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Eng. Proc., 2021, AITA 2021

The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications

Online | 26–28 October 2021

Volume Editors:
Giovanni Ferrarini, ITC-CNR, Italy
Paolo Bison, ITC-CNR, Italy
Gianluca Cadelano, ISAC-CNR, Italy

Number of Papers: 35
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications (AITA 2021) was held online on 26–28 October 2021. The conference was focused on advanced technology and [...] Read more.
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5 pages, 2246 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Micro-Scale Fatigue Damage Assessment of CFRP Laminates Using Lock-in Thermography
by Ryohei Fujita, Kotaro Katsukura and Hosei Nagano
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008002 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
This study proposes a new micro-scale damage assessment method of laminated carbon fiber-reinforced plastics based on the thermal diffusivity measurement. This measurement was conducted by the laser-spot-periodic-heating method using lock-in thermography. Measured samples were subjected to the tension fatigue test at a relatively [...] Read more.
This study proposes a new micro-scale damage assessment method of laminated carbon fiber-reinforced plastics based on the thermal diffusivity measurement. This measurement was conducted by the laser-spot-periodic-heating method using lock-in thermography. Measured samples were subjected to the tension fatigue test at a relatively low load and high cycle. As a result, the thermal diffusivity showed a decreasing trend with an increase in the load cycles. It was shown that this method can detect the effect of the minute fatigue damage at a level that cannot be seen with a microscope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Measurement locations in fatigue test sample; (<b>b</b>) cross-sectional images of measurement location obtained by optical digital microscope; (<b>c</b>) experimental apparatus.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Phase lag distribution on left side of type A sample (Load cycle N = 10<sup>6</sup>); (<b>b</b>) Distance dependence of phase lag on center line of (<b>a</b>) distribution.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Out-of-plane thermal diffusivity depending on number of load cycles; (<b>b</b>) Relative difference compared to undamaged sample.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 3460 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Dynamic Infrared Thermography (DIRT) in Biomedical Applications: DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction and Skin Cancer
by Jan Verstockt, Simon Verspeek, Filip Thiessen, Thierry Tondu, Wiebren A. Tjalma, Lieve Brochez and Gunther Steenackers
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008003 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1800
Abstract
Infrared thermography technology has improved drastically in recent years and is regaining interest in medicine for applications such as deep inferior epigastric perforate flap breast reconstruction, breast cancer diagnosis, skin tissue identification, psoriasis detection, etc. However, there is still a need for an [...] Read more.
Infrared thermography technology has improved drastically in recent years and is regaining interest in medicine for applications such as deep inferior epigastric perforate flap breast reconstruction, breast cancer diagnosis, skin tissue identification, psoriasis detection, etc. However, there is still a need for an optimised measurement setup and protocol in order to capture the most suitable images for decision making and further processing. Nowadays, different cooling methods are being used; nevertheless, a general optimised cooling protocol is not yet defined. In this manuscript, several cooling techniques, as well as the measurement setups, are reviewed and optimised. It is possible to enhance the thermal images by selecting an appropriate cooling method and duration, and additionally, an optimised measurement setup enables a comparison between different inspections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Peroperative measurement. (<b>a</b>) Perforators A and B 4 min after the clamp was removed. (<b>b</b>) Only perforator B 4 min after the clamp was removed. The influence of perforator A on the flap can be deduced by subtracting the influence of perforator B in subfigure (<b>a</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Cooling of the abdomen with a balloon filled with water and ice. (<b>b</b>) Creases and uneven temperature after cooling with a sterile plastic bag filled with water and ice. (<b>c</b>) No creases and even temperature after cooling with a balloon filled with water and ice. Light coloured line is a scar from previous surgery.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Image taken during skin tissue identification measurements. The thermal camera is mounted on the linear guide rails at the end of the mount arm. The mount enables the camera to be moved to any wanted location above the patients body, and the linear guide rails provide the possibility of keeping a fixed distance between the camera lens and the skin.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 723 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
SST Image Processing for Mesoscale Patterns Identification
by Oscar Papini, Marco Reggiannini and Gabriele Pieri
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008005 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1483
Abstract
Understanding the marine environment dynamics to accordingly design computational predictive tools, represents a factor of paramount relevance to implement suitable policy plans. In this framework, mesoscale marine events are important to study and understand since human related activities, such as commercial fishery, strongly [...] Read more.
Understanding the marine environment dynamics to accordingly design computational predictive tools, represents a factor of paramount relevance to implement suitable policy plans. In this framework, mesoscale marine events are important to study and understand since human related activities, such as commercial fishery, strongly depend on this type of phenomena. Indeed, the dynamics of water masses affect the local habitats due to nutrient and organic substance transport, interfering with the fauna and flora development processes. Mesoscale events can be classified based on the presence of specific hydrodynamics features, such as water filaments, counter-currents or meanders originating from upwelling wind action stress. In this paper, a novel method to study these phenomena is proposed, based on the analysis of Sea Surface Temperature imagery captured by satellite missions (METOP, MODIS Terra/Aqua). Dedicated algorithms are presented, with the goal to detect and identify different observed scenarios based on the extraction and analysis of discriminating quantitative features. Promising results returned by the application of the proposed method to data captured within the maritime region in front of the southwestern Iberian coasts are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Event of 30 October 2017. <b>Left</b>: (bottom) SST map at the date of the event, with the considered area highlighted and (top) the relative colour coding in the plot. <b>Right</b>: generated spaghetti plot.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Event of 16 September 2017. <b>Left</b>: (bottom) SST map at the date of the event, with the considered area highlighted and (top) the relative colour coding in the plot. <b>Right</b>: generated spaghetti plot.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 380 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Study on Human Temperature Measurement by Infrared Thermography
by Michal Švantner, Vladislav Lang, Tomáš Kohlschutter, Jiří Skála, Milan Honner, Lukáš Muzika and Eliška Kosová
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008004 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1792
Abstract
Increased temperature in humans is one of symptoms of infectious diseases. Infrared thermography is a popular method for measuring temperature as it offers fast and non-contact temperature measurement. However, and despite many advantages, its real accuracy for human temperature measurement is not sufficient [...] Read more.
Increased temperature in humans is one of symptoms of infectious diseases. Infrared thermography is a popular method for measuring temperature as it offers fast and non-contact temperature measurement. However, and despite many advantages, its real accuracy for human temperature measurement is not sufficient in many cases. This study was focused on a statistical evaluation of human temperature measurement reliability. The goal of the experiment was to find limitations of thermography at near-laboratory conditions. More than 300 measurements were made simultaneously by a thermography and an arm-pit thermometer on a closed group of persons during several months. The results showed that standard deviations of the performed armpit and thermographic temperature measurement were about 0.15 and 0.36 °C, respectively, but that a temperature shift and a dependence on ambient conditions can occur due to the used experimental configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Boxplot of the mean values of the uncorrected face maximum temperature, face maximum temperature after BB correction, and armpit temperature (symbols * show outliers).</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 497 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Repeatability Study of Flash-Pulse Thermographic Inspection of CFRP Samples
by Michal Švantner, Lukáš Muzika, Alexey Moskovchenko, Celeste M. C. Pereira and Shumit Das
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008001 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Thermographic flash-pulse inspection is one of popular methods of non-destructive testing (NDT) of materials. Despite the automation of the NDT methods, most of them are based on visual inspections and results of these inspections are influenced by the skills of operators. The repeatability [...] Read more.
Thermographic flash-pulse inspection is one of popular methods of non-destructive testing (NDT) of materials. Despite the automation of the NDT methods, most of them are based on visual inspections and results of these inspections are influenced by the skills of operators. The repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) of these inspections are therefore more important compared to exact gauge-type methods. This study was focused on the statistical evaluation of flash pulse inspection. Space hardware representative carbon-fiber composite samples with 50 artificial defects were used as reference samples, which were independently inspected by three operators in two independent runs. A Gage R&R study was performed based on contrast to noise ratio defects identification. It was determined that at certain conditions, a total R&R variability 29% can be achieved, which can be assumed as acceptable for this application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Main effects: screener effects of operators influence, diameter of defects (D_ref), depth of defects, and thickness of defects on CNR evaluated by TDTS.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 2235 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of Fatigue Strength Based on Dissipated Energy for Laser Welds
by Yuki Ogawa, Taiju Horita, Naoki Iwatani, Kota Kadoi, Daiki Shiozawa and Takahide Sakagami
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008006 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
To optimize welding conditions that ensure the safety and reliability of laser welds, this study established an evaluation method of the fatigue strength for the laser welds of steel sheets over a short period of time. This study focuses on a fatigue limit [...] Read more.
To optimize welding conditions that ensure the safety and reliability of laser welds, this study established an evaluation method of the fatigue strength for the laser welds of steel sheets over a short period of time. This study focuses on a fatigue limit estimation based on dissipated energy which is caused by micro plastic deformation. As a result, the area at which the temperature changes, due to dissipated energy, is locally high is the fracture origin of the laser welds. The fatigue limit of the laser welds is almost the same as the stress amplitude at which a temperature change occurs due to dissipated energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Shape and dimensions of specimen used in fatigue tests (units: mm).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Microstructure of laser weld cross section and (<b>b</b>) corresponding Vickers hardness distribution.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Fatigue test results (<span class="html-italic">S</span>-<span class="html-italic">N</span> curves).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Fatigue fracture morphology and fracture surface of (<b>a</b>) base metal specimen and (<b>b</b>) laser welds.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Distribution of temperature change due to dissipated energy for laser welds and (<b>b</b>) measurement results for temperature change due to dissipated energy for each specimen.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 2969 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparison of Two IR Cameras for Assessing Body Temperature
by Eva Barreira, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida, Maria Lurdes Simões and Tiago S. F. Sousa
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008007 - 21 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1265
Abstract
Infrared thermography is often used to assess body temperature. It is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting human diseases but, nowadays, is has found a new applicability as an instrument of control during the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some authors also used [...] Read more.
Infrared thermography is often used to assess body temperature. It is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting human diseases but, nowadays, is has found a new applicability as an instrument of control during the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some authors also used it to assess thermal comfort inside buildings. However, some understudied issues still remain regarding the influence on the measurement of the environmental conditions, the position of the subject and the equipment characteristics. This paper attempts to address some of these issues, highlighting that ambient temperature has an impact on image resolution. Additionally, the position of the subject is a key parameter when assessing body temperature, and different equipment deliver different results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Implementation of the test campaign: (<b>a</b>) Description of the 99 different scenarios; (<b>b</b>) Schematic distribution inside the climatic chamber, including devices and data subject, kept during the entire experimental campaign.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Thermal images taken during scenario RH = 65% and T = 14 °C: (<b>a</b>) IR camera 1; (<b>b</b>) IR camera 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Bloxplot representation and descriptive statistics of the setpoint temperature (SP), the real air temperature (Air), the reflected temperatures measured with IR camera 1 (Ref1) and IR camera 2 (Ref2) and the point on the face with maximum temperatures measured with IR camera 1 (IRC1) and IR camera 2 (IRC2).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Thermal images taken during scenarios RH = 40% and T = 10 °C, RH = 40% and T = 16 °C, RH = 40% and T = 22 °C, RH = 40% and T = 26 °C and RH = 40% and T = 30 °C: (<b>a</b>) IR camera 1; (<b>b</b>) IR camera 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Boxplot representations of the highest temperature of the face for the eleven scenarios of the setpoint temperature and for all scenarios: IR camera 1 (green); IR camera 2 (red).</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 4276 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Physics-Informed Neural Network Method for Defect Identification in Polymer Composites Based on Pulsed Thermography
by Wei Hng Lim, Stefano Sfarra and Yuan Yao
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008014 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
Defect detection in composite materials using active thermography is a well-studied field, and many thermographic data analysis methods have been proposed to facilitate defect visibility enhancement. In this work, we introduce a deep learning method that is constrained by known heat transfer phenomena [...] Read more.
Defect detection in composite materials using active thermography is a well-studied field, and many thermographic data analysis methods have been proposed to facilitate defect visibility enhancement. In this work, we introduce a deep learning method that is constrained by known heat transfer phenomena described by a series of governing equations, also known in the literature as the physics-informed neural network (PINN). The accurate reconstruction of background information based on thermal images facilitates the identification of subsurface defects and reduction in noises caused by an uneven background and heating. The authors illustrate the method’s feasibility through experimental results obtained after pulsed thermography (PT) on a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) specimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) An illustration of the experiment schematics for PT used in this study; (<b>b</b>) shapes, depth locations, and relative planar locations of defects in the CFRP layers.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Network architecture of the PINN employed in this work.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>PINN results on thermogram captured 0.30 s after maximal surface temperature: (<b>a</b>) original image; (<b>b</b>) prediction image; (<b>c</b>) residual image.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>PINN results on thermogram captured 1.10 s after maximal surface temperature: (<b>a</b>) original image; (<b>b</b>) prediction image; (<b>c</b>) residual image.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>PCT results (only principal components with the greatest defect visibility are shown) on: (<b>a</b>) original images; (<b>b</b>) residual images.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 904 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Heat Treatments in Boron Steel by Laser Thermography
by Giuseppe Dell’Avvocato, Davide Palumbo, Maria Emanuela Palmieri and Umberto Galietti
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008008 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1474
Abstract
The applicability of active thermography as a non-destructive method to distinguish heat treated from not-treated boron steel has been investigated. While the usual hardness semi-destructive tests influence the inspected surface, laser thermography is capable of verifying the effectiveness of heat treatment in boron [...] Read more.
The applicability of active thermography as a non-destructive method to distinguish heat treated from not-treated boron steel has been investigated. While the usual hardness semi-destructive tests influence the inspected surface, laser thermography is capable of verifying the effectiveness of heat treatment in boron steel in a non-destructive way without any surface modification. The procedure has been verified on two plates of boron steels with different structures (100% ferritic–pearlitic and 100% martensitic). Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Experimental set up in (<b>a</b>) transmission mode, and (<b>b</b>) reflection mode. Scheme of the inspected areas for (<b>c</b>) transmission and (<b>d</b>) reflection measurements (lengths are in mm).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Curves that show error in function of (<b>a</b>) f<sub>s</sub> and (<b>b</b>) spatial resolution. Black line shows the 0% of error, and green lines show the limit value for a constant percentage of the error.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 393 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Detection of Disease-Specific Volatile Organic Compounds Using Infrared Spectroscopy
by Kiran Sankar Maiti, Susmita Roy, Renée Lampe and Alexander Apolonski
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008015 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1704
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases at an early stage remain unrecognized due to a lack of pronounced symptoms. It is also accepted that the early detection of disease is a key ingredient for saving many lives. Unfortunately, in most of the cases, diagnostics implies an [...] Read more.
Many life-threatening diseases at an early stage remain unrecognized due to a lack of pronounced symptoms. It is also accepted that the early detection of disease is a key ingredient for saving many lives. Unfortunately, in most of the cases, diagnostics implies an invasive sample collection, being problematic at the asymptomatic stage. Infrared spectroscopy of breath offers reliable noninvasive diagnostics at every stage and has already been tested for several diseases. This approach offers not only the detection of specific metabolites, but also the analysis of their imbalance and transportation. In this article, the power of infrared spectroscopy is demonstrated for diabetes, cerebral palsy, acute gastritis caused by bacterial infection, and prostate cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>The acetone in the breath of a healthy volunteer (black line). The red plot is the fitting curve of the acetone spectrum [<a href="#B13-engproc-08-00015" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Infrared spectra of breath: healthy volunteer (gray) and with bacterial infection (cyan). The red curve is the spectral difference between the above two spectra. The blue plot is the IR spectrum of methyl butyrate. (<b>b</b>) The recovery dynamics of acute gastritis via the quadruple course (QAC) [<a href="#B16-engproc-08-00015" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The average absorption spectra of healthy (red) and CP (blue) volunteers. Dashed lines: fitting curves of three main VOC candidates; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) plot boxes for healthy, CP, and a patient with muscular dystrophy (MD), with the corresponding median values and error bars [<a href="#B19-engproc-08-00015" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) The average absorption spectra of healthy (red) and PCa (blue) volunteers. Dashed line: fitting curves of acetic anhydride, identified as a biomarker. (<b>b</b>) The result of the principal component analysis. Ellipses are drawn for the visualization of the three groups [<a href="#B21-engproc-08-00015" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 571 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Is It Possible to Estimate Average Heart Rate from Facial Thermal Imaging?
by David Perpetuini, Andrea Di Credico, Chiara Filippini, Pascal Izzicupo, Daniela Cardone, Piero Chiacchiaretta, Barbara Ghinassi, Angela Di Baldassarre and Arcangelo Merla
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008010 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1494
Abstract
The remote measurement of heart rate (HR) could have many applications, such as health and emotional conditions monitoring. Currently, methods based on visible cameras have been developed for HR estimation. However, the employment of such techniques with scarce illumination conditions could be challenging. [...] Read more.
The remote measurement of heart rate (HR) could have many applications, such as health and emotional conditions monitoring. Currently, methods based on visible cameras have been developed for HR estimation. However, the employment of such techniques with scarce illumination conditions could be challenging. Infrared Thermography (IRT) could be a valuable tool to overcome this limitation. This study investigated the possibility of estimating average HR with facial IRT through a cross-validated machine learning (ML) approach. The correlation coefficient between the estimated and the measured HR was 0.7. Although preliminary, these results demonstrate the feasibility of estimating HR with IRT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>ROIs placement on a representative subject.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Correlation and Bland–Altman plot associated with the measured and predicted HR.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 2470 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Correlation of Land Surface Temperature with IR Albedo for the Analysis of Urban Heat Island
by Paula Andrés-Anaya, María Sánchez-Aparicio, Susana del Pozo and Susana Lagüela
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008009 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1856
Abstract
Albedo and Land Surface Temperature (LST) are thermophysical parameters that define the behavior of cities in terms of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). Both parameters are correlated in such a way that materials with low values of albedo (associated with low reflection rates of [...] Read more.
Albedo and Land Surface Temperature (LST) are thermophysical parameters that define the behavior of cities in terms of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). Both parameters are correlated in such a way that materials with low values of albedo (associated with low reflection rates of solar radiation) result in higher heat absorption, and consequently, in higher LST values. This tendency reinforces the effect of UHI. Thus, the use of materials with high values of albedo in building envelopes can be a solution to reduce heat accumulation within cities and to subsequently improve the temperature reduction at nighttime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Location of Valladolid within the Spanish territory, and position of the factory sheds used for the study.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Example of LST for nighttime (ASTER sensor) and daytime (TIRS and OLI sensor in Landsat8 and MODIS sensor).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Example of an image of albedo.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Daytime LST and albedo correlation.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Example of (<b>a</b>) RGB, (<b>b</b>) albedo, (<b>c</b>) LST for daytime and (<b>d</b>) LST for nighttime from industrial area. Color scales are the same as for <a href="#engproc-08-00009-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> and <a href="#engproc-08-00009-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 1421 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Raman Spectroscopy and Oncology: Multivariate Statistics Methods for Cancer Grading
by Francesco Niccoli and Mario D’Acunto
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008012 - 22 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
Over the last decade, Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated as a label-free and destructive optical spectroscopy that was able to improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer diagnosis. This ability is principally based on the great amount of biochemical information produced by the Raman scattering while [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated as a label-free and destructive optical spectroscopy that was able to improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer diagnosis. This ability is principally based on the great amount of biochemical information produced by the Raman scattering while investigating biological tissues. However, to achieve the relevant clinical requirements, the spectroscopic analysis and its ability to grade cancer tissues require sophisticated multivariate statistics. In this paper, we critically review multivariate statistics methods analyzed in light of their ability to process datasets generated by Raman spectroscopy in chondrogenic tumors, where distinguishing between enchondroma and the first grade of malignancy is a critical problem for pathologists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Average Raman spectra of 10 patients under investigation: EC, black line; CS GI, red line; Grade II chondrosarcoma, CS GII, blue line; Grade II chondrosarcoma, CS GIII, green line, respectively. The arrows and the correspondent Raman shift value mark the most significant bands. (<b>b</b>) Example of RS imaging (right); the Raman hyperspectral image of the correspondent microscopy image (middle). Adapted from [<a href="#B1-engproc-08-00012" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Loading plots of PC1 for the various CS grades: EC, black line; CS GI, red line; Cs GII, blue line; CS GIII, green line.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>3D representation of LDA component for the four CS malignancy groups.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 1627 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Numerical Analysis of Micro-Lens Array to the Mid-IR Range
by Ricardo Gonzalez-Romero, Guillermo Garcia-Torales and Marija Strojnik
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008011 - 22 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1331
Abstract
New interferometric IR techniques have recently been developed to allow Sun-Jupiter-like detections in deep space. These techniques demand a high angular resolution, a high sensitivity towards signal detection buried in noise, and a well-defined bandwidth of spectral resolution. Micro-lens arrangements have helped increase [...] Read more.
New interferometric IR techniques have recently been developed to allow Sun-Jupiter-like detections in deep space. These techniques demand a high angular resolution, a high sensitivity towards signal detection buried in noise, and a well-defined bandwidth of spectral resolution. Micro-lens arrangements have helped increase the use of these parameters for IR detectors. In this paper we present a finite element method (FEM)-based simulation of a typical micro-lens array, to be used in mid-IR cameras, where the aperture geometry and radius of curvature are varied for design optimization. Moreover, we show the spot and optical aberrations produced by two types of geometrical arrangements. This procedure could be helpful in improving the IR detector signal in the exoplanets exploration, in systems placed outside of the earth’s atmosphere. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Each lenslet is convexo-planar, with a flat base width of <span class="html-italic">P =</span> 3.7 µm, placed at the focal length <span class="html-italic">f</span>(<span class="html-italic">λ</span><sub>1</sub>) <span class="html-italic">=</span> 1.23 μm for study one, and <span class="html-italic">f</span>(<span class="html-italic">λ</span><sub>2</sub>) <span class="html-italic">=</span> 2.46 μm for study two, from the surface sensor. The radius of curvature is <span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span><sub>1</sub> <span class="html-italic">=</span> 3.7 μm, with a circular aperture for the first study. For the second study, the radius of curvature is <span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span><sub>2</sub> <span class="html-italic">=</span> 7.4 μm. The circular aperture of diameter <span class="html-italic">D</span> has a value of 2<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub><span class="html-italic">a</span>1</sub>. The side of the square aperture is equal to <span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span><sub>2</sub>.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Matrix of 12 × 16 elements with the radius of curvature <span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span><sub>1</sub> <span class="html-italic">=</span> 3.7 μm and circular aperture of <span class="html-italic">D</span> = <span class="html-italic">2R<sub>a</sub></span><sub>1</sub>. (<b>b</b>) Matrix of 12 × 16 elements with the radius of curvature <span class="html-italic">Ra</span><sub>2</sub> <span class="html-italic">=</span> 7.4 µm and square aperture with a side size of <span class="html-italic">D</span> = <span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span><sub>2</sub>.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Spot images at the focal plane: (<b>a</b>) circular and (<b>b</b>) square aperture. The black circle indicates the RMS spot radius. The colors represent the lateral ray displacement from the point on the aperture to the position on the focal plane, and its contribution to wavefront and crosstalk error.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Aberration diagrams for (<b>a</b>) circular and (<b>b</b>) square apertures, with the piston and defocus aberrations eliminated. The values shown in the legend are the wavefront error in μm. The wavefront errors for study two are 400 times lower for the maximum error (in dark blue) and 804 times smaller for the minimum error (in dark red) than for the study one.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 2053 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Learning Thermographic Models for Optimal Image Processing of Decorated Surfaces
by Stefano Sfarra, Gianfranco Gargiulo and Mohammed Omar
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008013 - 22 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1188
Abstract
The use of infrared thermography presents unique perspectives in imaging of artifacts to help interrogate their surface and subsurface characteristics, highlight deviations and detect contrast. This research capitalizes on active and passive thermal imagery along with advanced machine learning-based algorithms for pre- and [...] Read more.
The use of infrared thermography presents unique perspectives in imaging of artifacts to help interrogate their surface and subsurface characteristics, highlight deviations and detect contrast. This research capitalizes on active and passive thermal imagery along with advanced machine learning-based algorithms for pre- and post-processing of acquired scans. Such codes operate efficiently (compress data) to help link the observed temperature variations and the thermophysical parameters of targeted samples. One such processing modality is dictionary learning, which infers a “frame dictionary” to help represent the scans as linear combinations of a small set of features, thus training data to show a sparse representation. This technique (along factorization and component analysis-based methods) was used in current research on ancient polychrome marquetries aimed at detecting aging anomalies. The presented research is unique in terms of the targeted samples and the applied approaches and should provide specific guidance to similar domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Marquetry samples: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Boy</span>, and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Girl</span>.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Dictionary learning results: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Boy</span>, and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Girl</span>.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 364 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Identification of the Thermal Conductance of a Hidden Barrier from Outer Thermal Data
by Gabriele Inglese, Roberto Olmi and Agnese Scalbi
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008016 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 976
Abstract
Hidden defects affecting the interface in a composite slab are evaluated from thermal data collected on the upper side of the specimen. First we restrict the problem to the upper component of the object. Then we investigate heat transfer through, the inaccessible interface [...] Read more.
Hidden defects affecting the interface in a composite slab are evaluated from thermal data collected on the upper side of the specimen. First we restrict the problem to the upper component of the object. Then we investigate heat transfer through, the inaccessible interface by means of Thin Plate Approximation. Finally, a Fast Fourier Transform is used to filter data. In this way, we obtain a reliable reconstruction of simulated flaws in thermal contact conductance corresponding to appreciable defects of the interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Unknown heat exchange coefficient at the interface: graph and contour plot.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Reconstructed <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> without noise; with noise; with noise and a Fourier-filtered map. To be compared with the contour plot in <a href="#engproc-08-00016-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 552 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Infrared Spectroscopy for the Quality Assessment of Habanero Chilli: A Proof-of-Concept Study
by Joel B. Johnson, Janice S. Mani and Mani Naiker
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008019 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1743
Abstract
Habanero chillies (Capsicum chinense cv Habanero) are a popular species of hot chilli in Australia, with their production steadily increasing. However, there is limited research on this crop due to its relatively low levels of production at present. Rapid methods of assessing [...] Read more.
Habanero chillies (Capsicum chinense cv Habanero) are a popular species of hot chilli in Australia, with their production steadily increasing. However, there is limited research on this crop due to its relatively low levels of production at present. Rapid methods of assessing fruit quality could be greatly beneficial both for quality assurance purposes and for use in breeding programs or experimental growing trials. Consequently, this work investigated the use of infrared spectroscopy for predicting dry matter content, total phenolic content and capsaicin/dihydrocapsaicin content in 20 Australian Habanero chilli samples. Near-infrared spectra (908–1676 nm) taken from the fresh fruit showed strong potential for the estimation of dry matter content, with an R2cv of 0.65 and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 0.50%. A moving-window partial least squares regression model was applied to optimise the spectral window used for dry matter content prediction, with the best-performing window being between 1224 and 1422 nm. However, the near-infrared spectra could not be used to estimate the total phenolic content or capsaicin/dihydrocapsaicin content of the samples. Mid-infrared spectra (4000–400 cm−1) collected from the dried, powdered material showed slightly more promise for the prediction of total phenolics and the ratio of capsaicin-to-dihydrocapsaicin, with an R2cv of 0.45 and SECV of 0.32 for the latter. The results suggest that infrared spectroscopy may be able to determine dry matter content in Habanero chilli with acceptable accuracy, but not the capsaicinoid or total phenolic content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>NIR spectra (908–1676 nm) of the Habanero chilli samples following SNV smoothing.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Calibration (blue) and cross-validation (red) results for the prediction of dry matter content in Habanero chilli using NIR spectroscopy.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 1821 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Measurement of Line Distribution of Thermal Contact Resistance Using Microscopic Lock-In Thermography
by Takuya Ishizaki, Ai Ueno and Hosei Nagano
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008018 - 23 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1710
Abstract
This paper proposes a new thermal contact resistance measurement method using lock-in thermography. Using the lock-in thermography with an infrared microscope, the local temperature behavior in the frequency domain across the contact interface was visualized in microscale. Additionally, a new thermal contact resistance [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a new thermal contact resistance measurement method using lock-in thermography. Using the lock-in thermography with an infrared microscope, the local temperature behavior in the frequency domain across the contact interface was visualized in microscale. Additionally, a new thermal contact resistance measurement principle was constructed considering the superimposition of the reflected and transmitted temperature wave at the boundary and taking into account the intensity distribution of the heating laser as the gaussian distribution, and the specific geometrical condition of the laminated plate sample. As a result of the experiments, the one-dimensional distribution of the thermal contact resistance was obtained along the contact interface from the analysis of the phase lag. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Schematic of TCR measurement theory.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>TCR dependence of a theoretical curve of the amplitude ((<b>i</b>) Amp.) and phase lag ((<b>ii</b>) Phase lag) on the sample’s side surface.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic of TCR measurement apparatus.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>TCR distribution measurement result: (<b>a</b>) TCR fitting result for a typical analysis position [<a href="#B4-engproc-08-00018" class="html-bibr">4</a>]; (<b>b</b>) IR image of sample side surface; (<b>c</b>) distribution analysis result.</p> Full article ">
6 pages, 1436 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Building Façade Protection Using Spatial and Temporal Deep Learning Models Applied to Thermographic Data. Laboratory Tests
by Iván Garrido, Eva Barreira, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida and Susana Lagüela
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008020 - 23 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1288
Abstract
This paper proposes a methodology that combines spatial and temporal deep learning (DL) models applied to data acquired by InfraRed Thermography (IRT). The data were acquired from laboratory specimens that simulate building façades. The spatial DL model (Mask Region-Convolution Neural Network, Mask R-CNN) [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a methodology that combines spatial and temporal deep learning (DL) models applied to data acquired by InfraRed Thermography (IRT). The data were acquired from laboratory specimens that simulate building façades. The spatial DL model (Mask Region-Convolution Neural Network, Mask R-CNN) is used to identify and classify different artificial subsurface defects, whereas the temporal DL model (Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU) is utilized to estimate the depth of each defect, all in an autonomous and automated manner. An F-score average of 92.8 ± 5.4% regarding defect identification and classification, and a root-mean-square error equal to 1 mm in the estimation of defect depth equal to 10 mm as the best defect depth estimation, are obtained with this first application of a combination of spatial and temporal DL models to the IRT inspection of buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Visible images of one of the specimens. (<b>b</b>) Outline of the specimens (units in cm).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Experimental setup. (<b>b</b>) One of the thermal images acquired.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Mask R-CNN training result. (<b>b</b>) GRU training result. (<b>c</b>) Mask R-CNN predictions on some images from the testing dataset.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 2676 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Improving Quality Inspection of Textiles by an Augmented RGB-IR-HS-AI Approach
by Ritchie Heirmans, Olivier De Moor, Simon Verspeek, Sander De Vrieze, Bart Ribbens, Myriam Vanneste and Gunther Steenackers
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008021 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1515
Abstract
The aim of this research topic and paper is to investigate the application possibilities of vision technology in the textile industry. These include RGB, active thermography and hyperspectral imaging techniques. In the future, this approach will be supplemented by a machine learning algorithm [...] Read more.
The aim of this research topic and paper is to investigate the application possibilities of vision technology in the textile industry. These include RGB, active thermography and hyperspectral imaging techniques. In the future, this approach will be supplemented by a machine learning algorithm (e.g., in Matlab or Python) to enable the detection of defects in textiles and to correctly categorize these defects. In the first place, the various options for building such a convolutional neural network are discussed. The focus was on the models used in the literature. Based on the effectiveness of these ML models and the feasibility to build them, choices can be made to determine the most suitable models. Sufficient samples are an important link to properly train a model. Because there is a shortage of open data, it is also discussed how samples obtained from the textile industry, were measured in the lab. At first, we will limit ourselves to the five most common defects. In a later phase of research, the results with this dataset and the open datasets are benchmarked against the results from the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p><b>Left:</b> Measurement setup for hyperspectral images at InViLab. <b>Right:</b> output image showing a “thread to many” defect.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Measurement setup for IR images at InViLab.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Measurement setup for RGB and grayscale images at InViLab.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 741 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Laser Scanning Thermography for Coating Thickness Inspection
by Lukas Muzika, Michal Svantner, Milan Honner and Sarka Houdkova
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008017 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
The paper deals with a new approach to laser thermography for the inspection of coating thickness. The approach is based on scanning the specimen surface point by point, using a low-power laser, and recording the temperature responses with an IR camera. A recorded [...] Read more.
The paper deals with a new approach to laser thermography for the inspection of coating thickness. The approach is based on scanning the specimen surface point by point, using a low-power laser, and recording the temperature responses with an IR camera. A recorded sequence is then transformed into a sequence similar to a flash pulse thermography sequence. Fast Fourier transform was used as a processing technique. The results are compared with a flash pulse thermography measurement. It was shown that the laser thermography measurement provides a higher sensitivity to thickness changes than flash pulse thermography measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Excitation order: (<b>a</b>) standard scanning, (<b>b</b>) optimized scanning.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results (phasegrams) (<b>a</b>) flash, (<b>b</b>) laser.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 2875 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Three-Dimensional Non-Destructive Inspection Using Novel Infrared-Terahertz Fusion Approaches
by Jue Hu, Hai Zhang, Stefano Sfarra, Carlo Santulli and Xavier Maldague
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008024 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1430
Abstract
The imaging of structures with a complex material composition and geometry is still a challenge in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT). In this study, a non-invasive imaging technique is proposed for the non-destructive inspection of both cultural heritage and natural fiber composites. [...] Read more.
The imaging of structures with a complex material composition and geometry is still a challenge in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT). In this study, a non-invasive imaging technique is proposed for the non-destructive inspection of both cultural heritage and natural fiber composites. The proposed technique combines the surface information provided by infrared thermography (IRT) and the internal structure retrieved with terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy using an unsupervised deep residual fusion network. Experiments show that the fusion results contain more material information than a single modality. In addition, 3D imaging has been achieved using the fusion results on natural fiber composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Book cover of a 19th century book: (<b>a</b>) Front side view; (<b>b</b>) Back side view.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Photography and structure of the kenaf fiber composites.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic diagram of infrared-terahertz fusion approach.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The fused results on the book cover: (<b>a</b>) IRT imaging; (<b>b</b>) THz imaging; (<b>c</b>) fusion imaging.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Three-dimensional fusion imaging results of the natural fiber composite. Images on the second row refer to the 3D model from different observation views. The top row (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) illustrates the comparison of the 3D reconstruction results cut from different depths and the X-ray CT imaging. The bottom row (<b>c</b>) shows the cross section and horizontal sections of the natural fiber composite.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 1798 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Detection of Surface Breaking Cracks Using Flying Line Laser Thermography: A Canny-Based Algorithm
by Nelson W. Pech-May and Mathias Ziegler
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008022 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a new algorithm for effectual crack detection using flying line laser thermography, based on the well-known Canny approach. The algorithm transforms the input thermographic sequence into an edge map. Experimental measurements are performed on a metallic component that [...] Read more.
In this work, we introduce a new algorithm for effectual crack detection using flying line laser thermography, based on the well-known Canny approach. The algorithm transforms the input thermographic sequence into an edge map. Experimental measurements are performed on a metallic component that contains surface breaking cracks due to industrial use. The specimen is tested using flying line thermography at different scanning speeds and laser input powers. Results obtained with the proposed algorithm are additionally compared with a previously established algorithm for flying spot thermography. The proposed Canny-based algorithm can be used in automated systems for thermographic non-destructive testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Block-diagram of the proposed algorithm for crack detection using flying spot/line thermography. In parenthesis, the number of frames involved in the computation is shown at each stage of the algorithm.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Diagram of the experimental setup used for the flying line laser thermography tests.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Detected edges obtained for (<b>a</b>) 10 mm s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 30 mm s<sup>−1</sup> and (<b>c</b>) 60 mm s<sup>−1</sup> scanning speeds of the laser line. The edges (in red color) are obtained automatically from the algorithm proposed in this work.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 6156 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of Moisture Diffusion by IR Thermography
by Paolo Bison, Gianluca Cadelano, Giovanni Ferrarini, Mario Girotto, Maurizio Gomez Serito, Fabio Peron and Monica Volinia
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008023 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1291
Abstract
It is well known that IRT is among the preferred instruments in the qualitative monitoring of humidity in buildings. The evaporation of water leads to a sink of thermal energy that eventually manifests as a decreasing of the temperature. The imaging and non-contact [...] Read more.
It is well known that IRT is among the preferred instruments in the qualitative monitoring of humidity in buildings. The evaporation of water leads to a sink of thermal energy that eventually manifests as a decreasing of the temperature. The imaging and non-contact characteristics of IRT make the monitoring of this temperature decrease particularly easy and effective. Nonetheless, the quantitative extraction of some figures that make the qualitative observation more reliable is still an open problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>A sample of <span class="html-italic">Chianocco</span> marble used by the architect <span class="html-italic">Filippo Juvarra</span> in the 18th century on the facades of both Palazzo Madama (Turin, Italy) and the Castle in Rivoli (Piedmont, Italy).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>IR image of a piece of marble after the humid sponge application. The image was taken during the in situ survey. On the right, some temperature profiles crossing the sponge area are shown.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>On the left an IR image of the brick surface after the application of the sponge. On the right the logarithm of the profile of the Discrete Cosine Transform and the fit of data that eventually furnish the value of the moisture diffusivity.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 4289 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Quantitative Deterioration Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Anticorrosion Coating by Near-Infrared Spectral Characteristics
by Shunsuke Kishigami, Yuki Matsumoto, Yuki Ogawa, Yoshiaki Mizokami, Daiki Shiozawa, Takahide Sakagami, Masahiro Hayashi and Noriyasu Arima
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008026 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1479
Abstract
Heavy-duty anticorrosion coatings are applied on the surface of steel bridges for protecting against corrosion. By aging deterioration, the coating is worn from the surface year by year. Appropriate re-painting construction programs should be adopted for the maintenance of the bridges according to [...] Read more.
Heavy-duty anticorrosion coatings are applied on the surface of steel bridges for protecting against corrosion. By aging deterioration, the coating is worn from the surface year by year. Appropriate re-painting construction programs should be adopted for the maintenance of the bridges according to the evaluation of wear extent. Experimental studies were conducted with the aim of quantitative estimation of the degree of abrasion of the top coat thickness. It was found that there was a correlation between the top coat thickness and the observed infrared intensity and that this calibration relationship could be used to estimate the top coat thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Schematic diagram of the heavy-duty anticorrosion coating.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Principle of measurement of the thickness of top coat by infrared reflected energy.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Specimen simulated heavy-duty anticorrosion coating, (<b>b</b>) Experimental setup of the specimen.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Infrared image of the specimen and the evaluation area in the blue frame, (<b>b</b>) Relationship between infrared luminance value and top coat thickness.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Experimental setup of the bridge, Measurement point of (<b>b</b>) visible image, (<b>c</b>) infrared image.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Relationship between infrared luminance value and top coat thickness of the bridge.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 1448 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Detection of “Legbreaker” Antipersonnel Landmines by Analysis of Aerial Thermographic Images of the Soil
by Juan C. Forero-Ramírez, Bryan García, Hermes A. Tenorio-Tamayo, Andrés D. Restrepo-Girón, Humberto Loaiza-Correa, Sandra E. Nope-Rodríguez, Asfur Barandica-López and José T. Buitrago-Molina
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008025 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1669
Abstract
An automatic detection methodology for “legbreaker” Antipersonnel Landmines (APL) was developed based on digital image processing techniques and pattern recognition, applied to thermal images acquired by means of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a thermal camera. The images were acquired from [...] Read more.
An automatic detection methodology for “legbreaker” Antipersonnel Landmines (APL) was developed based on digital image processing techniques and pattern recognition, applied to thermal images acquired by means of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a thermal camera. The images were acquired from the inspection of a natural terrain with sparse vegetation and under uncontrolled conditions, in which prototypes of “legbreaker” APL were buried at different depths. Remarkable results were obtained using a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classifier, reaching a 97.1% success rate in detecting areas with the presence of these artifacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>APL use for experiment: (<b>a</b>) natural terrain used; (<b>b</b>) APL distribution.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Classification results from MLP: (<b>a</b>) zone 1, image 1; (<b>b</b>) zone 3, image 1; (<b>c</b>) zone 6, image 1; (<b>d</b>) zone 7, image 1; (<b>e</b>) zone 8, image 1; (<b>f</b>) zone 9, image 1; (<b>g</b>) zone 1, image 2; (<b>h</b>) zone 3, image 2; (<b>i</b>) zone 6, image 2; (<b>j</b>) zone 7, image 2; (<b>k</b>) zone 8, image 2; (<b>l</b>) zone 9, image 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Classification results from MLP for 10 different altitudes over zone 8 of the inspection grid: (<b>a</b>) 10 m; (<b>b</b>) 9 m; (<b>c</b>) 8 m; (<b>d</b>) 7 m; (<b>e</b>) 6 m; (<b>f</b>) 5 m; (<b>g</b>) 4 m; (<b>h</b>) 3 m; (<b>i</b>) 2 m; (<b>j</b>) 1 m.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Evolution of APL detection rates with altitude from 2 to 10 m.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 396 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Designing a Compressive Sensing Demonstrator of an Earth Observation Payload in the Visible and Medium Infrared: Instrumental Concept and Main Features
by Valentina Raimondi, Luigi Acampora, Massimo Baldi, Dirk Berndt, Tiziano Bianchi, Donato Borrelli, Chiara Corti, Francesco Corti, Marco Corti, Nick Cox, Ulrike A. Dauderstädt, Peter Dürr, Alberto Fruchi, Sara Francés González, Donatella Guzzi, Detlef Kunze, Demetrio Labate, Nicolas Lamquin, Cinzia Lastri, Enrico Magli, Vanni Nardino, Christophe Pache, Lorenzo Palombi, Giuseppe Pilato, Alexandre Pollini, Enrico Suetta, Dario Taddei, Davide Taricco, Diego Valsesia and Michael Wagneradd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008027 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1604
Abstract
Increased spatial resolution and revisit time of payloads operating in the infrared spectral region can offer unprecedented advantages to Earth Observation. This, however, poses several technological challenges, such as large array detector availability and data bandwidth. In this paper, we present a super-resolved [...] Read more.
Increased spatial resolution and revisit time of payloads operating in the infrared spectral region can offer unprecedented advantages to Earth Observation. This, however, poses several technological challenges, such as large array detector availability and data bandwidth. In this paper, we present a super-resolved demonstrator—based on a compressive sensing architecture—which is being developed to address enhanced performance in terms of at-ground spatial resolution, on-board data processing and encryption functionalities for Earth Observation payloads. The demonstrator’s architecture is here presented, together with its working principle, main features and the approach used for image reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Optical layout of the SURPRISE demonstrator.</p> Full article ">

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5 pages, 1145 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
SISSI Project: A Feasibility Study for a Super Resolved Compressive Sensing Multispectral Imager in the Medium Infrared
by Cinzia Lastri, Gabriele Amato, Massimo Baldi, Tiziano Bianchi, Maria Fabrizia Buongiorno, Chiara Corti, Francesco Corti, Marco Corti, Enrico Franci, Donatella Guzzi, Enrico Magli, Vanni Nardino, Lorenzo Palombi, Vito Romaniello, Tiziana Scopa, Mario Siciliani De Cumis, Malvina Silvestri, Diego Valsesia and Valentina Raimondi
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008028 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1336
Abstract
This paper describes the activities related to a feasibility study for an Earth observation optical payload, operating in the medium infrared, based on super-resolution and compressive sensing techniques. The presented activities are running in the framework of the ASI project SISSI, aiming to [...] Read more.
This paper describes the activities related to a feasibility study for an Earth observation optical payload, operating in the medium infrared, based on super-resolution and compressive sensing techniques. The presented activities are running in the framework of the ASI project SISSI, aiming to improve ground spatial resolution and mitigate saturation/blooming effects. The core of the payload is a spatial light modulator (SLM): a bidimensional array of micromirrors electronically actuated. Thanks to compressive sensing approach, the proposed payload eliminates the compression board, saving mass, memory and energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Schematic of SISSI operation mode.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Optical payload design and (<b>b</b>) electronic design.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Image reconstruction: (<b>a</b>) image original, (<b>b</b>) macropixel 4 × 4, (<b>c</b>) macropixel 32 × 32.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 1335 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Defect Segmentation in Concrete Structures Combining Registered Infrared and Visible Images: A Comparative Experimental Study
by Sandra Pozzer, Marcos Paulo Vieira de Souza, Bata Hena, Reza Khoshkbary Rezayiye, Setayesh Hesam, Fernando Lopez and Xavier Maldague
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008029 - 1 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1791
Abstract
This study investigates the semantic segmentation of common concrete defects when using different imaging modalities. One pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was trained via transfer learning and tested to detect concrete defect indications, such as cracks, spalling, and internal voids. The model’s [...] Read more.
This study investigates the semantic segmentation of common concrete defects when using different imaging modalities. One pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was trained via transfer learning and tested to detect concrete defect indications, such as cracks, spalling, and internal voids. The model’s performance was compared using datasets of visible, thermal, and fused images. The data were collected from four different concrete structures and built using four infrared cameras that have different sensitivities and resolutions, with imaging campaigns conducted during autumn, summer, and winter periods. Although specific defects can be detected in monomodal images, the results demonstrate that a larger number of defect classes can be accurately detected using multimodal fused images with the same viewpoint and resolution of the single-sensor image. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Visual results of image processing techniques and multiclass damage detection on the multimodal images, where red represents the predicted cracks and blue represents the predicted spallings in each case; the columns show thermal images, visible images, segmentation results on visible images, visible and infrared fused images, and segmentation results on fused images, respectively (left to right). The first row (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) shows examples of the original dataset; the second row (<b>f</b>–<b>j</b>) shows examples of the improved dataset based on the Very Deep Convolutional Networks algorithm trained in visible images; The third row (<b>k</b>–<b>o</b>) shows examples of the improved dataset based on the Very Deep Convolutional Networks algorithm trained in thermal images; and the last row (<b>p</b>–<b>t</b>) shows examples of the dataset with the contrast enhanced by image histogram equalization.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 688 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Concentrated Thermomics for Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
by Bardia Yousefi, Michelle Hershman, Henrique C. Fernandes and Xavier P. V. Maldague
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008030 - 6 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1531
Abstract
Thermography has been employed broadly as a corresponding diagnostic instrument in breast cancer diagnosis. Among thermographic techniques, deep neural networks show an unequivocal potential to detect heterogeneous thermal patterns related to vasodilation in breast cancer cases. Such methods are used to extract high-dimensional [...] Read more.
Thermography has been employed broadly as a corresponding diagnostic instrument in breast cancer diagnosis. Among thermographic techniques, deep neural networks show an unequivocal potential to detect heterogeneous thermal patterns related to vasodilation in breast cancer cases. Such methods are used to extract high-dimensional thermal features, known as deep thermomics. In this study, we applied convex non-negative matrix factorization (convex NMF) to extract three predominant bases of thermal sequences. Then, the data were fed into a sparse autoencoder model, known as SPAER, to extract low-dimensional deep thermomics, which were then used to assist the clinical breast exam (CBE) in breast cancer screening. The application of convex NMF-SPAER, combining clinical and demographic covariates, yielded a result of 79.3% (73.5%, 86.9%); the highest result belonged to NMF-SPAER at 84.9% (79.3%, 88.7%). The proposed approach preserved thermal heterogeneity and led to early detection of breast cancer. It can be used as a noninvasive tool aiding CBE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Twelve examples of convex NMF-driven low-rank thermal matrix approximation for six healthy cases and six symptomatic or cancer cases. Some otherwise healthy cases reported pain and changes in the breast area that are clearly projected in the thermal images.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 3427 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Quantitative Estimation of Land Surface Temperature and Its Relationship with Land Use/Cover around Sonipat District, Haryana, India
by Diksha Rana, Maya Kumari and Rina Kumari
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008031 - 8 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1700
Abstract
Urbanization is a human activity that changes the surface of the earth and degrades the surroundings of major cities all over the world. The problem is more acute in many developing cities with a high population and rapid economic growth. The present study [...] Read more.
Urbanization is a human activity that changes the surface of the earth and degrades the surroundings of major cities all over the world. The problem is more acute in many developing cities with a high population and rapid economic growth. The present study focuses on the effect of land use/land cover (LULC) on the land surface temperature (LST) in Sonipat district, Haryana India. The LULC derived from multispectral satellite data of two periods, 2011 and 2021, indicated a significant increase in urban areas by (3%) and barren and fallow land by (7%), whereas crop land has decreased by (11%) and water bodies have remained the same, in comparison with 2011. The LST, derived from a thermal infrared sensor, showed an overall increase in LST by 5 °C from 2011 to 2021. The results also showed that there was a significant LST difference across the LULC units. Pearson’s correlation analysis results showed an inverse correlation between LST and NDVI across urban areas and other land use classes, whereas a positive correlation over water bodies were observed in the study area. Therefore, LST and its relationship with NDVI via LULC, is a key parameter to investigate the thermal glitches in an urban ecosystem. This can be adopted as a useful tool for analyzing the environmental influence on the ecological unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>The LULC classification workflow integrated in Google Earth Engine (GEE).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) LULC Map of the Sonipat district, 2011; (<b>b</b>) LULC.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mean NDVI values (<b>a</b>) NDVI image 2011; (<b>b</b>) NDVI image 2021.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Mean LST values (<b>a</b>) LST image 2011; (<b>b</b>) LST image 2021.</p> Full article ">
4 pages, 918 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
University Laval Infrared Thermography Databases for Deep Learning Multiple Types of Defect Detections Training
by Qiang Fang, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo and Xavier Maldgue
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008032 - 11 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
Nowadays, automatic defect detection research by deep learning algorithms plays a crucial role, especially for non-destructive evaluation with infrared thermography. In deep learning research, the databases are the Achilles’ heel during the training in order to preserve optimized performance. In this work, we [...] Read more.
Nowadays, automatic defect detection research by deep learning algorithms plays a crucial role, especially for non-destructive evaluation with infrared thermography. In deep learning research, the databases are the Achilles’ heel during the training in order to preserve optimized performance. In this work, we will present the infrared thermography sequences databases from the Universite Laval Multipolar Infrared Vision Infrarouge Multipolaire (MIVIM) research group for regular and irregular defect analysis in order to provide the best data collection resources for the pretraining of convolutional neural network and feature extraction analysis with future researchers and engineers. The databases will include infrared thermography sequences from regular and irregular defects of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), plexiglass, aluminum, and steel, which could be available online for public use and research purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>The detection results from the state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms; (<b>a</b>) instance segmentation results for a CFRP sample via Mask-RCNN [<a href="#B10-engproc-08-00032" class="html-bibr">10</a>] algorithm; (<b>b</b>) YOLO-V3 [<a href="#B11-engproc-08-00032" class="html-bibr">11</a>] detection results on a plexiglass sample; (<b>c</b>) YOLO-V3 detection results on a steel sample; (<b>d</b>) instance segmentation results for a GFRP sample via Mask-RCNN algorithm.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Processing of labeling.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 4694 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Four-Dimensional Reconstruction of Leaked Gas Cloud Based on Computed Tomography Processing of Multiple Optical Paths Infrared Measurement
by Daiki Shiozawa, Masaki Uchida, Yuki Ogawa, Takahide Sakagami and Shiro Kubo
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008033 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1421
Abstract
Currently, gas leakage source detection is conducted by the human senses and experience. The development of a remote gas leakage source detection system is required. In this research, an infrared camera was used to detect gas leakage. The gas can be detected by [...] Read more.
Currently, gas leakage source detection is conducted by the human senses and experience. The development of a remote gas leakage source detection system is required. In this research, an infrared camera was used to detect gas leakage. The gas can be detected by the absorption of infrared rays by the gas and the infrared rays emitted from the gas itself. A three-dimensional reconstruction of a leaked gas cloud was performed to identify the gas leakage source and the flow direction of the gas. The so-called four-dimensional reconstruction of the leaked gas cloud, i.e., reconstruction of three-dimensional images of a gas cloud varying with time, was successfully performed by applying the ART (Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques) method to the multiple optical paths of infrared measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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<p>Illustration of gas visualization using an infrared camera.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic model of the numerical simulation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Infrared difference image from background image, (<b>a</b>) captured from a direction parallel to the pipe, θ = 0°, (<b>b</b>) captured from a direction at θ = 45°, (<b>c</b>) captured from a direction perpendicular to the pipe, θ = 90°, (<b>d</b>) captured from a direction at θ = 135°).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Three-dimensional reconstruction image of leakage gas cloud (<b>a</b>) view from a top direction, (<b>b</b>) view from a direction at θ = 90°, (<b>c</b>) view from a direction at θ = 0°, (<b>d</b>) plane view.</p> Full article ">
3 pages, 193 KiB  
Editorial
16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications (AITA 2021)
by Paolo Bison, Gianluca Cadelano, Mario D’Acunto, Giovanni Ferrarini, Xavier Maldague, Davide Moroni, Valentina Raimondi, Antoni Rogalski, Takahide Sakagami, Marija Strojnik and Monica Volinia
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008034 - 6 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications (AITA 2021) was held online on 26–28 October 2021. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
1 pages, 159 KiB  
Editorial
Statement of Peer Review
by Paolo Bison, Gianluca Cadelano, Giovanni Ferrarini and Davide Moroni
Eng. Proc. 2021, 8(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021008035 - 13 Jan 2022
Viewed by 858
Abstract
In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to a peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 16th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications)
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