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Crystals
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Advances of High Entropy Alloys
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Advances of High Entropy Alloys

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 6799

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Long Meng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: pyrometallurgy; hydrometallurgy; extractive metallurgy; recovery and separation; secondary resources; mineral extraction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiaoming Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: wave-transparent materials; transparent ceramics; high entropy alloys; shape memory alloys; X-ray diffraction; phase transformations; material processing; mechanical behavior of materials; neutron diffraction; synchrotron radiation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past decade, the sudden rise of high entropy alloys (HEAs) has become a research hotspot in the domain of metal materials. HEAs are generally considered to be composed of five or more principal elements and the atomic percentage of each principal element is between 5 at.% and 35 at.%. This unique design concept means that these alloys exhibit high entropy effects in regard to thermodynamics and other characteristics, such as the lattice distortion effect, the sluggish diffusion effect and cocktail effect. Owing to their remarkable and peculiar characteristics, HEAs exhibit excellent properties, such as balanced strength and ductility, wear resistance, anti-oxidation and outstanding corrosion resistance.

We invite researchers to contribute to this Special Issue on “High Entropy Alloys”, which is intended to serve as a unique multidisciplinary forum, covering broad aspects of the science, technology, and application of high entropy alloys.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Synthesis of high entropy alloys;
  • Characteristics of structural properties;
  • Excellent properties;
  • Applications.

Dr. Long Meng
Dr. Xiaoming Sun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • high entropy alloys
  • corrosion-resistant properties
  • mechanical properties
  • microstructures
  • anti-oxidation properties
  • passivation properties
  • electrochemical properties

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 14171 KiB  
Article
Mechanical, Tribological, and Corrosion Resistance Properties of (TiAlxCrNbY)Ny High-Entropy Coatings Synthesized Through Hybrid Reactive Magnetron Sputtering
by Nicolae C. Zoita, Mihaela Dinu, Anca C. Parau, Iulian Pana and Adrian E. Kiss
Crystals 2024, 14(11), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110993 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 270
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of aluminum and nitrogen content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological performance of high-entropy coatings based on (TiCrAlxNbY)Ny systems. Using a hybrid magnetron sputtering technique, both metallic and nitride coatings were synthesized and evaluated. [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of aluminum and nitrogen content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological performance of high-entropy coatings based on (TiCrAlxNbY)Ny systems. Using a hybrid magnetron sputtering technique, both metallic and nitride coatings were synthesized and evaluated. Increasing the aluminum concentration led to a transition from a crystalline to a nanocrystalline and nearly amorphous (NC/A) structure, with the TiAl0.5CrNbY sample (11.8% Al) exhibiting the best balance of hardness (6.8 GPa), elastic modulus (87.1 GPa), and coefficient of friction (0.64). The addition of nitrogen further enhanced these properties, transitioning the coatings to a denser fine-grained FCC structure. The HN2 sample (45.8% nitrogen) displayed the highest hardness (21.8 GPa) but increased brittleness, while the HN1 sample (32.9% nitrogen) provided an optimal balance of hardness (14.3 GPa), elastic modulus (127.5 GPa), coefficient of friction (0.60), and wear resistance (21.2 × 10−6 mm3/Nm). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed improved corrosion resistance for the HN1 sample due to its dense microstructure. Overall, the (TiAl0.5CrNbY)N0.5 coating achieved the best performance for friction applications, such as break and clutch systems, requiring high coefficients of friction, high wear resistance, and durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of High Entropy Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>2ϴ/ϴ X-ray diffraction patterns corresponding to H1–H4 coatings.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>AFM surface images (3 × 3 µm<sup>2</sup>) corresponding to (<b>a</b>) H1 and (<b>b</b>) H4 samples. Cross-sectional HR-SEM images corresponding to (<b>c</b>) H1 and (<b>d</b>) H4 samples.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Elemental cross-sectional mapping corresponding to H1 coating, 2.15 × 1.54 μm<sup>2</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) The averaged values of hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E). (<b>b</b>) Wear rate. (<b>c</b>) Friction coefficient evolution.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) 2θ/θ X-ray diffraction patterns and (<b>b</b>) XRR experimental (scattered points) and simulated patterns (continuous lines) corresponding to samples H3, HN1, and HN2; (<b>c</b>) average mass density variation with nitrogen content.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>AFM surface images (3 × 3 µm<sup>2</sup>) corresponding to (<b>a</b>) H3, (<b>b</b>) HN1, and (<b>c</b>) HN2 samples. Cross-sectional HR-SEM images corresponding to (<b>d</b>) H3, (<b>e</b>) HN1, and (<b>f</b>) HN2 samples.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Mechanical and tribological properties of (TiAl<sub>0.5</sub>CrNbY)N<sub>y</sub>/C45 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.85). (<b>a</b>) Hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E). (<b>b</b>) Coefficient of friction. (<b>c</b>) Wear rate.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>SEM micrographs of wear tracks after tribological test corresponding to samples (<b>a</b>) H3 (×300), (<b>b</b>) HN1 (×500), and HN2 (×500). Figures (<b>d</b>) and (<b>e</b>) are magnified views (×1000) of (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>), respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Nyquist, (<b>b</b>) Bode magnitude, and (<b>c</b>) phase diagrams.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 12031 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Texture Evolution of a Dynamic Compressed Medium-Entropy CoCr0.4NiSi0.3 Alloy
by Li Zhang, Weiqiang Zhang, Lijia Chen, Feng Li, Hui Zhao, Xin Wang and Ge Zhou
Crystals 2023, 13(9), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13091390 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1294
Abstract
Focal research has been conducted on medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) that exhibit a balanced combination of strength and plasticity. In this study, the microstructure, dynamic mechanical properties, and texture evolution of an as-cast medium-entropy CoCr0.4NiSi0.3 alloy were investigated through dynamic compression [...] Read more.
Focal research has been conducted on medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) that exhibit a balanced combination of strength and plasticity. In this study, the microstructure, dynamic mechanical properties, and texture evolution of an as-cast medium-entropy CoCr0.4NiSi0.3 alloy were investigated through dynamic compression tests at strain rates ranging from 2100 to 5100 s−1 using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar in order to elucidate the underlying dynamic deformation mechanism. The results revealed a significant strain rate effect with dynamic compressive yield strengths of 811 MPa at 2100 s−1, 849 MPa at 3000 s−1, 919 MPa at 3900 s−1, and 942 MPa at 5100 s−1. Grains were dynamically refined from 19.73 to 3.35 μm with increasing strain rates. The correlation between adiabatic temperature rise induced by dynamic compression and dynamic recrystallization was examined, revealing that the latter is not associated with adiabatic heating but rather with phase transition triggered by the dynamic stress during compression. The proportion of Σ3n (1 ≤ n ≤ 3) grain boundaries in deformation specimens increases with increasing strain rates during dynamic compression. The formation of specific three-node structures enhances both strength and plasticity by impeding crack propagation and resisting higher mechanical stress. In the as-cast state, significant anisotropy was observed in the MEA. As strain rates increased, it transited into a stable {111}<112> F texture. The exceptional dynamic properties of strength and plasticity observed in the as-cast state of the MEA can be attributed to a deformation mechanism involving a transition from dislocation slip to the formation of intricate arrangements, accompanied by interactions encompassing deformation nanotwins, stacking faults, Lomer–Cottrell locks, stair-rods, and displacive phase transformations at elevated strain rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of High Entropy Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRD pattern of the CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy before and after dynamic compression. (<b>b</b>) DSC curves of the CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy in as-cast state.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Microstructure of the CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy (<b>a</b>) as-cast, (<b>b</b>) at a strain rate of 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>. The chemical compositions and distribution of CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy (<b>c</b>) as-cast state and (<b>d</b>) at a strain rate of 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>. The blue and red squares in (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) respectively represent the areas of composition analysis in transgranular and intergranular, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The HRTEM image shows the sub-grain boundaries of the as-cast MEA. The enlarged HRTEM images display HCP precipitates in (<b>b</b>) area A and (<b>c</b>) area B. The FFT images show the FCC matrix and HCP precipitates in (<b>d</b>) area A and (<b>f</b>) area B. The IFFT images corresponding to the (002) plane show the matrix and precipitates in (<b>e</b>) area A and (<b>g</b>) area B. (<b>h</b>) The IFFT image corresponding to (–111) plane in area B displays lamellar precipitates.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) SHPB test pattern of the CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy. (<b>b</b>) The initial time of stress collapse after dynamic compression at different strain rates adjusted by zeroing.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) The length fraction of Σ3<span class="html-italic"><sup>n</sup></span> grain boundaries. (<b>b</b>) Grain size distribution by the area fraction before and after dynamic compression.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) The dynamic recrystallization and (<b>b</b>) strain contour of EBSD mappings of the CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy at a strain rate of 5100 s<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>c</b>) The area fraction of recrystallized, sub-structured, and distorted grains before and after dynamic compression.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>φ2 = 0°, 45°, and 65° ODF-sections of the CoCr<sub>0.4</sub>NiSi<sub>0.3</sub> alloy in as-cast state and dynamically compressed at strain rates of 2100, 3900, and 5100 s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The HAADF STEM images exhibit (<b>a</b>) lamellar twins before deformation and (<b>b</b>) lamellar twins after dynamic compression at a strain rate of 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>EBSD-IPFs maps of (<b>a</b>) as-cast, and dynamically compressed at a strain rate of (<b>b</b>) 2100 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 5100 s<sup>−1</sup>. Texture evolution of (<b>e</b>) as-cast, (<b>f</b>) 2100 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>g</b>) 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>h</b>) 5100 s<sup>−1</sup>. The frequency histograms show GND density in the state of (<b>i</b>) as-cast, (<b>j</b>) 2100 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>k</b>) 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>l</b>) 5100 s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) HRTEM image of the MEA at a strain rate of 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>b</b>) IFFT corresponding to (−111) of (<b>a</b>). (<b>c</b>) FFT of (<b>a</b>) showing SFs, twins. (<b>d</b>) HRTEM image of HCP precipitates from FCC matrix. (<b>e</b>) IFFT corresponding to (−111) of (<b>d</b>). (<b>f</b>) FFT of (<b>d</b>) showing FCC matrix, HCP precipitates and SFs. (<b>g</b>) HRTEM image shows HCP precipitates accompanied by SFs and nanotwins. (<b>h</b>) IFFT corresponding to (−11–1) of (<b>g</b>). (<b>i</b>) FFT of (<b>g</b>) showing the formation of nano-scaled HCP precipitates and twins at a strain rate of 3900 s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 11367 KiB  
Article
Organizational Evolution during Performance Meritocracy of AlSi0.5CrxCo0.2Ni Lightweight High Entropy Alloys
by Mingtian Tan, Long Meng, Sheng Fang, Chun Lin, Lingsheng Ke, Zhihui Yu, Jingkui Qu and Tao Qi
Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1828; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121828 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2378
Abstract
The Al-Si-Cr-Co-Ni High Entropy Alloy (HEA) with low density (about 5.4 g/cm3) and excellent performance had significant potential in the lightweight engineering material field. To further research and optimize the Al-Si-Cr-Co-Ni system HEA, the influences of element Cr on the microstructures [...] Read more.
The Al-Si-Cr-Co-Ni High Entropy Alloy (HEA) with low density (about 5.4 g/cm3) and excellent performance had significant potential in the lightweight engineering material field. To further research and optimize the Al-Si-Cr-Co-Ni system HEA, the influences of element Cr on the microstructures and performances of lightweight AlSi0.5CrxCo0.2Ni (in mole ratio, x = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) HEAs were investigated. The experiment results manifested that AlSi0.5CrxCo0.2Ni HEAs were composed of A2 (Cr-rich), B2 (Ni-Al), and Cr3Si phases, indicating that the addition of Cr did not result in the formation of a new phase. However, ample Cr increased the Cr3Si phase composition, further ensuring the high hardness (average HV 981.2) of HEAs. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that HEAs with elevated Cr3Si and A2 phases afforded greater corrosion resistance, and the improvement in corrosion was more pronounced when x > 1.6. This work is crucial in the development of lightweight engineering HEAs, which are of tremendous practical utility in the fields of cutting tools, hard coating, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of High Entropy Alloys)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>XRD patterns of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni (x = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) high entropy alloys; (<b>a</b>) The phase composition of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni HEAs, (<b>b</b>) The enlarged image of the strongest diffraction peak.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Microstructures of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni high entropy alloys; (<b>a</b>) x = 1.0, (<b>b</b>) x = 1.2, (<b>c</b>) x = 1.4, (<b>d</b>) x = 1.6, and (<b>e</b>) x = 1.8.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>EDS elemental mapping of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni high entropy alloys; (<b>a</b>) x = 1.0, (<b>b</b>) x = 1.4, (<b>c</b>) x = 1.8.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>EPMA analysis of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni high entropy alloys; (<b>a</b>) x = 1.0, (<b>b</b>) x = 1.4, (<b>c</b>) x = 1.8.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Hardness of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni (x = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) high entropy alloys.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Potentiodynamic polarization curves of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni (x = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) high entropy alloys.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Nyquist plots (<b>a</b>) and Bode plots (<b>b</b>) of the electrode interface for AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni (x = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) high entropy alloys, respectively; the insert in <a href="#crystals-12-01828-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>a is the electrical equivalent circuits fitting the EIS experimental data (3.5 wt.% NaCl solution).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Corrosion microstructures of AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni high entropy alloys obtained by SEM; (<b>a</b>) x = 1.0, (<b>b</b>) x = 1.2, (<b>c</b>) x = 1.4, (<b>d</b>) x = 1.6, and (<b>e</b>) x = 1.8.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>XPS fine spectra for AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni high entropy alloys (x = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>XPS semi-quantitative analysis for chemical compositions (at.%) for AlSi<sub>0.5</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni high entropy alloys (x = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6).</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 5826 KiB  
Article
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Reinforced CoCrMoNbTi0.4 Refractory High Entropy Alloy Fabricated via Laser Additive Manufacturing: Processing Optimization, Microstructure Transformation and Mechanical Properties
by Xuyang Ye, Mina Zhang, Dafeng Wang, Longjun He, Zifa Xu, Yuhang Zhou, Dianbo Ruan and Wenwu Zhang
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111678 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibit outstanding softening resistance and thermal stability at elevated temperatures. Unfortunately, poor ductility at room temperature has remained the critical issue for their processability and practical application. In this study, an original-type fabrication method of RHEA was proposed, using [...] Read more.
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibit outstanding softening resistance and thermal stability at elevated temperatures. Unfortunately, poor ductility at room temperature has remained the critical issue for their processability and practical application. In this study, an original-type fabrication method of RHEA was proposed, using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to enhance the alloy prepared via laser melting deposition (LMD) technology. The processing optimization, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were systematically investigated for LMD processing of CNTs/CoCrMoNbTi0.4 RHEA. The results have shown that CNTs/CoCrMoNbTi0.4 RHEA have a polycrystalline structure (BCC, HCP, and TiC). As the optimal LMD-processing parameters of laser linear energy density of 3.6 J/mm were applied, owing to the formation of high densification and an ultrafine microstructure, the fully dense LMD-processed alloy exhibited high microhardness of 1015 HV0.5, fracture strength of 2110.5 MPa, and fracture strain of 2.39%. The solid solution strengthening and load transfer are considered as the main strengthening mechanisms occurring simultaneously during compressive tests at room temperature, leading to excellent mechanical properties of LMD-processed CNTs/CoCrMoNbTi0.4 RHEA, which explores the potential application of RHEAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of High Entropy Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>SEM image showing the morphology of 0.8 wt.% CNTs/CoCrMoNbTi<sub>0.4</sub> mixed powder after ball milling.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>XRD patterns of LMD-fabricated specimens at various processing parameters.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Raman spectra of thin-walled forming parts at different processing parameters.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Two-dimensional morphology profile and three-dimensional morphology surface morphologies of RHEA specimens corresponding to the linear densities of (<b>a1</b>,<b>a2</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 2.8 J/mm, (<b>b1</b>,<b>b2</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.2 J/mm, (<b>c1</b>,<b>c2</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.6 J/mm, (<b>d1</b>,<b>d2</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.0 J/mm, (<b>e1</b>,<b>e2</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.4 J/mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>OM image of cross-sectional morphology of thin-walled parts before etching at different processing parameters. (<b>a</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 2.8 J/mm, (<b>b</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.2 J/mm, (<b>c</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.6 J/mm, (<b>d</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.0 J/mm, (<b>e</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.4 J/mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>OM micro-structure of LMD-formed CoCrMoNbTi0.4 RHEA before etching at various processing parameters. (<b>a</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 2.8 J/mm, (<b>b</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.2 J/mm, (<b>c</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.6 J/mm, (<b>d</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.0 J/mm, (<b>e</b>) E<sub>l</sub>= 4.4 J/mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Characteristic microstructure of LMD-processed specimen fabricated at various processing parameters and EDS mapping showing the elemental distributions. (<b>a</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 2.8 J/mm, (<b>b</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.2 J/mm, (<b>c</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 3.6 J/mm, (<b>d</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.0 J/mm, (<b>e</b>) E<sub>l</sub> = 4.4 J/mm.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Property testing results of specimens at various processing parameters. (<b>a</b>) Average microhardness on cross-section of alloys, (<b>b</b>) engineering stress–strain curve of alloys at room temperature compression.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Images of fracture morphology of LMD-formed CoCrMoNbTi<sub>0.4</sub> high entropy alloy with static compression at E<sub>l</sub> = 3.6 J/mm. (<b>a</b>) Low magnification; (<b>b</b>) high magnification.</p> Full article ">
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