. The results confirmed various trends in carbon emissions under different scenarios and emphasized the association between land use types and carbon emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Technical flowchart. Full article ">Figure 2
(a) Location of Shenzhen in China; (b) the administrative districts in Shenzhen. Full article ">Figure 3
The system dynamics (SD) model of land use demand in Shenzhen. Full article ">Figure 4
Trajectories of demand for each land use type from 2020 to 2035 under SSP-RCP scenarios: (a) future demand for industrial and mining land; (b) future demand for traffic land; (c) future demand for living land; (d) future demand for agricultural land and water area; (e) future demand for other land. Note: SSP is the abbreviation for shared socioeconomic pathways and RCP is the abbreviation for representative concentration pathways. Full article ">Figure 5
Future land use patterns under SSP-RCP scenarios in Shenzhen. Full article ">Figure 6
The distribution of land use carbon density under SSP-RCP scenarios in Shenzhen. Full article ">Figure 7
Carbon density change for 2020–2030 and 2030–2035 under SSP-RCP scenarios. Note: The left column represents the carbon intensity change from 2020 to 2030 under SSP-RCP scenarios and the right column represents the carbon intensity change from 2030 to 2035 under SSP-RCP scenarios. Full article ">

17 pages, 157358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Urban Development for Heat Adaptation of Small and Medium Sized Communities

by Niels Wollschläger, Felix Zinck and Uwe Schlink

Land 2022, 11(9), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091385 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Due to climate change, urban populations will be affected by worsening heat stress. The use of blue–green infrastructure can be an effective countermeasure for urban planners. In this study, the ENVI-met modelling system is used to investigate the impacts of different heat adaptation [...] Read more.

Due to climate change, urban populations will be affected by worsening heat stress. The use of blue–green infrastructure can be an effective countermeasure for urban planners. In this study, the ENVI-met modelling system is used to investigate the impacts of different heat adaptation strategies, such as additional urban trees, irrigation policies, and the use of high reflective surface materials. However, under certain local conditions, these measures can have conflicting effects, e.g., trees can provide shadow but also reduce the cooling ventilation. To address such conflicts, we developed an online tool visualising urban climate simulation data and applying a new decomposition algorithm that translates the biophysical processes (i.e., radiation, ventilation, evapotranspiration, and heat storage) into surface temperature changes during heat wave events. This approach allows us to (1) identify factors responsible for heat, (2) comparatively evaluate heat mitigation of different land development scenarios, and (3) find trade-offs for conflicting adaptation measures. This online tool can support the decision-making of local stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Orthophoto of the study area (right part) and the location within Germany. Full article ">Figure 2
Schematic visualisation of the climate adaptation scenarios: These include the removal of all vegetation in the study area leading to bare soil surfaces (left panel), an increase of albedo for sealed surfaces (middle panel), and an increase in soil humidity (right panel). Full article ">Figure 3
Data flow for the online visualisation tool. Full article ">Figure 4
Screenshot of the online visualization tool: This example shows the spatial distribution of the air temperature (z = 1.4 m) for the current state at noon. The tool is accessible at <a href="https://webapp.ufz.de//KlimaKonform//urbansimulation//Naumburg" target="_blank">https://webapp.ufz.de//KlimaKonform//urbansimulation//Naumburg</a>. This dashboard consists of a user interface (left—greyish shaded part) and the corresponding output (right). The selection options include (1) the meteorological parameter (2) the simulation scenario, (3) the option to consider the difference compared to the current state and (4) the selection of the time. The output consists of representations for the selected input parameters which covers (5) a spatial map display, (6) a histogram of the grid values, (7) a table of some summary statistics and (8) a diurnal plot. Full article ">Figure 5
Screenshot of the online visualization tool for the output of the decomposition algorithm: This dashboard consists of a user interface (left—greyish shaded part) and the corresponding output (right). The selection options include the simulation scenario (1) and the selection of the time (2). The output consists of spatial representations of the temperature contributions by the surface energy balance components, i.e., radiation (3), convection efficiency (4), evapotranspiration (5) and heat storage (6). This example shows the temperature contributions for scenario 1 (removal of vegetation) at 14:00. The tool is accessible at <a href="https://webapp.ufz.de//KlimaKonform//urbansimulation//Naumburg" target="_blank">https://webapp.ufz.de//KlimaKonform//urbansimulation//Naumburg</a>. Full article ">Figure 6
Diurnal variations of the total differences of the spatial mean values of PET (solid lines) and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> (dashed lines) for the climate adaptation scenarios compared to the current state. Full article ">Figure 7
Differences in <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> (upper panel) and PET (lower panel) between the scenarios 1, 2, and 3 and the current state at a height of 1.4 m above the ground on 04.07.2015 at 16:00. (Grey areas: buildings). Full article ">Figure 8
Diurnal variation of the total differences of the spatial mean values of <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>SFC</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> in terms of the biophysical processes for the absence of vegetation (a—Scenario 1), an increase in surface albedo (b—Scenario 2), and surface irrigation (c—Scenario 3) compared to the current state. Full article ">

17 pages, 3176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Urban Form on Carbon Emissions in China: Implications for Low-Carbon Urban Planning

by Sheng Zheng, Yukuan Huang and Yu Sun

Land 2022, 11(8), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081343 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4465

Abstract

Carbon emissions are closely related to global warming. More than 70% of global carbon emissions have been generated in cities. Many studies have analyzed the effects of cities on carbon emissions, from the perspective of urbanization, economics, and land use, yet a detailed [...] Read more.

Carbon emissions are closely related to global warming. More than 70% of global carbon emissions have been generated in cities. Many studies have analyzed the effects of cities on carbon emissions, from the perspective of urbanization, economics, and land use, yet a detailed understanding of the relationship between urban form and carbon emissions is lacking due to the absence of a reasonable set of urban form metrics. The aim of this research is to explore the effects of urban form on carbon emissions through empirical research. By eliminating collinearity, we established a set of urban form landscape metrics comprising Class Area (CA), Mean Perimeter–Area Ratio (PARA-MN), Mean Proximity Index (PROX-MN), and Mean Euclidian Nearest Neighbor Distance (ENN-MN) representing urban area, complexity, compactness, and centrality, respectively. Through spatial autocorrelation analysis, the results show that there is a positive spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions. The high–high agglomeration regions are located in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Yangtze River Delta, while the low–low agglomeration regions are concentrated in the Southwest and Heilongjiang Province. Based on a spatial error model, for the whole study area, CA, PARA-MN, and ENN-MN show a positive correlation with carbon emissions, but PROX-MN is the opposite. Based on ordinary least squares, PARA-MN in the Northeast and East, PROX-MN in the North and Mid-South, and ENN-MN in the North are significantly correlated with carbon emissions. These findings are helpful for low-carbon urban planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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18 pages, 8262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Urban Growth Patterns in Busan Metropolitan City, Korea: Population and Urbanized Areas

by Hoyong Kim and Donghyun Kim

Land 2022, 11(8), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081319 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4866

Abstract

Cities have exhibited spatial patterns of expansion or compacting in the process of economic and population growth. South Korea is a well-known example of a country that has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization. This study’s target area, Busan Metropolitan City (BMC), experienced [...] Read more.

Cities have exhibited spatial patterns of expansion or compacting in the process of economic and population growth. South Korea is a well-known example of a country that has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization. This study’s target area, Busan Metropolitan City (BMC), experienced urban growth but, over the past 20 years, underwent economic and population stagnation. How will urban growth patterns change if economic and population growth stagnates? This study aimed to identify changes in urban growth patterns using population and urbanized areas in BMC, South Korea, from 1980 to 2020. It uses Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, Bachi’s Index and the Standard Deviational Ellipse, and Social Network Analysis to identify population concentration, changes in centrality, inland expansion of urbanized land, and centrality of migration. The results showed that (1) BMC’s urban growth pattern extended outward, despite population and economic stagnation since 2000; (2) population and economic stagnation over the next 20 years expanded population polarization in the city’s urban center and outskirts; (3) the built-up area expanded in all directions for 40 years—the centrality of the urbanized area was seen in and around the urban center in 1980 but moved northeast in 2020; and (4) since 2000, when population stagnation first emerged, the centrality of the population in migration has been more evident in the outskirts. These results suggest that if there is no sustainable urban planning and development strategy when growth is stagnant, expansionary urban growth will continue, and cities will reach the growth limit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Location and Map of BMC. Note: ① Gijang-gun, ② Haeundae-gu, ③ Suyeong-gu, ④ Geumjeong-gu, ⑤ Dongrae-gu, ⑥ Yeonje-gu, ⑦ Busanjin-gu, ⑧ Seo-gu, ⑨ Dong-gu, ⑩ Nam-gu, ⑪ Jung-gu, ⑫ Yeongdo-gu, ⑬ Buk-gu, ⑭ Sasang-gu, ⑮ Saha-gu, ⑯ Gangseo-gu. The base map was adopted from the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal of Korea (<a href="http://www.nsdi.go.kr" target="_blank">www.nsdi.go.kr</a> (accessed on 12 August 2022)). Full article ">Figure 2
Analytic flow. Full article ">Figure 3
Spatial clusters of population in BMC. Note: The base map was adopted from the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal of Korea (<a href="http://www.nsdi.go.kr" target="_blank">www.nsdi.go.kr</a> (accessed on 12 August 2022)). Full article ">Figure 4
Changes in the urbanized area in BMC. Note: The base map was adopted from the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal of Korea (<a href="http://www.nsdi.go.kr" target="_blank">www.nsdi.go.kr</a> (accessed on 12 August 2022)). Full article ">Figure 5
SDE in BMC. Note: The base map was adopted from the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal of Korea (<a href="http://www.nsdi.go.kr" target="_blank">www.nsdi.go.kr</a> (accessed on 12 August 2022)). Full article ">Figure 6
Social Network Analysis of migration in BMC. Note: The base map was adopted from the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal of Korea (<a href="http://www.nsdi.go.kr" target="_blank">www.nsdi.go.kr</a> (accessed on 12 August 2022)). Full article ">Figure A1
GDP per capita (unit: 1000 won; base year: 2015). Note: Data were drawn from Statistics Korea. Full article ">

13 pages, 1995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Landscape Pattern Evolution and Driving Forces Based on Land-Use Changes: A Case Study of Yilong Lake Watershed on Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

by Guoqiang Ma, Qiujie Li, Shuyu Yang, Rong Zhang, Lixun Zhang, Jianping Xiao and Guojun Sun

Land 2022, 11(8), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081276 - 9 Aug 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2720

Abstract

In order to explore the landscape pattern evolution and driving forces of the Yilong Lake watershed, the combined method of supervised classification with manual visual interpretation based on the landsat5TM/8OLI remote sensing image data sources was used to establish a high-precision spatial distribution [...] Read more.

In order to explore the landscape pattern evolution and driving forces of the Yilong Lake watershed, the combined method of supervised classification with manual visual interpretation based on the landsat5TM/8OLI remote sensing image data sources was used to establish a high-precision spatial distribution information database of the Yilong Lake watershed. Landscape index was used to analyze the distribution and spatial pattern change characteristics of various land-use types. Based on correlation and principal component analysis, we discuss the relationship between the change characteristics of land-use type, distribution and spatial pattern, and the interference of local socio-economic development and natural factors. The results show that: (1) In the past 30 years, the land-use types of the Yilong Lake watershed are mainly forest, garden plot and cultivated land. The forest area decreased significantly by 30.45 km², of which the fastest reduction stage was from 2000 to 2005, with a total reduction of 20.56 km². The garden plot conversion is relatively large, with a total of 181.69 km² transferred out, of which 28.84 km² has become unused land, respectively. (2) In the past 30 years, the maximum patch index decreased by 9.94% and the patch density index increased by 14.25%, indicating that the landscape fragmentation in the whole basin increased. The Shannon diversity index showed an increasing process; the aggregation index showed a decreasing process. (3) The change in landscape pattern in the watershedwas closely related to economic growth, population growth, social affluence and agricultural development. Natural factors, social factors and economic indicators are significantly positively correlated with patch density, edge density, landscape shape index and Shannon diversity index, and significantly negatively correlated with the largest patch index and the contagion index. On the whole, the wetlands in the basin are shrinking and the landscape diversity is changing. Reducing the excessive impact of human activities on the watershed ecosystem is a key factor for the local protection of wetland resources and the maintenance of wetland ecological functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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19 pages, 2395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Management of Urban Ecological Space: A Zoning Approach Hybridized by Ecosystem Service Value and Ecological Risk Assessment

by Yuzhe Wu, Chenzhuo Gu and Yingnan Zhang

Land 2022, 11(8), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081220 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2578

Abstract

Massive growth is posing threat to the ecological security and sustainability of cities. Ecosystem service value (ESV) and ecological risk index (ERI) assessment can be conducted to enhance urban ecosystem management through the enhanced recognition of these values and risks in decision-making. This [...] Read more.

Massive growth is posing threat to the ecological security and sustainability of cities. Ecosystem service value (ESV) and ecological risk index (ERI) assessment can be conducted to enhance urban ecosystem management through the enhanced recognition of these values and risks in decision-making. This paper aimed to measure spatiotemporal ESV and ERI for Shizuishan City located in central China, and, based on this, how to zone urban ecological space using land cover data (for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020). The management options of different zones were suggested to mitigate and manage any potential negative impacts on urban ecological security. Results show that: (1) The spatial distribution characteristic of ESV is “high in the south and low in the north”. The total ESV exhibited an upward tendency from 2010 to 2020. (2) The high-ERI areas were distributed in the peripheral region, while the low-ERI areas were concentrated in the central region. The ERI of water was in decline continuously, whereas the ERI of wetland maintained a high level. (3) The zoning approach integrating ESV and ERI assessment can truly reflect the status of the environment and better clarify the direction of ecological development for different areas. Among four different ecological zones, the high-ESV and low-ERI areas (I) have abundant ecological resources, and they are set as “Priority Development Areas”. The low-ESV and low-ERI areas (II) are set as “Ecological Improvement Areas” because the area of ecological lands are confined. The low-ESV and high-ERI areas (III) have a fragile ecological environment, and they are set as “Exploitation-Prohibited Areas”. The high-ESV and high-ERI areas (IV) are mainly distributed near water and wetland, and they are set as “Research-focused Areas”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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21 pages, 5918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Relationship between the Clustering Degree of Children’s Business Formats and the Attractiveness of Commercial Centers in Wuhan by Modifying the Classic Retail Model

by Zhuoran Shan, Xuehan Shen and Man Yuan

Land 2022, 11(8), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081175 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

In recent years, the continued popularity of children’s consumption has made it a new factor that affects the attractiveness of Wuhan’s commercial centers. This study analyzes the characteristics of children’s business format agglomeration in Wuhan commercial centers based on the results of an [...] Read more.

In recent years, the continued popularity of children’s consumption has made it a new factor that affects the attractiveness of Wuhan’s commercial centers. This study analyzes the characteristics of children’s business format agglomeration in Wuhan commercial centers based on the results of an on-the-spot investigation and estimates the passenger attraction of 66 commercial centers in the main urban area with the support of LBS data. In addition, we set up a control experiment group of commercial centers of various levels and explore the influence mechanism of the density of various types of children’s stores on the attraction of commercial centers by improving the classic retail model. The results indicate the following. (1) Children’s business formats in Wuhan’s commercial centers are active as a whole, and different types of children’s businesses have an unbalanced layout at the different levels of business centers. (2) There are both level ladder and internal level differences in the attractiveness of Wuhan commercial centers. (3) The direction and intensity of the influence of children’s business types on commercial centers of different levels differ. In city-level commercial centers, children’s education and entertainment formats play a role in promotion. In county-level commercial centers, the children’s education format is the most important, and overinvestment in the children’s department store format may not meet expectations. In community-level commercial centers, investment in children’s department stores yielded the best results. (4) Traffic impedance has a stable inhibitory effect at all levels of Wuhan commercial centers, which is in line with the classic retail gravity theory. Further, based on the above results, this paper puts forward suggestions on several types of adaptations that can be applied to children’s consumption stores at different levels of commercial centers to provide support for rationally utilizing the potential of the children’s consumption market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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20 pages, 5597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Land Use Optimization of Metro Station Areas Based on Two-Way Balanced Ridership in Xi’an

by Meng Zhao, Haiyan Tong, Bo Li, Yaqiong Duan, Yubai Li, Jianpo Wang and Kexin Lei

Land 2022, 11(8), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081124 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2583

Abstract

With the development of metro systems, the problem of unbalanced ridership into and out of the stations, caused by the singleness of station area development, has become increasingly prominent. Research on land use optimization in metro station areas based on a two-way balance [...] Read more.

With the development of metro systems, the problem of unbalanced ridership into and out of the stations, caused by the singleness of station area development, has become increasingly prominent. Research on land use optimization in metro station areas based on a two-way balance of ridership is proposed. First, the stepwise regression analysis method was used to build a relationship model between ridership and the land use index under the guidance of the two-way balance of ridership. Second, the range was optimized by calculating the land use factors of the metro station area. Finally, the land use of the metro station area was optimized from the perspectives of development intensity and land usage. Taking metro stations in Xi’an as an example, the results show that the land use characteristics of metro station areas are quite different. Under the guidance of the two-way balance of ridership, the current land use values of Daminggongxi Station, Nanshaomen Station, and Tiyuchang Station exceed the optimal value range and can be reduced by more than 2.78%. The current land use values of Chaoyangmen Station, Longshouyuan Station, and Weiyijie Station are within the optimized range. The land use values of Kaiyuanmen Station, Banpo Station, and Fengchengwulu Station are below the optimized range and could be increased by more than 13.7%. In addition, optimizing the development intensity or adjusting the land type is further proposed to ensure that the land use factors of station areas are within the calculated optimal value range. The results provide a reference for the optimization of land use in the Xi’an metro station area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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15 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating ANNs and Cellular Automata–Markov Chain to Simulate Urban Expansion with Annual Land Use Data

by Tingting Xu, Dingjie Zhou and Yuhua Li

Land 2022, 11(7), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071074 - 14 Jul 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3095

Abstract

Accurately simulating and predicting the urban expansion process, especially in expeditious urbanization areas, is an important aspect of managing limited land resources and adjusting flawed land use policies. This research was conducted on the basis of a high-temporal-resolution land use dataset to precisely [...] Read more.

Accurately simulating and predicting the urban expansion process, especially in expeditious urbanization areas, is an important aspect of managing limited land resources and adjusting flawed land use policies. This research was conducted on the basis of a high-temporal-resolution land use dataset to precisely model urban expansion in a rapidly developing zone by integrating the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), cellular automata (CA), and Markov Chain (MC). An urban suitability index (USI) map was created using ANN and fed to CA–MC to identify possible changed-to-urban cells. Two ANNs, multiple-layer perceptron (MLP) and long short-term memory network (LSTM), were implemented as simulation models for comparison. Due to its ability to capture more temporal information, LSTM outperformed MLP in modeling urban expansion dynamics over a short temporal interval. The simulated results were validated by (fuzzy) kappa simulation and the results revealed that the combination of ANN and CA–MC can precisely model the urban development locations due to its strength in revealing the nonlinear relationship between the expansion process and its drivers. The same model was applied to southern Auckland, and the compared results show that the most simulated variance is caused by the land use policies implemented by different types of governments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Study area: the Liangjiang New District, Chongqing, Southwest China. Red lines: boundaries of industrial zones and duty-free ports; grey lines: county boundaries. Full article ">Figure 2
(a) The architecture of the BP-TLP ANN used in this study. V stands for the input variable, Wij is the connecting weights between the input layer and hidden layer, and Wjk is the connecting weights between the hidden layer and output layer. (b) The architecture of LSTM. X is the vector (features) input; h is a hidden state vector, which is also known as the memory output vector of the LSTM unit; c is the cell state vector; σ and tanh are the activation functions. The green rectangle indicates the “forget” process for the LSTM. Full article ">Figure 3
ANN–CA–MC framework for modeling urban expansion in the Liangjiang District of Chongqing, China. Full article ">Figure 4
USI map of the study area from ANNs. (a) MLP with random sampling; (b) MLP with MDA sampling; and (c) LSTM. Full article ">Figure 5
Simulation results of year 2014, Liangjiang New District. Full article ">Figure 6
Differences between MLP and LSTM in dealing with annual land use data. Full article ">

16 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Regional Cooperation on Urban Land-Use Efficiency: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta, China

by Lisha Pan, Hangang Hu, Xin Jing, Yang Chen, Guan Li, Zhongguo Xu, Yuefei Zhuo and Xueqi Wang

Land 2022, 11(6), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060915 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3073

Abstract

Urban land-use efficiency (ULUE) has been increasingly recognized as an issue of land-use management across the world in the last century as the globe experienced unprecedented rapid urban expansion. However, although a large body of studies was dedicated to analyzing the driving forces [...] Read more.

Urban land-use efficiency (ULUE) has been increasingly recognized as an issue of land-use management across the world in the last century as the globe experienced unprecedented rapid urban expansion. However, although a large body of studies was dedicated to analyzing the driving forces of ULUE, literature was rarely focused on the impacts of regional cooperation on ULUE. To bridge the knowledge gap, we used the Chinese trailblazer of regional cooperation–Yangtze River delta (YRD)—as a case to reveal the impacts of regional cooperation on ULUE. Social network analysis and a super efficiency SBM model with undesirable outputs were used to measure regional cooperation and ULUE, respectively. Furthermore, the impacts of regional cooperation on ULUE were examined by using the geographically and temporally weighted regression model. The results show that regional cooperation in the YRD strengthened from 2009 to 2016, among which Shanghai was the core node city in the YRD. Only seven cities maintained good ULUE with a stable trend during 2009–2016. The regression results indicated the positive impacts of regional cooperation on ULUE, which was more evident in the southern cities of the YRD. The potential mechanism to explain the impacts of regional cooperation on ULUE includes co-building transportation facilities and joint development zones. These findings provide insightful implications for improving ULUE by strengthening regional cooperation in Chinese cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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27 pages, 7043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiotemporal Non-Stationary Effect of Industrial Agglomeration on Urban Land Use Efficiency: A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta, China

by Hangang Hu, Lisha Pan, Xin Jing, Guan Li, Yuefei Zhuo, Zhongguo Xu, Yang Chen and Xueqi Wang

Land 2022, 11(5), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050755 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3511

Abstract

All over the world, Industrial agglomeration has become a key to improve the efficiency of urban land use and regulate the process of urbanization. Industrial agglomeration, as a universal economic geographical phenomenon, has been extensively studied, but few scholars have discussed the relationship [...] Read more.

All over the world, Industrial agglomeration has become a key to improve the efficiency of urban land use and regulate the process of urbanization. Industrial agglomeration, as a universal economic geographical phenomenon, has been extensively studied, but few scholars have discussed the relationship between industrial agglomeration and urban land use efficiency. Based on this, after classifying the type of agglomeration externalities, our study uses OLS and GTWR models to explore the complex mechanism of interaction between industrial agglomeration externalities and urban land use efficiency, especially the spatiotemporal non-stationary characteristics. We found that the impact of industrial agglomeration externalities on urban land use efficiency is significantly unstable in time and space, and the coexistence, substitution and aging mechanism of agglomeration externalities among different types were also observed. Our research can provide reference for city managers to formulate reasonable industrial policies and enterprises to choose the location. Meanwhile, our research has made some contributions to the academic research on urban land use efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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18 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Will Good Service Quality Promote Real Estate Value? Evidence from Beijing, China

by Fangyuan Liu, Kaili Chen, Tianzheng Zhang, Yingjie Zhang and Yan Song

Land 2022, 11(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020166 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3785

Abstract

In the field of land use and urban management, real estate value-added issues have attracted much attention. Previous studies mainly focused on the premium of basic public services (such as infrastructure) in real estate value. As an important part of urban management, the [...] Read more.

In the field of land use and urban management, real estate value-added issues have attracted much attention. Previous studies mainly focused on the premium of basic public services (such as infrastructure) in real estate value. As an important part of urban management, the contribution of property service is often underestimated. Few empirical studies mentioned the potential contribution of property service quality. Based on this, this paper aims to confirm and quantitatively evaluate the premium of good service quality in real estate value utilizing 155,845 samples of housing resale transactions in Beijing from 2012 to 2019. Furthermore, we also explore the dynamics and heterogeneity of the above premium. Our results show the following: Firstly, good service quality does show premium in real estate value, and the higher the service quality, the greater the premium in housing price. Secondly, this premium keeps increasing during our study period. With urbanization and rising incomes of residents, property service is increasingly important. Thirdly, the contribution of service quality to real estate value is greater when serviced houses have a higher price or larger area, are relatively newer, or further away from the city center. The findings of this current research not only deepen our understanding of service quality’s premium in real estate value, but also provide implications for urban management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Review

Jump to: Research

21 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Research on Non-Conforming Urban Expansion: Measurement, Interpretation, and Governance

by Xiaoqiang Shen, Jinping Wang, Xiaobin Zhang and Hanlu Bei

Land 2022, 11(12), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122110 - 23 Nov 2022

Viewed by 2291

Abstract

Spatial plans are widely used as a basic tool for regulating urban expansion. However, land development beyond zones planned for urban development is prevalent worldwide, posing a serious challenge to the implementation of spatial plans and their effectiveness in regulating urban expansion. This [...] Read more.

Spatial plans are widely used as a basic tool for regulating urban expansion. However, land development beyond zones planned for urban development is prevalent worldwide, posing a serious challenge to the implementation of spatial plans and their effectiveness in regulating urban expansion. This paper presents a review of research progress relating to the measurement, interpretation, and governance of non-conforming urban expansion. Spatial conformance between actual land use and plans is the basic criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of plans in containing urban expansion. Accordingly, scholars have developed multiple indicators and methods for directly and indirectly measuring non-conforming urban expansion. Previous studies have elucidated external and internal factors influencing non-conforming urban expansion, revealing the external conditions of non-conforming urban land expansion and the factors driving decisions on site selection for non-conforming land development. To address the existing issue of non-conforming urban land and to prevent and control future non-conforming urban development, scholars have proposed multiple governance strategies. Drawing on existing research progress, we offer suggestions for future academic research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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25 pages, 3863 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Urban Land Management Based on Bibliometrics

by Shuangqing Sheng, Wei Song, Hua Lian and Lei Ning

Land 2022, 11(11), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111968 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5323

Abstract

As the carrier of global urbanization, urban land is the basic means of productivity and life of urban residents. Urban land management is of great significance to global climate change mitigation, improving ecological quality, promoting economic development, and ensuring sustainable urban development. At [...] Read more.

As the carrier of global urbanization, urban land is the basic means of productivity and life of urban residents. Urban land management is of great significance to global climate change mitigation, improving ecological quality, promoting economic development, and ensuring sustainable urban development. At present, although studies on urban land management have accumulated at the global level, the differences in research methods, objectives, and perspectives have led to the fragmentation and confusion of research conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to review the literature of urban land management, clarify the research contexts, grasp the research progress, and predict the research trends. Bibliometrics, as a quantitative analysis method of literature review analysis, is more comprehensive and objective than relying only on a literature review. It is of great value to grasp the topics and trends of the research field from an overall perspective. In this paper, the Bibliometrix R software package was used to conduct an econometric literature analysis on urban land management from 1979 to 2021, using the Web of Science database. The results showed that: (1) the annual scientific research output and citation frequency in the field of urban land management has generally increased. Combined with the annual change trend of scientific research output, urban land management research can be divided into three stages: the budding period, from 1979 to 1989, the development period, from 1990 to 2008, and the high-yield period, from 2009 to 2021. (2) The 129 countries/regions reviewed differed in their research output, and developed countries showed strong research. The United States, China, and Australia were the top three countries in terms of solo publications and cooperation publications. In addition, among the 16,270 authors, the top three authors were Pradhan, Zhao, and Li. (3) The top three keywords in the field of urban land management were “Management”, “City/Cities” and “Land Use”. The research topics can be divided into three stages. The first stage covers studies with topics of “Management”, “Urbanization” and “GIS”, from 1979 to 2013. From 2014 to 2018, the research topics were gradually enriched by “Urbanization”, “Impact”, “System”, “GIS”, “Management”, “Policy”, “Conservation” and “land”, with a trend towards multidisciplinary and multi-perspective comprehensive analyses. From 2019 to 2021, “Management” and “Climate Change” were the main topics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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Open AccessReview

A Review of Spatial Mismatch Research: Empirical Debate, Theoretical Evolution and Connotation Expansion

by Liping Wang, Cifang Wu and Songnian Zhao

Land 2022, 11(7), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071049 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5262

Abstract

At present, widespread urban expansion, regeneration, and transformation have inevitably led to the spatial separation of residence and employment, and negatively affected the employment welfare of the subjects concerned, which needs to be traced back to the theory of spatial mismatch to explore [...] Read more.

At present, widespread urban expansion, regeneration, and transformation have inevitably led to the spatial separation of residence and employment, and negatively affected the employment welfare of the subjects concerned, which needs to be traced back to the theory of spatial mismatch to explore possible solutions. The theory of spatial mismatch has been proposed for more than sixty years, and its theoretical connotation has been continuously expanded through the heated debate on its objective existence. However, due to the lack of understanding of its expansion process and the essence of its theoretical connotation, its theoretical meaning is ambiguous and fails to truly guide its role in practice. Based on the structural analysis of the connotation of spatial mismatch, this study summarizes the theoretical evolution and empirical development of spatial mismatch from four levels: “objects of concern-influencing factors-spatial relations-consequential effects”. It is found that after half a century of evolution, the study of spatial mismatch has formed a relatively perfect theoretical and methodological system, and in the process of expansion, spatial mismatch has been given a deeper meaning, which can provide an important theoretical and practical reference for solving the separation of residential and spatial resources and the resultant welfare loss effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Development in the Process of Urbanization)

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