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Artificial Vision Systems for Industrial and Textile Control

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Industrial Technologies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 June 2023) | Viewed by 9255

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
Interests: CAD; reverse engineering; additive manufacturing; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Interests: artificial intelligence; biomedical engineering; 3D-based methods; machine vision

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue features articles related to Sustainable Industry with particular reference to the development of advanced systems based on 2D and 3D Artificial Vision for industrial and textile control. In the manufacturing sector, and even more in the textile industry, inspection of products is a crucial task to improve the quality and to reduce the cost. Human-based inspection is inefficient due to high labour intensity and it often leads to unreliable and unrepeatable results.

Artificial Vision (AV) proved to be effective in overcoming human-based inspection by both using 2D Machine Vision and by developing 3D-based acquisition. Using such systems, it is possible to provide defect detection, classification, measurements and quali-quantitative certification of inspected products quality. This is even more true in recent years where we have witnessed an increasing development of 2D and 3D acquisition methods that can impair the quality of inspection.

In this context, the present Special Issue aims to promote papers related to Artificial Vision findings and applications in all industrial fields, with a particular focus on the textile industry. Contributed papers can vary from basic science to practical methods and from new developments to future perspectives. Hybrid techniques that combine the integration of AV with Artificial Intelligence are encouraged.

In the Special Issue, we want to address, in particular, but not exclusively, recent advances in the following topics:

  • 2D Machine Vision (using industrial cameras, line scan scameras, optical fibers, spectrophotometers, etc.);
  • 3D Machine Vision (using 3D scanners, RGB-D devices, etc.);
  • Artificial Intelligence-based methods for the detection, classification and characterization of industrial products;
  • Methods and systems for the real-time detection of defects;
  • Colorimetry and spectrophotometry;
  • Image-processing based algorithms;
  • Performance critera for the assessment of the reliability of AV systems;
  • New architectures for 2D and 3D AV;
  • Human–machine interaction for quality control;
  • Big data and data analytics for textile and industrial defects classification;
  • Machine integration of inspection systems;
  • New hardware for machine vision;
  • Robotics for product inspection.

Prof. Dr. Rocco Furferi
Dr. Michaela Servi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • 2D machine vision
  • 3D machine vision
  • reverse engineering
  • spectrophotometry
  • colorimetry
  • textiles
  • fabrics
  • yarns
  • fibers
  • quality assessment
  • cameras
  • smart cameras
  • defect detection
  • real-time imaging
  • image processing
  • human-machine interaction
  • defects classification
  • defect taxonomy
  • defect detection
  • 3D scanner
  • big data analytics
  • neural networks
  • deep learning
  • artificial intelligence
  • deterministic methods
  • imaging software
  • imaging hardware
  • robotics for imaging
  • product inspection
  • machine integration
  • illumination systems
  • infrared imaging
  • UV-based imaging
  • automated inspection
  • optics
  • lasers
  • image segmentation
  • image recognition
  • pattern recognition
  • metrological assessment
  • thermography

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2805 KiB  
Article
Development of Infrared Reflective Textiles and Simulation of Their Effect in Cold-Protection Garments
by Irina Cherunova, Nikolai Kornev, Guobin Jia, Klaus Richter and Jonathan Plentz
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 4043; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13064043 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2754
Abstract
Two ways of to enhance the heat insulation of cold-protecting garments are studied using the mathematical model, which describes the coupled transport of temperature, humidity, and bound and condensed water. The model is developed in a one-dimensional formulation. The thermal radiation transport is [...] Read more.
Two ways of to enhance the heat insulation of cold-protecting garments are studied using the mathematical model, which describes the coupled transport of temperature, humidity, and bound and condensed water. The model is developed in a one-dimensional formulation. The thermal radiation transport is explicitly considered by the subdivision of the heat flux into radiative and conduction parts. The model is utilized to study the improvement of heat-insulating properties of cold protective garments using aerogel materials and thin infrared reflective textile layers. Special attention is paid to the technological aspects of manufacturing such reflective textiles. The numerical investigations show that the use of infrared reflective textiles is the most effective of the two studied methods. Due to the reflection of the radiant heat flow coming from the human body, the skin temperature rises and the thermal insulation of clothing is significantly improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Vision Systems for Industrial and Textile Control)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Micrograph images of copper-plated textiles NL-VL-S-016 (<b>A</b>), NL-WE-S-056 (<b>B</b>) and NL-WE-S-045 (<b>C</b>) and the corresponding textiles with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plating in (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>).</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>SEM images of copper-plated textiles consisting of 55% of viscose and 45% polyester (<b>A</b>), 100% polyestersulfone (<b>B</b>), a taffeta lined and calendered polyamide textile (<b>C</b>) and the corresponding fabrics (A-a, B-b and C-c) with Ni plating in (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>). Scale bar for all the images: 100 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>High magnification SEM images at the cross-section prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) for the determination of the coated layer thickness. Fabrics produced by 55% of viscose and 45% polyester (<b>A</b>), by 100% polyestersulfone (<b>B</b>), a taffeta lined and calendered polyamide textile (<b>C</b>) coated with copper, respectively. The corresponding fabrics coated with nickel are presented in (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>), respectively. Scale bar for all samples: 2 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>EDX measurements on the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>left</b>) and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>right</b>) layer deposited on textiles. Measurements are carried out at an electron beam energy of 10 keV.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Sketch of the garment geometry. <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> are emissivities. Circles are nodes of the computational grid.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Simulation of the temperature and comparison with measurements [<a href="#B20-applsci-13-04043" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p>
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<p>Simulation of the temperature and comparison with measurements [<a href="#B21-applsci-13-04043" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Influence of the IR on the temperature at the boundary between the skin and the undershirt after 120 min. Emissivity of the IR <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> varies between <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>0.1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>0.9</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Influence of the IR on the temperature (<b>left</b>) and the vapor concentration (<b>right</b>) distribution across the garment after 120 min. Polyester batting thickness is <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>2.0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> cm.</p>
Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Influence of the IR on the bound water content in fibers.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Influence of the volume fraction of aerogel <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> on the effective density and coefficient of thermal conductivity in the center of the insulating layer (batting) of clothing.</p>
Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Influence of the volume fraction of aerogel <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> on the temperature on the human skin at different thicknesses of the insulating layer, taking into account (solid lines) and without taking into account (dotted lines) the transport of humidity inside clothing.</p>
Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Influence of the volume fraction of aerogel <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> on the skin temperature at different <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> and insulation layer thickness.</p>
Full article ">
13 pages, 3232 KiB  
Article
A Machine Vision-Based Algorithm for Color Classification of Recycled Wool Fabrics
by Rocco Furferi and Michaela Servi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042464 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2696
Abstract
The development of eco-sustainable systems for the textile industry is a trump card for attracting expanding markets aware of the ecological challenges that society expects in the future. For companies willing to use regenerated wool as a raw material for creating plain, colored [...] Read more.
The development of eco-sustainable systems for the textile industry is a trump card for attracting expanding markets aware of the ecological challenges that society expects in the future. For companies willing to use regenerated wool as a raw material for creating plain, colored yarns and/or fabrics, building up a number of procedures and tools for classifying the conferred recycled materials based on their color is crucial. Despite the incredible boost in automated or semi-automated methods for color classification, this task is still carried out manually by expert operators, mainly due to the lack of systems taking into account human-related classification. Accordingly, the main aim of the present work was to devise a simple, yet effective, machine vision-based system combined with a probabilistic neural network for carrying out reliable color classification of plain, colored, regenerated wool fabrics. The devised classification system relies on the definition of a set of color classes against which to classify the recycled wool fabrics and an appositely devised acquisition system. Image-processing algorithms were used to extract helpful information about the image color after a set of images has been acquired. These data were then used to train the neural network-based algorithms, which categorized the fabric samples based on their color. When tested against a dataset of fabrics, the created system enabled automatic classification with a reliability index of approximately 83%, thus demonstrating its effectiveness in comparison to other color classification approaches devised for textile and industrial fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Vision Systems for Industrial and Textile Control)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Four different classes for families “pink,” “red,” and “blue.”</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Sample with label 20/6/21.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Brightness surface of the R channel for fabric with label 20/6/21.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Average number of pixels belonging to a given RAL class for the whole set of images processed for the training set.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Indexed image and surface of the R channel for fabric with label 20/6/21.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>PNN architecture.</p>
Full article ">
25 pages, 4376 KiB  
Article
A Machine Vision Development Framework for Product Appearance Quality Inspection
by Qiuyu Zhu, Yunxiao Zhang, Jianbing Luan and Liheng Hu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11565; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211565 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2520
Abstract
Machine vision systems are an important part of modern intelligent manufacturing systems, but due to their complexity, current vision systems are often customized and inefficiently developed. Generic closed-source machine vision development software is often poorly targeted. To meet the extensive needs of product [...] Read more.
Machine vision systems are an important part of modern intelligent manufacturing systems, but due to their complexity, current vision systems are often customized and inefficiently developed. Generic closed-source machine vision development software is often poorly targeted. To meet the extensive needs of product appearance quality inspection in industrial production and to improve the development efficiency and reliability of such systems, this paper designs and implements a general machine vision software framework. This framework is easy to adapt to different hardware devices for secondary development, reducing the workload in generic functional modules and program architecture design, which allows developers to focus on the design and implementation of image-processing algorithms. Based on the MVP software design principles, the framework abstracts and implements the modules common to machine vision-based product appearance quality inspection systems, such as user management, inspection configuration, task management, image acquisition, database configuration, GUI, multi-threaded architecture, IO communication, etc. Using this framework and adding the secondary development of image-processing algorithms, we successfully apply the framework to the quality inspection of the surface defects of bolts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Vision Systems for Industrial and Textile Control)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Hardware composition.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>MVC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>MVP.</p>
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<p>Logic diagram of the framework’s design.</p>
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<p>Multi-threaded architecture.</p>
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<p>Data table relationships.</p>
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<p>Inspection configuration data table relationships.</p>
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<p>Task management data table relationships.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>User permissions.</p>
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<p>New model creation.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Bolt side.</p>
Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Bolt bore.</p>
Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Thread bruises.</p>
Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Wavelet transform.</p>
Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Dirty thread.</p>
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<p>DCT filtering results.</p>
Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Defects in the sphere.</p>
Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Bolt head damage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Thread cut.</p>
Full article ">Figure 20
<p>DCT Frequency.</p>
Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Bore gap.</p>
Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Missing letters.</p>
Full article ">Figure 23
<p>Letter detection in the inner hole.</p>
Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Side-defect detection.</p>
Full article ">Figure 25
<p>Dirty bore.</p>
Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Bolt inspection view.</p>
Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Original image of one shot.</p>
Full article ">Figure 28
<p>Left part.</p>
Full article ">Figure 29
<p>Right part.</p>
Full article ">Figure 30
<p>No part.</p>
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<p>Wrong part.</p>
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<p>Left ROI.</p>
Full article ">Figure 33
<p>Right ROI.</p>
Full article ">Figure 34
<p>No ROI.</p>
Full article ">Figure 35
<p>Wrong ROI.</p>
Full article ">
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