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6 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Dynamics of Natural Sodium Bicarbonate (Nahcolite), Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash), and Black Ash Waste in Spray Dry SO₂ Capture

by Robert Makomere, Lawrence Koech, Hilary Rutto and Alfayo Alugongo

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067001 - 26 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The efficacy of spray dry systems compared to wet flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units depends on applying a highly reactive scrubbing reagent. This study assessed sodium-based compounds derived from natural sources and waste by-products as potential agents for treating sulphur dioxide (SO₂ [...] Read more.

The efficacy of spray dry systems compared to wet flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units depends on applying a highly reactive scrubbing reagent. This study assessed sodium-based compounds derived from natural sources and waste by-products as potential agents for treating sulphur dioxide (SO₂). Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) were acquired from mineral deposits, whereas the black ash waste (Na₂CO₃·NaHCO₃) was obtained from the pulp and paper sector. The sorbents introduced in slurry form were subject to SO₂ absorption conditions in a lab-scale spray dryer, including an inlet gas phase temperature of 120–180 °C, flue gas flow rate of 21–34 m³/h, and sodium to sulphur normalised stoichiometric ratio (Na:S) of 0.25–1. The comparative performance was evaluated using the metric of %SO₂ (

% η_{D e S O_{X}}

) removal efficiency. The results showed that NaHCO₃ had the highest overall result, with a removal efficiency of 62% at saturation. Black ash was the second best-performing reagent, with a 56% removal efficiency, while Na₂CO₃ had the lowest efficiency (53%). The maximum degree of SO₂ reduction achieved using NaHCO₃ under specific operating parameters was at an NSR of 0.875 (69%), a reaction temperature of 120 °C (73%), and a gas inlet flow rate of 34 m³/h. In conclusion, the sodium reagents produced significant SO₂ neutralisation, exceeding 50% in their unprocessed state, which is within acceptable limits in small- to medium-sized coal-fired power plants considering retrofitting pollution control systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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6 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Selected Aspects of the Antibacterial Use of Lactic Acid in Food Processing

by Dragica Đurđević-Milošević, Andrijana Petrović, Vesna Kalaba, Milka Stijepić and Gordana Jovanović

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067002 - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

L(+)-lactic acid is authorized as an active substance for biocidal products, with applications in veterinary hygiene, food, and animal feed. Several factors can influence the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid, including the applied concentration of lactic acid, the contact time, and the organic [...] Read more.

L(+)-lactic acid is authorized as an active substance for biocidal products, with applications in veterinary hygiene, food, and animal feed. Several factors can influence the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid, including the applied concentration of lactic acid, the contact time, and the organic soiling of the surface to which it was applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of 5% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) lactic acid solutions on test bacteria: the Gram-negative strain Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 33592), which is a strain that is resistant to gentamicin and methicillin (MRSA). A dilution–neutralisation method was used, based on a quantitative suspension test EN 1276, for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas, with the bacterial activity being modified in part of the obligatory test organisms. The obtained results showed no difference in the results of the tests under simulated clean and dirty conditions. Both tested lactic acid concentrations showed a 5 lg reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium. For the tested strain, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the required reduction of 5 lg was not achieved. These results contribute to a better understanding and rationale for the use of lactic acid for antibacterial purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

10 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Water Quality’s Influence on the Water Discharge of a Nuclear Power Plant (Non-Radiative Impact Factor)

by Pavlo Kuznietsov, Olha Biedunkova, Alla Pryshchepa and Olesya Yaroshchuk

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067003 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 350

Abstract

This study examines the environmental impact of a nuclear power plant’s (NPP) open-cycle cooling systems (CCSs), focusing on the Rivne NPP in Ukraine. Regulatory standards from the Water Code of Ukraine and the EU’s Water Framework Directive guide the analysis. Over four years [...] Read more.

This study examines the environmental impact of a nuclear power plant’s (NPP) open-cycle cooling systems (CCSs), focusing on the Rivne NPP in Ukraine. Regulatory standards from the Water Code of Ukraine and the EU’s Water Framework Directive guide the analysis. Over four years (2019–2022), water quality indicators were monitored. Results show compliance with regulatory standards for makeup and cooling water, with pH levels within the range of 6.5–8.5. Total dissolved solids (TDS) remained below 500 mg/dm³, while total hardness (TH) did not exceed 200 mg/dm³ as CaCO₃. Salinity components, including Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, and K⁺, were within acceptable limits. Biogenic compounds, such as PO₄³⁻ and N-NH₃, occasionally exceeded maximum permissible concentrations in the receiving Styr River. Chemical oxygen demand levels were consistently below 30 mg/dm³. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis revealed strong relationships between water quality indicators. TH and SO₄²⁻ were identified as dominant components in CCS water discharge, remaining below prescribed maximum permissible discharge limits. Overall, this study indicates that there is no negative non-radiological impact of water discharge of polluting chemicals with the effluent of the Rivne NPP CCS on the surface waters of the Styr River. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Concentrations on Electrocoagulation for Simultaneous Tartrazine Dye Removal and Hydrogen Production

by Saddam Husein, Slamet and Eniya Listiani Dewi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067004 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 343

Abstract

Liquid waste frequently contains a large variety of hazardous substances, including tartrazine-based dyes. These color compounds can present a significant hazard to both human health and the natural environment. Moreover, there is a growing demand for sustainable energy, and hydrogen is emerging as [...] Read more.

Liquid waste frequently contains a large variety of hazardous substances, including tartrazine-based dyes. These color compounds can present a significant hazard to both human health and the natural environment. Moreover, there is a growing demand for sustainable energy, and hydrogen is emerging as a promising alternative energy source that does not produce carbon emissions. To address the aforementioned concerns, it is necessary to conduct research aimed at eradicating tartrazine while concurrently generating hydrogen gas as a viable substitute for energy. This study aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations of NaCl electrolytes on the rate of simultaneous tartrazine elimination and hydrogen production using electrocoagulation. The electrocoagulation procedure was used with various concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 g/L). UV–Vis spectrophotometers and gas chromatography were employed to evaluate the elimination of tartrazine and the rate of hydrogen production. The results show that the highest rate of tartrazine removal was 93%, which occurred at 0.8 and 1 g/L of NaCl at 240 min. It can be stated that higher electrolyte concentrations generally lead to an increase in tartrazine removal. The highest rate of hydrogen production was 217.44 mol H₂/m², which occurred at 1 g/L of NaCl at 240 min; thus, it can be concluded that higher electrolyte concentrations generally lead to an increase in hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 2419 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Bagasse-Based Cellulose Nanocrystal–Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocomposite for Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqua Media

by Evans Suter, Hilary Rutto, Tumisangs Seodigeng, Lewis Kiambi and Wesley Omwoyo

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067005 - 11 Jul 2024

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Abstract

This research developed a low-cost nano-bio-adsorbent using sugar cane bagasse-based nanocrystals incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CNCs-MIONPs). The adsorbent demonstrated excellent Cr(VI) adsorption efficiency at an optimal pH of 2.0, an initial concentration of 0.5 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 [...] Read more.

This research developed a low-cost nano-bio-adsorbent using sugar cane bagasse-based nanocrystals incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CNCs-MIONPs). The adsorbent demonstrated excellent Cr(VI) adsorption efficiency at an optimal pH of 2.0, an initial concentration of 0.5 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 min with a shaking rate of 250 rpm, achieving a removal efficiency of 91.78%. The increased surface area, smaller particle size, and the nanocomposite’s active sites facilitated chromium species’ immobilisation, enhancing chromate ion removal. The adsorption process involved chemisorption, where valence forces such as electron sharing or exchange occur between the adsorbate and sorbent. The modified CNCs-MIONPs showed improved sorption efficiency, suggesting potential applications in water treatment plants, both for domestic and industrial wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Systematic Study on the Effect of the Xanthation Temperature on Viscose Quality

by Novita Novita, Budhijanto Budhijanto and Muhammad Mufti Azis

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067006 - 16 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The xanthation reaction is an exothermic reaction between alkali cellulose (AC) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) used to regenerate a viscose solution. The cooling system plays an important role during the reaction to yield more of the main product, cellulose xanthate (CX), [...] Read more.

The xanthation reaction is an exothermic reaction between alkali cellulose (AC) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) used to regenerate a viscose solution. The cooling system plays an important role during the reaction to yield more of the main product, cellulose xanthate (CX), instead of the by-product, sodium trithiocarbonate (TTC). Minimizing the yield of by-products during the reaction phase may lead to less by-product generation during the ripening process due to free caustic and excess CS₂ in the system. The reaction was performed in a batch reactor with an agitator (9.7 rpm) under vacuum conditions (350 mbar), and the temperature varied from 20 °C to 35 °C, as is applicable in industrial plants. Meanwhile, the CX and TTC were determined via UV spectroscopy. Since the temperature reaction will affect the period of the reaction, which impacts the productivity of industrial applications, the experiment was conducted with a temperature change during the reaction to obtain a good-quality product without impacting productivity. This work aimed to reach an optimum xanthation temperature under the same combination of hardwood and softwood dissolving pulp. The results indicated that the xanthation reaction has an advantage at lower temperatures compared to higher ones; however, having a lower temperature led to a longer reaction period. The TTC was shown to be 17.7% lower at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures, which means that the CX was at a higher percentage at lower temperatures. Interestingly, the combination of higher and lower temperatures gave good viscose quality, which may lead to less consumption of CS₂ and improve the environment due to less sulfur production during spinning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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14 pages, 18918 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Weather Monitoring and Emergency IoT System in Muang-On Cave, Northern Thailand

by Khomchan Promneewat and Tadsuda Taksavasu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067007 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 722

Abstract

This study presents a production and development process of an IoT-based weather monitoring and emergency notification system for confined-space environments. The system comprises four working hardware stations cooperating through a data transfer command, an open-source data management system, and a cloud database. The [...] Read more.

This study presents a production and development process of an IoT-based weather monitoring and emergency notification system for confined-space environments. The system comprises four working hardware stations cooperating through a data transfer command, an open-source data management system, and a cloud database. The system was preliminarily tested in a relevant confined-space area known as the Muang-On Cave, located in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The system was used to monitor weather conditions and detect emergency signals at all stations for seventeen days during the wet to dry transitional season. The data, including temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds, and emergency codes, were displayed on the web server every 80 to 110 s. However, the extremely humid conditions in the cave actively affected the erroneous readings of gas-detecting sensors that should be accounted for further improvement. Since the system was devised from low-cost electrical and non-electrical materials and open-source software, the total capital cost of the system production indicates a relatively low cost estimated at nearly USD 200. Testing the studied system in other natural caves elsewhere is highly recommended for system stability assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 1400 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Sb₂O₃ Nanoparticles: A Step towards Environmental Sustainability

by Sabeeha Jabeen, Ekhlakh Veg, Shashi Bala and Tahmeena Khan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067008 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Various nano-photocatalysts have been used to decompose organic dyes. Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their redox potential, non-toxicity, long-term stability, and low cost. This work describes the fabrication of Sb₂O₃ NPs via [...] Read more.

Various nano-photocatalysts have been used to decompose organic dyes. Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their redox potential, non-toxicity, long-term stability, and low cost. This work describes the fabrication of Sb₂O₃ NPs via the solvothermal process. A field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) analysis depicted the spherical shape of the NPs, and an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen (O) and antimony (Sb) in the synthesized NPs. XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns were recorded to measure the size and phase of the NPs. The sample was found with an alpha phase of antimony oxide indicating high purity. The Scherrer equation was used to calculate the size of the NPs, which was found to be approximately 20.89 nm. The photocatalytic potential was tested against methylene blue (MB) dye. The NPs showed a 60% degradation of the dye in 60 min. The dye was found to be adsorbed on the Sb₂O₃ nanoball surface and degradation was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Future Trends of Natural Refrigerants: Selection, Preparation, and Evaluation

by Sheila Mae R. Bantillo, Gen Aaron C. Callejo, Samantha Mariya Kaila G. Camacho, Mark Anthony Montalban, Raven E. Valderin and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067009 - 8 Aug 2024

Viewed by 596

Abstract

The field of refrigeration technology has played a pivotal role in modern society, providing essential cooling solutions for various industries, including food preservation, healthcare, and manufacturing. However, the conventional refrigerants used in these systems, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been [...] Read more.

The field of refrigeration technology has played a pivotal role in modern society, providing essential cooling solutions for various industries, including food preservation, healthcare, and manufacturing. However, the conventional refrigerants used in these systems, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been identified as major contributors to climate change and ozone depletion. Recently, the heightened environmental consciousness of the refrigeration industry paved the way for searching for natural refrigerants (NRs) as an alternative to the usual commercial and synthetic refrigerant (SR). Natural refrigerants are known to be substances that occur naturally in the Earth’s surroundings and were commonly used, while synthetic refrigerants took their place because of their known better thermal performance durability and safety. Despite challenges such as flammability and toxicity, these NR substitutes demonstrate competitive performance, urging a transition from traditional SR. In this review paper, commonly known NRs such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, air, and hydrocarbons, are presented in terms of their sustainable characteristics, historical origins, selection criteria, preparation techniques, evaluations, and impacts. To provide a sustainable and eco-friendly guideline for the advancement of refrigeration technology, this analysis examines the trends, selection criteria, preparation processes, and evaluation procedures of different NRs. Finally, the results presented in this paper will be useful baseline information for both researchers and scientists in developing a refrigeration system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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10 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Extracted Phenolic Compounds from Oregano through Accelerated Solvent Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology

by Christina Panagiotidou, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Maria Irakli and Paschalina Chatzopoulou

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067010 - 12 Aug 2024

Viewed by 271

Abstract

The current research focuses on the optimization of accelerated solvent extraction, a potential alternative to conventional solvent extraction, for the extraction of phenolics from Greek oregano. The response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize methanol concentration (X₁ [...] Read more.

The current research focuses on the optimization of accelerated solvent extraction, a potential alternative to conventional solvent extraction, for the extraction of phenolics from Greek oregano. The response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize methanol concentration (X₁, 40–80%), extraction time (X₂, 3–9 min, 3 cycles), and extraction temperature (X₃, 60–140 °C). Under the optimal extraction conditions (methanol concentration of 74%, extraction time of 9 min, extraction temperature of 140 °C), the experimental values for extraction yield (%), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant capacity matched those predicted, therefore validating the model adequately. The oregano extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, with rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B being the most prevalent phenolic components. The results obtained revealed that ASE can be utilized for the extraction of bioactive compounds, and there are advantages to preserving phenolic content if optimization is applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Sustainability and Energy Savings in Cement Production via Waste Heat Recovery

by Zafar Turakulov, Azizbek Kamolov, Adham Norkobilov, Miroslav Variny and Marcos Fallanza

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067011 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 259

Abstract

Cement production is one of the most energy-intensive industries. During the clinker formation and cooling processes, excess heat is lost to the atmosphere. For this reason, using waste heat to generate useful energy is considered the most promising approach to sustainable cement production. [...] Read more.

Cement production is one of the most energy-intensive industries. During the clinker formation and cooling processes, excess heat is lost to the atmosphere. For this reason, using waste heat to generate useful energy is considered the most promising approach to sustainable cement production. Many cement plants still face challenges in energy efficiency due to historically low energy prices and subsidies in Uzbekistan, which have deterred the adoption of waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies. This study conducts a techno-economic analysis of WHR technologies for a cement plant with an annual capacity of 1 million metric tons (Mt). It evaluates potential energy savings and economic benefits, identifying key waste heat sources, such as preheater flue gas and clinker cooling air, with a total recoverable waste heat of 60.52 MW. The implementation of WHR systems can significantly enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. Results show that WHR can reduce clinker production costs by 3.81% and the levelized cost of clinkers by 7.49%, while cutting annual indirect CO₂ emissions by 63.26%. Given the legislative support and recent energy price liberalization, the first WHR projects are expected to start in 2025 in Uzbekistan. This analysis offers valuable insights for adopting WHR technologies to improve sustainability and competitiveness in Uzbekistan’s cement industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mechanisms of Biodeterioration of Structural Materials by Streptomyces spp.: A Review

by Nataliia Tkachuk and Liubov Zelena

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067012 - 14 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The processes of microbial damage to materials lead to a number of environmental problems. To prevent the development of eco-trophic corrosively active groups of micro-organisms, “green” biocides/inhibitors are being developed. Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces are actively studied from the point of view [...] Read more.

The processes of microbial damage to materials lead to a number of environmental problems. To prevent the development of eco-trophic corrosively active groups of micro-organisms, “green” biocides/inhibitors are being developed. Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces are actively studied from the point of view of usefulness/harmfulness in relation to human activity, in particular, in the processes of microbial damage to materials. To summarize the results of available scientific research and reviews devoted to the participation and supposed mechanisms of structural materials damage caused by streptomycetes, the presented study was performed. The possible role of streptomycetes in the biodeterioration of structural materials was speculated. The obtained data indicate the need for further studies on streptomycetes as participants in the corrosion process, with special attention to their production of secondary metabolites and nanoparticles of metal and metal oxides with antimicrobial and inhibitory properties, which will contribute to the expansion of the list of “green” biocides/inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to Analyze the Mechanical Behavior of Piezoelectric Materials When an Electric Field Is Applied to a Piezoelectric Structure (Inverse Piezoelectricity)

by Mehdi Boudouh, Brahim El Khalil Hachi, Mohamed Haboussi and Sadam Houcine Habib

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067013 - 19 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Modeling the inverse impact of piezoelectricity on the mechanical response of smart (piezoelectric) materials through the finite element method (FEM) requires a comprehensive framework that encompasses a multitude of components and intricacies. The utilization of the FEM by researchers is aimed at scrutinizing [...] Read more.

Modeling the inverse impact of piezoelectricity on the mechanical response of smart (piezoelectric) materials through the finite element method (FEM) requires a comprehensive framework that encompasses a multitude of components and intricacies. The utilization of the FEM by researchers is aimed at scrutinizing and comprehending the complex interplay between the mechanical response and piezoelectric characteristics of smart materials. The process of modeling entails the application of numerical methods that facilitate the examination of the reverse effects of piezoelectricity on mechanical behavior with a high degree of precision and accuracy. Through the FEM, a robust and efficient approach is provided to replicate the intricate behavior and response of smart materials under diverse loading conditions, taking into account the intricate interactions between the mechanical and electrical domains. By adopting this modeling strategy, researchers can acquire valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms and phenomena that govern the inverse influence of piezoelectricity, thereby laying the groundwork for the advancement of cutting-edge smart materials with enhanced performance and functionality. Consequently, the modeling of the inverse effects of piezoelectricity on the mechanical behavior of smart materials using the finite element method emerges as a pivotal and indispensable facet of material science research, playing a significant role in propelling progress across various domains such as robotics, energy harvesting, and structural health monitoring. The primary aim of this research paper is to simulate the impact of inverse piezoelectricity on the mechanical behavior of piezoelectric materials; we have employed the principles of continuum mechanics to address both mechanical and electrical aspects in order to compute the mechanical field when an electric field is administered to the piezoelectric configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Bioinformatics Approaches for the Molecular Characterization and Structural Elucidation of a Hypothetical Protein of Aedes albopictus

by Mamun Al Asad, Surya Afrin Shorna, Md. Mizan, Rajib Deb Nath, Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat and Md. Ekhlas Uddin

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067014 - 19 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The most critical issues in computational biology are characterizing and predicting uncharacterized proteins’ secondary and tertiary structures from their uploaded amino acid sequences in databases. Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus), sometimes referred to as the Asian tiger mosquito or forest mosquito and the [...] Read more.

The most critical issues in computational biology are characterizing and predicting uncharacterized proteins’ secondary and tertiary structures from their uploaded amino acid sequences in databases. Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus), sometimes referred to as the Asian tiger mosquito or forest mosquito and the carrier of dengue-like diseases, has many proteins, many of which are still poorly understood. The current work aims at elucidating the physicochemical properties and structures of the as-yet-uncharacterized A. albopictus protein AEW48448.1. ExPASy Protaram, CD Search, SOPMA, PSIPRED, and other advanced computerized tools were used following the standard flowchart for characterizing a hypothetical protein to ascertain the roles and structures of AEW48448.1. After identifying the protein’s secondary and tertiary structures, the structures were evaluated for quality using tools like PROCHECK and the ProSA-web. Later, the active site was also discovered using CASTp v3.0. The protein is more stable because it has a higher aliphatic index value and more negatively charged than positively charged residues. The modeling of the proteins’ 2D and 3D structures using multiple bioinformatics tools confirmed that they had domains, indicating that they were functional proteins involved in the host’s antiviral, cytokine, and interferon production pathways. Additionally, the protein was revealed to have active regions where ligands may bind. This work aims at elucidating the characteristics and structures of an uncharacterized A. albopictus protein that may serve as a therapeutic target for the creation of antiviral candidates and vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Adsorbents Derived from Plant Sources for Caffeine Removal: Current Research and Future Outlook

by Rich Jhon Paul Latiza, Adam Mustafa, Keno Delos Reyes, Kharl Laurence Nebres and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067015 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Pharmaceutical wastes, due to their recalcitrant nature, are emerging contaminants in wastewater that have been the focus of researchers and scientists. One pollutant of interest is caffeine, which is one of the most detected contaminants in a global context. Although commonly present in [...] Read more.

Pharmaceutical wastes, due to their recalcitrant nature, are emerging contaminants in wastewater that have been the focus of researchers and scientists. One pollutant of interest is caffeine, which is one of the most detected contaminants in a global context. Although commonly present in beverages such as coffee, caffeine can be harmful to both humans and animals when disposed of in water bodies. Current wastewater treatment approaches not only display ineffective results in removing the mentioned pollutant but also entail high financial costs in applying the treatment technology. Recent studies have revealed the potential of adsorbents derived from plant sources such as husks, fruit peels, and other plant fibers from biomass to effectively reduce caffeine concentrations in wastewater, with a removal efficiency in the range of 8.04 to 171.23 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption phenomena exhibited a Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. This review paper aims to systematically present and analyze the current literature and prospects of utilizing plant-based adsorbents in addressing the impact of caffeine on the environment. Specifically, the review will focus on the efficiency of said adsorbents in removing caffeine, considering the specific surface area, adsorbent dosage, pH level, maximum adsorption capacity, adsorption isotherms and kinetics, and the predicted optimum conditions for adsorption. The objective is to identify the most suitable adsorbents to be used in wastewater treatment plants. This study will serve as a valuable reference for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of the Hardener on the Characteristics of the Polyester-Based Coating

by Irina N. Vikhareva

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067016 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 293

Abstract

In order to reduce negative technological factors when using epoxy resin as a thermosetting binder for the composition, a less viscous epoxyamine resin was studied. To impart elastic properties, the resin was modified with two components: polyester based on sebacic acid and a [...] Read more.

In order to reduce negative technological factors when using epoxy resin as a thermosetting binder for the composition, a less viscous epoxyamine resin was studied. To impart elastic properties, the resin was modified with two components: polyester based on sebacic acid and a polyamide hardener. The compositions were cured under various temperature conditions: without heating and with maximum heating at a temperature of 120 °C. The formation of a crosslinked polymer using the IR spectrum is shown. The influence of temperature conditions on the degree of curing of polymer films was determined: the largest amount of gel fraction was formed with gradual heating of the mixture. However, the best physical, mechanical, and operational characteristics were obtained for the sample, which was cured at maximum temperature. Full article

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5 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Enzymatic Activity of Immobilized Lysobacter sp.

by Galina Shaidorova, Alexander Vesentsev, Ulyana Krut, Elena Kuzubova, Alexandra Radchenko and Marina Potapova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067017 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 219

Abstract

The specific enzymatic activity of bacterial cultures illustrates the key applications of a studied strain of bacteria and the biological products based on it. The proteolytic activity of extracellular enzymes in the temperature range 20–45 and the activity of β-1,4-glucanase were studied, and [...] Read more.

The specific enzymatic activity of bacterial cultures illustrates the key applications of a studied strain of bacteria and the biological products based on it. The proteolytic activity of extracellular enzymes in the temperature range 20–45 and the activity of β-1,4-glucanase were studied, and the influence of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of the enzyme was revealed. The optimal cultivation conditions for the Lysobacter strain were selected for the highest production of β-1,4-glucanase: glucose, 1% by weight; yeast extract, 0.2% by weight; CMC, 0.75% by weight; pH 7; amount of inoculum, 3.5% by volume; optimal temperature for incubation, 30 °C. Enzyme stability results showed that the enzyme retained 90% of its activity after minimal preincubation at pH 5.5 and more than 60% of its maximum activity at pH 4–10, demonstrating stability over a wide pH range. More than 60% of β-1,4-glucanase’s enzymatic activity is observed in the range of 20–45 °C. Consequently, biocompositions based on Lysobacter sp. can be used in a wide range of temperatures and pH, which represents its promising use as a probiotic drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Photoluminescence and Refractive Index Dispersion Properties of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) Nanoparticles

by Youssef El azizi, Hayat Salhi, Assaad Elouafi, Abdeslam Tizliouine and Sara Ezairi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067018 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 135

Abstract

This study investigated the structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) nanoparticles, synthesized via the solid-state method. The optical constants and dispersion energy parameters were determined using UV–visible spectroscopy. The optical [...] Read more.

This study investigated the structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) nanoparticles, synthesized via the solid-state method. The optical constants and dispersion energy parameters were determined using UV–visible spectroscopy. The optical band gaps were found to be 2.48 eV for Zn₃(PO₄)₂, 3.05 eV for Zn₂Ni(PO₄)₂, and 3.12 eV for Zn₂Co(PO₄)₂. The optical dielectric constant of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) was also determined. Photoluminescence spectra revealed peaks at 2.56 eV for Zn₃(PO₄)₂, 3.26 eV for Zn₂Co(PO₄)₂, and 2.47 eV for Zn₂Ni(PO₄)₂. These peaks correspond to the recombination of excitons and/or shallowly trapped electron–hole pairs, indicating band-edge emission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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12 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Current Status of Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects Using Carbon Dioxide (EOR CO₂) in Croatia

by Paolo Blecich, Igor Wolf, Tomislav Senčić and Igor Bonefačić

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067019 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 301

Abstract

The application of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects is becoming increasingly more interesting in the petroleum industry because it can boost oil production rates while potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The injected CO₂ causes oil swelling [...] Read more.

The application of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects is becoming increasingly more interesting in the petroleum industry because it can boost oil production rates while potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The injected CO₂ causes oil swelling and viscosity reduction, making it easier to flow through the reservoir fractures. This article studies the performance of the first EOR CO₂ project in Croatia, which started operations in 2014 with a capacity of 0.41 million tons per year (Mtpa). The CO₂ source is a natural gas processing plant, which released the CO₂ into the atmosphere prior to the EOR project. Now, this CO₂ is continuously captured, compressed, transported, liquefied, and injected into the EOR fields of Ivanić and Žutica. Tertiary (EOR) oil recovery at these two oil fields is expected to raise the oil recovery factors up to 55% from the previously achieved 9% in the primary stage and 36% in the secondary stage. Besides the EOR project, this article reviews other carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects in Croatia, for the cement industry, power generation, and biofuel production. All these projects combined could bring the total CCUS capacity up to 1.843 Mtpa by 2030. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 396 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of the Introduction of Microorganisms Capable of Destroying Toxic Compounds during Seed Germination

by Anastasia I. Nechaeva, Violetta V. Klyueva and Inna P. Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067020 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 151

Abstract

This study evaluated the use of microorganisms to enhance seed germination in contaminated soil. Experiments introduced soil bacteria capable of growing on diesel fuel to clean the soil. Five experimental conditions included controls, soil with diesel fuel (DF), and soil with DF and [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the use of microorganisms to enhance seed germination in contaminated soil. Experiments introduced soil bacteria capable of growing on diesel fuel to clean the soil. Five experimental conditions included controls, soil with diesel fuel (DF), and soil with DF and bacterial suspension (BS) in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. Of 45 isolated microbial cultures, 13 used DF as a carbon source. The soil with 5% DF was slightly polluted. Wheat growth rates were 32% and 34% in DF-treated soil, and 86% and 88% in DF- and BS-treated soil, compared to 82% in the control. Thus, BS significantly boosted wheat seed germination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Review of Microreactors for Process Intensification

by Crizha Ann Bugay, Mae Czarella Caballas, Steven Brian Mercado, Jason Franco Rubio, Patricia Kayla Serote, Patrick Norman Villarte and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067021 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 297

Abstract

Microreactors for process intensification transform chemical synthesis, providing precise control over reactions in compact devices and enhancing efficiency. This review article explores their application in chemical synthesis, emphasizing advantages in mixing, temperature control, and heat transfer. It delves into fundamental aspects, addressing challenges [...] Read more.

Microreactors for process intensification transform chemical synthesis, providing precise control over reactions in compact devices and enhancing efficiency. This review article explores their application in chemical synthesis, emphasizing advantages in mixing, temperature control, and heat transfer. It delves into fundamental aspects, addressing challenges in design, operation, material selection, and scaling. Fundamental microreactor design principles involve scaling strategies such as internal and external numbering up, geometric similarity, and continuous pressure drop procedures. Materials like silicon, steel, and polymers, particularly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), play a crucial role in microreactor construction. Fabrication techniques, including microfabrication, are essential for creating complex designs and ensuring reliability. This review addresses challenges and research gaps while showcasing the versatility of microreactors. Challenges include automation, integration, finding optimal configurations, process optimization, and cost analyses. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for widespread adoption in industries like pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals. The future for microreactors will revolve around recent advancements, collaboration between academia and industry, and the integration of automation and sensors. This positions microreactors as key players in revolutionizing chemical production, with potential applications in fuel cells, mini-chemical plants, and next-generation catalysts. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to address the current challenges and advance research related to this study in order to solidify their role in shaping the future of chemical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Encapsulation of Aqueous Extract of Hancornia speciosa

by Lorrane Soares dos Santos, Jéssica Silva Medeiros, Antonio Matias Navarrete de Toledo, Letícia Fleury Viana, Maria Inês Rodrigues Machado and Adriana Rodrigues Machado

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067022 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 171

Abstract

Liposomes are increasingly favored for encapsulation due to their biocompatibility and versatility, making them valuable in drug delivery, cosmetics, and food science. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds has driven this growing interest. Liposomes composed of soybean lecithins (SLs) were [...] Read more.

Liposomes are increasingly favored for encapsulation due to their biocompatibility and versatility, making them valuable in drug delivery, cosmetics, and food science. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds has driven this growing interest. Liposomes composed of soybean lecithins (SLs) were produced by reverse-phase evaporation and used to encapsulate phenolic extracts of mangaba (SL-MAPE). Liposomes were characterized by size distribution, polydispersity index, and ζ-potential. Liposomes, SL-MAPE, exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (SL-MAPE 1.0 mg/mL: 80.14%; SL-MAPE 1.5 mg/mL: 86.18%; and SL-MAPE 2.0 mg/mL: 88.09%, respectively) and sizes ranging between SL-MAPE 1.0 mg/mL: 197.43; SL-MAPE 1.5 mg/mL: 318.2; and SL-MAPE 2.0 mg/mL: 238.33 nm, showing to be good candidates for the encapsulation of phenolic extracts obtained from mangaba (SL-MAPE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Machine Learning for Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil Using Kaolinite Geopolymer Heterogeneous Catalyst

by Pascal Mwenge, Hilary Rutto and Tumisang Seodigeng

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067023 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 153

Abstract

This work uses three machine learning techniques, response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to optimise and model biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using process parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and [...] Read more.

This work uses three machine learning techniques, response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to optimise and model biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using process parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time. RSM was used for process optimisation. Model construction of the ANN model used 70% of the data for training, 15% for testing, and 15% for validation. The network was trained using feed-forward propagation and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The ANFIS was generated using a grid partition and trained using a hybrid method. The effectiveness of the machine learning was assessed through error metrics such as regression (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and average relative error (ARE). The optimum yield was obtained at 15 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 120 °C, and 4 h, methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, temperature, and reaction time, respectively, yielding 93.486%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Performance Evaluation of Aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ Solutions as Liquid Desiccants in Dehumidification Systems

by Nico Ndaru Pratama, Hifni Mukhtar Ariyadi, Joko Waluyo and Wahyu Hayatullah

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067024 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 141

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the transfer performance of aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ liquid desiccants by numerical means. This research was conducted numerically by simultaneously solving heat and mass transfer equations explicitly using the finite difference method, with the changes in property [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the transfer performance of aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ liquid desiccants by numerical means. This research was conducted numerically by simultaneously solving heat and mass transfer equations explicitly using the finite difference method, with the changes in property values of the liquid desiccant in each control volume. The differences in fluid characteristics and property values between the aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ solutions remarkably affected the reduction water content from the air. When using the CaCl₂ solution, performance decreased by 15% compared to the LiCl solution. The temperature of the liquid desiccant increased by around 13%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 3751 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Properties and Degradative Potential of Soil Isolates

by Leila Iminova, Valentina Polivtseva, Tatiana Abashina, Nataliya Suzina and Inna Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067025 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 142

Abstract

Microorganisms from various taxonomic groups play a crucial role in environmental cleanup, specifically in the bioremediation of contaminated soils and aquatic ecosystems by decomposing toxic pollutants or transforming them into less toxic substrates that can be easily recycled. Over 150 cultures were examined [...] Read more.

Microorganisms from various taxonomic groups play a crucial role in environmental cleanup, specifically in the bioremediation of contaminated soils and aquatic ecosystems by decomposing toxic pollutants or transforming them into less toxic substrates that can be easily recycled. Over 150 cultures were examined for their capability to utilize these substances as the only source of growth in a mineral medium, with phenol concentrations in the medium varying from 0.1 g/L to 2.5 g/L, oil at 1–2%, pinoxaden and toluene up to 0.5%, and carbon tetrachloride up to 10%. It was found that the isolated bacteria belonged to the genera Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Peribacillus, Microbacterium, and Bacillus. As a result, strains that can efficiently eliminate various pollutants were isolated and characterized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1417 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Comparison of Open Sun and Indirect Convection Solar Drying Methods for Apricots in Uzbekistan

by Sarvar Rejabov, Botir Usmonov, Komil Usmanov and Askar Artikov

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067026 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Solar drying is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to preserve agricultural products, particularly in regions with abundant sunlight. In terms of apricot cultivation, the implementation of solar drying methods can significantly impact post-harvest handling and storage. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, the [...] Read more.

Solar drying is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to preserve agricultural products, particularly in regions with abundant sunlight. In terms of apricot cultivation, the implementation of solar drying methods can significantly impact post-harvest handling and storage. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, the drying of apricot products in indirect solar dryers is the next stage of development. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of solar drying techniques for apricots in Uzbekistan, focusing on optimizing drying parameters and assessing the quality of the dried products. This study involves the design and implementation of solar drying systems for apricots. It primarily focuses on comparing and evaluating the drying times of apricots, changes in product moisture, and alterations in apricot color during the drying process using an Open Sun Dryer (OSD) and an Indirect Natural Convection Solar Dryer (INCSD). Various drying parameters such as the temperature, humidity, and drying time are monitored and controlled during the experiment. Additionally, the quality of the dried apricots is evaluated through analyses of their color, texture, and nutrient retention. According to the results, when apricots were dried in a solar dryer at 55 °C and with 35% humidity outside, their moisture content decreased from 85–90% to 12–18% within 15 h. The solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature play a crucial role in the acceleration of the time in the drying process. In general, utilizing equipment-based solar drying methods for apricots in Uzbekistan has the potential to rival traditional drying systems in terms of both quality and drying duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2412 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modelling and Optimisation of Biodiesel Production from Margarine Waste Oil Using a Three-Dimensional Machine Learning Approach

by Pascal Mwenge, Hilary Rutto and Tumisang Seodigeng

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067027 - 31 Aug 2024

Viewed by 187

Abstract

This work presents the use of three-dimensional machine learning approaches, namely the response surface methodology (RSM), the artificial neural network (ANN), and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to optimise and model the biodiesel yield from waste margarine oil. The effect of the [...] Read more.

This work presents the use of three-dimensional machine learning approaches, namely the response surface methodology (RSM), the artificial neural network (ANN), and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to optimise and model the biodiesel yield from waste margarine oil. The effect of the process parameters methanol-to-oil ratio (3–15 mole), catalyst ratio (0.3–1.5 wt. %), reaction time (30–90 min), and reaction temperature (30–70 °C) were studied. The performance metric results for the RSM, ANN, and ANFIS were 0.991, 996, and 0.998 for regression (R²); 0.924, 0.566, and 0.324 for root mean square error (RMSE); 0.568, 0.267, and 0.202 for mean absolute error (MAE); 0.746, 0.333, and 0.226 for mean absolute percentage error (MAPE); 0.008, 0.004, and 0.003 for average relative error (ARE); and 4.503, 2.114, and 1.828 for mean percentage standard deviation (MPSD). The developed three-dimensional machine learning approach—the RSM, ANN, and ANFIS models—is a potential method for optimising and modelling biodiesel yield. The study results may be used to create sustainable, efficient, and economical solutions for recycling waste margarine oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 6725 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Investigation of the Synthesis of a Hybrid Homogeneous Structure of ZnO/Si Nanowires with Stable Energy Properties

by Mikhail Begunov, Alena Gagarina, Rashid Zhapakov, Danatbek Murzalinov, Tatyana Seredavina, Kristina Novikova, Ainagul Kemelbekova, Yulia Spivak, Vyacheslav Moshnikov and Elena Dmitriyeva

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067028 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 130

Abstract

The stability of structures to various influences determines the effectiveness of the sensors that are based on them. A modified method of metal-stimulated electrochemical etching and hydrothermal etching made it possible to synthesize the combined structure of silicon nanowires and ZnO crystallites. The [...] Read more.

The stability of structures to various influences determines the effectiveness of the sensors that are based on them. A modified method of metal-stimulated electrochemical etching and hydrothermal etching made it possible to synthesize the combined structure of silicon nanowires and ZnO crystallites. The hexagonal structure of zinc oxide crystallites was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Several causes of radiative recombination have been identified in the photoluminescence spectra, and their nature is associated with the defective structure of zinc oxide. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy studies have revealed energy-stable, uniformly distributed and low-dimensional nanostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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SEM images of the structure of silicon nanowires in the samples before the deposition of zinc oxide with a magnification of (a) 2 microns and (b) 4 microns. Full article ">Figure 2
SEM image of the sample surface after ZnO deposition with a magnification of (a) 10 microns and (b) 5 microns. Full article ">Figure 3
SEM image of the sample surface after ZnO deposition and annealing with a magnification of (a) 2.5 microns and (b) 1 micron. Full article ">Figure 4
XRD spectra of samples after ZnO deposition and annealing. Full article ">Figure 5
Photoluminescence spectrum (red line) decomposed into gaussians (green line) for the sample after ZnO deposition and annealing. Full article ">Figure 6
EPR spectra of samples after ZnO deposition at microwave powers of (a) 4 mW, (b) 12 mW, (c) 15 mW and (d) 18.7 mW. Full article ">Figure 7
Subtraction of EPR spectra at microwave powers of 6 mW and 1.5 mW: 6 mW—black line, 1.5 mW—red line, result of subtraction—green line. Full article ">Figure 8
EPR spectra of samples after ZnO deposition and annealing at microwave powers of (a) 4 mW, (b) 6.2 mW, (c) 7.8 mW and (d) 11 mW. Full article ">

14 pages, 4642 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Climate Change on the Thermoeconomic Performance of Binary-Cycle Geothermal Power Plants

by Paolo Blecich, Igor Wolf, Tomislav Senčić and Igor Bonefačić

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067029 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 102

Abstract

The thermoeconomic performance of geothermal power plants is influenced by a variety of site-specific factors, major economic variables, and the type of the involved technology. In addition to those, ambient conditions also play a role in geothermal power generation by acting on the [...] Read more.

The thermoeconomic performance of geothermal power plants is influenced by a variety of site-specific factors, major economic variables, and the type of the involved technology. In addition to those, ambient conditions also play a role in geothermal power generation by acting on the cooling towers. This study focuses on the performance analysis of a binary cycle with isobutane for geothermal power generation under the impact of climate change. Long-term temperature variations in ambient air are described by temperature anomalies under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP). These are the intermediate SSP2-4.5 scenario and the extreme SSP5-8.5 scenario, over the period from 2021 to 2100. Different climate models from the most recent Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are compared against each other and against the observed temperature data. The predictive power of the CMIP6 climate models is evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Kullback–Leibler (KL) criteria. The thermoeconomic performance of the geothermal power plant is expressed in terms of net power output, annual electricity generation (AEG), and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The geothermal power plant achieves a net power output of 10 MW and an LCOE of 79.2 USD/MWh for an ambient air temperature of 12 °C. This temperature is the average temperature over the reference period of 1991–2020 in Bjelovar, Croatia (45.8988° N, 16.8423° E). Under the impact of climate change, the same geothermal power plant will have the AEG reduced by between 0.5% and 2.9% in the intermediate (SSP2-4.5) scenario and by between 2.0% and 8.7% in the extreme (SSP5-8.5) scenario. The LCOE will increase between 0.4% and 1.8% in the intermediate scenario and from 1.3% to 5.6% in the extreme scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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The single-stage configuration of the ORC geothermal power plant. Full article ">Figure 2
The air-cooled condenser (ACC). Full article ">Figure 3
Daily average near-surface air temperature in Bjelovar, Croatia (45.8988° N, 16.8423° E) for the reference period of 1991–2020: A comparison between observations and predictions of CMIP6 climate models. Full article ">Figure 4
Daily average near-surface air temperature in Bjelovar, Croatia (45.8988° N, 16.8423° E) for the reference period of 1991–2020: A comparison between observations and CMIP6 multi-model predictions. Full article ">Figure 5
Average annual near-surface air temperature in Bjelovar (45.8988° N, 16.8423° E) from 2021 to 2100, under the extreme climate-change scenario (SSP5-8.5). Full article ">Figure 6
T-s chart of the single-stage ORC configuration with isobutane as working fluid. For the meaning of line colors and point states refer to <a href="#engproc-67-00029-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>. Full article ">Figure 7
Impact of climate change on the AEG of the single-stage ORC geothermal power plant. Full article ">Figure 8
Impact of climate change on the LCOE of the single-stage ORC geothermal power plant. Full article ">

5 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Furazidine on the Parameters of the Leukocyte Formula of Chickens

by Andrey Prisnyi, Marina Potapova and Ulyana Krut

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067030 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 50

Abstract

The study of the effect of antibiotics on the blood system of farm animals is an important aspect of the detection of antibiotic resistance in humans. In the presented study, the effect of furazidine on the parameters of the leukocyte formula of Hysex [...] Read more.

The study of the effect of antibiotics on the blood system of farm animals is an important aspect of the detection of antibiotic resistance in humans. In the presented study, the effect of furazidine on the parameters of the leukocyte formula of Hysex Brown cross chickens was studied. The results of the experiment revealed a change in the number of pseudoeosinophils in the blood on the first (8.9%), third (8.9%), and fifth (5.9%) days after discontinuation of the drug. However, on the ninth day after discontinuation of the drug, the number of psevdoeosinophils in the blood returned to its initial values, which indicates the absence of toxic stress on the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 4240 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Process Control in Agriculture: Leveraging Machine Learning for Soil Fertility Assessment

by Ashutosh Sarangi, Sailesh Kumar Raula, Sohamdev Ghoshal, Swadhin Kumar, Chinta Sai Kumar and Neelamadhab Padhy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067031 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 147

Abstract

Context: The primary factor in determining whether or not a crop can be produced on a certain type of soil is soil fertility. When faced with many options, farmers frequently find it difficult to decide which crop to plant. We created this project [...] Read more.

Context: The primary factor in determining whether or not a crop can be produced on a certain type of soil is soil fertility. When faced with many options, farmers frequently find it difficult to decide which crop to plant. We created this project to address that particular issue. The provision of soil data is mandatory since it will significantly influence the determination of the soil’s fertility. The output and accuracy of the model may suffer if the data are not supplied discretely. The nature of the dataset indicates that the result is a binary value, i.e., either “Fertile” or “Non-Fertile”, along with the accuracy percentage of each algorithm. Objective: The main aim of this paper is to determine whether the soil is fertile based on soil properties like N, P, K, Ph, nutrient level, moisture levels, temp, rainfall, and topography. Material/Method: We used the dataset from Kaggle, where N, P, K, and pH values are input into the model, and the ML determines whether it is fertile or not. In this article, four machine learning classifiers are trained, and determine the best classifier based on the performance metrics. Result: The results demonstrated that the machine learning classifier significantly improves prediction accuracy. We used LR, KNN, NB, and DT classifiers to increase the accuracy, as well as to increase the efficiency of the soil fertility assessment. The DT classifier exhibited well in comparison to other classifiers. The DT classifier’s accuracy was 89%, but the performance metrics precision, LR, and KNN, was 90%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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12 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Quantitative Analysis of Vitamins and Amino Acids in Alhagi Mauro-Rum Plant Extract

by Bahodir Bahrom ogli Kholmurodov and Ruzimurod Sattorovich Jurayev

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067032 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 163

Abstract

This work focuses on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantitative measurement of vitamins and amino acids found in residue extracts. The goal of this study is to precisely ascertain the quantities of these vital substances in residual samples by [...] Read more.

This work focuses on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantitative measurement of vitamins and amino acids found in residue extracts. The goal of this study is to precisely ascertain the quantities of these vital substances in residual samples by utilizing the effectiveness of HPLC. The analytical methodology used in this study offers a reliable way to assess the nutritional value of residues, offering insightful information on their composition and uses in a range of disciplines, such as environmental studies, food science, and agriculture. The quantitative analysis results provide a basis for comprehending the chemical composition of the residue, enabling well-informed decision-making in both research and industry applications. In this work, samples from the Alhagi maurorum plant were subjected to a quantitative analysis of vitamins and amino acids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty amino acids, including essential amino acids and three water-soluble vitamins—riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), and folic acid (B9)—were found by the inquiry. With a total amino acid concentration of 53.08358 mg/g in the plant extract, asparagine and cysteine were the amino acids with the highest concentrations, comprising 13% and 12% of the total amino acid content, respectively. The leaves contained a notable concentration of vitamin B9, accounting for 49.34% of the total vitamin content. This study emphasizes the potential of Alhagi maurorum as a useful source of bioactive chemicals for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries, especially in the development of products that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive health-promoting qualities. Due to the plant’s high nutrient content, it may be used to cure gastrointestinal issues, strengthen the immune system, and improve general health. This research adds to our knowledge of the plant’s nutritional and medicinal benefits and suggests uses for it in both conventional and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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General (a) and stem (b) view of the Alhagi maurorum plant. Full article ">Figure 2
HPLC chromatogram of Alhagi maurorum stem extract at 269 nm wavelength. Full article ">Figure 3
HPLC chromatogram of a standard solution of amino acids. Full article ">Figure 4
Mass fraction of amino acids in Alhagi maurorum plant extract. Full article ">Figure 5
Chromatogram of plant leaf extract from Alhagi maurorom made using HPLC. Full article ">Figure 6
HPLC chromatogram of Alhagi maurorom plant stem extract. Full article ">Figure 7
HPLC chromatogram of a standard solution of vitamins. Full article ">Figure 8
Graphical representation of the mass fraction of vitamins contained in alhagi maurorom extract. Full article ">

9 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Systematic Review of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Nanocomposites and Their Application in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Compounds

by Kyle Angelique Bautista, Eugene Josh D. C. Mata, Chris Diane B. Mercado, Ron Jasper C. Placio, Vince Harvey O. Alano, Allan N. Soriano and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067033 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 141

Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising and sustainable solution to the rising environmental concerns caused by the emergence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic bodies. Given its sustainability, nontoxicity, and energy-efficient attributes, extensive research has been conducted to investigate this approach and explore [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising and sustainable solution to the rising environmental concerns caused by the emergence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic bodies. Given its sustainability, nontoxicity, and energy-efficient attributes, extensive research has been conducted to investigate this approach and explore the synthesis of various photocatalysts. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based nanocomposites exhibit a broad spectrum of applications across various fields due to their substantial surface area and versatile functionality. In these fields, MOF-based nanocomposites exhibit a broad spectrum of applications across various fields due to their substantial surface area and versatile functionality. In these fields, MOF-based nanocomposites have proven to be excellent photocatalysts in water treatments, particularly in the breakdown of pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments. This systematic review provides an overview of MOF-based nanocomposites and their applications in the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical products. Several studies have explored different synthesis techniques for various MOF-based nanocomposites, and their degradation efficiencies against pollutants, under varying conditions, such as catalyst loading, pollutant concentration, light intensity, and exposure time, among others, have also been reported. Moreover, modifications to these synthesis techniques have been made to enhance the degradation capability and stability of MOF-based nanocomposites. Meanwhile, the integration of other metals and biomaterials into MOF-based nanocomposites has been explored to improve the stability and recyclability of these photocatalysts. This paper also highlights the existing gaps in the current research to direct future investigations on photocatalytic degradation using MOF-based nanocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 4793 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Physicochemical Characterisation and Computational Studies of Tilapia Fish Scales as a Green Inhibitor for Steel Corrosion

by Ntiyiso Faith Nyambi, Kasturie Premlall and Krishna Kuben Govender

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067034 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 87

Abstract

The effect of increased corrosion in re-enforcement structures has led to the need to identify and develop more inexpensive, non-toxic, eco-friendly and readily available inhibitors from natural resources. Extensive research and development have led to the discovery of new classes of green corrosion [...] Read more.

The effect of increased corrosion in re-enforcement structures has led to the need to identify and develop more inexpensive, non-toxic, eco-friendly and readily available inhibitors from natural resources. Extensive research and development have led to the discovery of new classes of green corrosion inhibitors. In this work, Tilapia fish scales (FSs) were used as a green corrosion inhibitor as they are abundant in both organic components, such as collagen (C₁₂H₁₉N₃O₅), and inorganic components, such as hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). The FSs were subjected to a maceration process to extract all the inorganic and organic compounds. The FS extract was then characterised using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). Quantum computational studies were conducted in order to determine parameters such as the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and the energy of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (ELUMO). The Gaussian 09 program density functional theory at the 6-311++(d,p) basis set was used to investigate the interaction between the organic and inorganic molecules, therefore examining both interaction energies. The XRD results confirmed that a large amount of hydroxyapatite was present in the extract, with a high diffractive peak at 32θ and small amounts of collagen picked up between 13θ and 25θ. SEM results showed the percentage weight of atoms, such as carbon (19.8%), calcium (27%), oxygen (41.3%) and phosphate (11.9%), which were found to be present in both the organic and inorganic part of the FS sample. FTIR results confirmed the presence of hydroxyl (3200–3500 cm⁻¹), carbonate (1620–1700 cm⁻¹) and phosphate groups (1200–800 cm⁻¹). The computation studies showed that hydroxyapatite was the most reactive molecule, as it had the highest EHOMO of −0.2076 eV compared with that of collagen at −0.2470 eV. The interaction energy of the FS molecule was −615 kJ/mol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Lepidium sativum Seed Extract Embedded in Sodium Alginate Matrix for Efficient Slow-Release Biofertilizers

by Yasmina Khane, Zoulikha Hafsi, Fares Fenniche, Djaber Aouf, Marwa Laib, Abdelkrim Gagi and Sofiane Khane

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067035 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 281

Abstract

In this research, we developed a novel slow-release biofertilizer by utilizing an environmentally friendly method to synthesize ZnO-NPs using sodium hydroxide, zinc acetate salt, and Lepidium sativum seed extract. The commercial fertilizer urea 46% was encapsulated in the nano-ZnO/alginate beads. The structural and [...] Read more.

In this research, we developed a novel slow-release biofertilizer by utilizing an environmentally friendly method to synthesize ZnO-NPs using sodium hydroxide, zinc acetate salt, and Lepidium sativum seed extract. The commercial fertilizer urea 46% was encapsulated in the nano-ZnO/alginate beads. The structural and morphological characteristics of the nanocomposites were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed the successful creation of nanocomposite alginate beads. The results indicated that the ZnO/alginate/urea beads exhibited a steady and continuous release of urea for up to one hour and extended nutrient availability over time. This research demonstrates the potential of ZnO-NP/alginate composites as a promising platform for developing slow-release biofertilizers, combining the beneficial properties of ZnO nanoparticles with the controlled-release capabilities of alginate matrices. This research highlights the potential of ZnO-NP/alginate composites as a sustainable and efficient solution for agricultural applications, providing a controlled release of nutrients that could minimize their environmental impact and enhance crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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5 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Eggshell Waste Valorization into CaO/CaCO₃ Solid Base Catalysts

by Matías G. Rinaudo, Sebastián E. Collins and Maria R. Morales

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067036 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 157

Abstract

Eggshell waste is a biodegradable residue composed of more than 90% CaCO₃, which makes it a great candidate to be converted into functional materials for diverse applications. Herein, domestic hen eggshell waste was dried and calcined in muffle under air at [...] Read more.

Eggshell waste is a biodegradable residue composed of more than 90% CaCO₃, which makes it a great candidate to be converted into functional materials for diverse applications. Herein, domestic hen eggshell waste was dried and calcined in muffle under air at different temperatures (300 to 900 °C) and times (1 or 3 h) to achieve distinctive calcium species, compositions, and solid-phase transformations. The crystal structures achieved were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), evidencing the transformation from CaCO₃ (calcite) to CaO (lime) at high temperatures and the formation of Ca(OH)₂ (slaked lime) due to the hydration of CaO facilitated by ambient water molecules. Considering this preliminary results, prepared solids could be useful as low-cost and metal-free (unsupported) catalysts for different heterogeneous reactions, such as the transesterification of vegetable oil and/or glycerol, where the presence of basic sites are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonlinear Identification of the Suction Manifold of a Supermarket Refrigeration System Using Wavelet Networks

by Adesola Temitope Bankole, Habeeb Bello-Salau and Zaharuddeen Haruna

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067037 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 66

Abstract

The dynamics of the suction manifold of a high-fidelity simulation benchmark model of a modified supermarket refrigeration system created in MATLAB 2024a and Simulink 2024a is modeled using a nonlinear system identification technique. The original model consists of a cold storage room, three [...] Read more.

The dynamics of the suction manifold of a high-fidelity simulation benchmark model of a modified supermarket refrigeration system created in MATLAB 2024a and Simulink 2024a is modeled using a nonlinear system identification technique. The original model consists of a cold storage room, three open display cases, the suction manifold, and the compressor rack. Since open display cases are less energy-efficient, they were removed, while the cold storage room with a door was used for simulation. The suction manifold model has two outputs: the suction pressure and the compressor’s power consumption; and it has three inputs: the mass flow of refrigerant, the ambient temperature, and the compressor capacity. A fourteen-day simulation was carried out, and synthetic data were generated from the input and output data of the simulation model. These data were divided into estimation data and validation data. Wavelet networks were then utilized to estimate and validate a nonlinear ARX model. The comparison between the estimation data and the validation data shows a goodness of fit of 87.8% for the suction pressure and 100% for the compressor power, with a simulation focus. The 100% fit for the compressor power occurred because wavelet networks provide excellent identification for nonlinear static systems and the compressor power response was based on static modeling assumption while the suction pressure response was based on dynamic modeling assumption. The data-driven identified model of the suction manifold was stable and robust and could handle strong nonlinearities of the input and output variables when used to replace the Simulink model of the suction manifold subsystem in the simulation benchmark. The simulation results clearly demonstrate how complex refrigeration system subsystems can be replaced with simpler and data-compliant data-driven models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Biodegradable Films Applicable to Agriculture with Structural Reinforcement

by Maria Inês Rodrigues Machado, Pâmela Ângelo, Ângela Gonçalves, Renan M. Monção, Rômulo R. Magalhães de Souza and Adriana Rodrigues Machado

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067038 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 175

Abstract

The agro-industrial sector generates countless food waste, causing various environmental impacts. Given this perspective, it is necessary to adopt sustainable practices. An example would be the use of natural sugar cane fibers, which are low-cost, biodegradable, and can be added to film-forming solutions. [...] Read more.

The agro-industrial sector generates countless food waste, causing various environmental impacts. Given this perspective, it is necessary to adopt sustainable practices. An example would be the use of natural sugar cane fibers, which are low-cost, biodegradable, and can be added to film-forming solutions. The film obtained with the addition of vegetable composites (sugarcane fibers) presents a structural network without ruptures and can be used as reinforcement in structures that compose biodegradable films for use in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Control of Wastewater Treatment Processes Using a Fuzzy Logic Approach

by Jaloliddin Eshbobaev, Adham Norkobilov, Komil Usmanov, Bakhodir Khamidov, Orifjon Kodirov and Toshtemir Avezov

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067039 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 89

Abstract

The issue of pure water is currently one of the most critical concerns facing the global population. Wastewater treatment technologies are seen as one of the solutions to these water shortages. At present, despite the advancements in water treatment technology, there are still [...] Read more.

The issue of pure water is currently one of the most critical concerns facing the global population. Wastewater treatment technologies are seen as one of the solutions to these water shortages. At present, despite the advancements in water treatment technology, there are still drawbacks in terms of energy consumption, the recovery ratio, and control. In order to solve the problems mentioned above, it is also very important to develop a control system method suitable for the water treatment process. In this work, the development and implementation of a fuzzy logic approach to control industrial wastewater treatment technology using an ion-exchange resin are presented. Initially, ion-exchange resin technology was developed in the laboratory as a pilot project and tested to purify wastewater at the Kungrad Soda Plant in Uzbekistan. According to technical instructions, the hardness of purified water should not exceed 3 mEq/L, the total dissolved solids (TDS) should not exceed 40 ppm, and the pH should remain below 7.5. Based on these data, the membership functions (MFs) of the parameters were formed, and the model of controlling the process through the fuzzy logic controller was developed. The developed fuzzy logic controller model was compared with the traditional controller (PID). The energy consumption ranged from 2 to 2.5 kJ/m³, and the settling time was 40 s when the process was controlled by a PID controller. By implementing the developed fuzzy logic controller in the process, it is possible to decrease the energy consumption by 1.8–2.3 kJ/m³ and the settling time by 15 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 3563 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluorobutyl Acetate: Transesterification Reaction of 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-Butanol and Isopropyl Acetate—Side-Product Composition

by Andrei V. Polkovnichenko, Evgeniya I. Kovaleva, Nikita A. Selivanov, Tatiana D. Ksenofontova, Sergey Ya. Kvashnin and Egor V. Lupachev

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067040 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 97

Abstract

As the object of investigation in the present study, reactive distillation based on the transesterification of isopropyl acetate (IPAc) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanol (HFBol) under acidic conditions is addressed. This process aims to obtain 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acetate (HFBAc), which is used in the production of non-aqueous [...] Read more.

As the object of investigation in the present study, reactive distillation based on the transesterification of isopropyl acetate (IPAc) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanol (HFBol) under acidic conditions is addressed. This process aims to obtain 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acetate (HFBAc), which is used in the production of non-aqueous electrolytes, ethyllithium sulphate, charge retention medium, ultraviolet light-absorbing oligomers, etc. Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS, it was determined that during the process, the following were primarily formed in the system: target HFBAc and the by-product, isopropanol. The following side-products were identified: di-isopropyl ether, acetic acid, water, and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl isopropyl ether (HFB-IPEth). No bis(1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl) ether or acetic anhydride were identified in the system. For HFBol, HFBAc and HFB-IPEth the ¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C{¹⁹F}), ¹⁹F-¹⁹F COSY NMR, and mass spectra were reported in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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NIST library spectrum matching (red—experimental spectrum; blue—library spectrum): (a) Isopropanol; (b) Isopropyl acetate; (c) Di-isopropyl ether; (d) 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanol. Full article ">Figure 2
Mass spectra of 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acetate (a) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl isopropyl ester (b). Full article ">Figure 3
1H NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture sample in d-DMSO (peak curves). Red line—water peak (identified by the program as partially deuterated). Full article ">Figure 4
1H NMR spectrum (peak curves): (a)—pure HFBol in d-DMSO; (b)—pure HFBAc in d-DMSO; and (c)—HFB-iPEth spectrum in d-DMSO isolated from 1H NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture sample. Full article ">Figure 5
19F NMR spectrum (peak curves). (a)—pure HFBol; (b)—pure HFBAc; (c)—HFB-iPEth spectrum in d-DMSO isolated from 19F NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture sample; (d)—reaction mixture sample in d-DMSO; (e)—correlation spectroscopy 19F-19F of HFBol; (f)—correlation spectroscopy 19F-19F of HFBAc. Full article ">Figure 6
13C{19F} NMR spectrum with fluorine-19 decoupled (peak curves): (a)—pure HFBol; (b)—pure HFBAc. Full article ">

5 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Different Drying Techniques on the Nutritional Components of Plum Tomatoes

by Kazeem Ajadi Ibraheem and Abdullahi Nuraddeen Bakori

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067041 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 78

Abstract

Tomatoes are currently regarded as one of the world’s major vegetable crops. Tomatoes have a significant economic impact on the earnings of many growers worldwide. The tomato is one of the most widely grown vegetables in the world and is ranked second in [...] Read more.

Tomatoes are currently regarded as one of the world’s major vegetable crops. Tomatoes have a significant economic impact on the earnings of many growers worldwide. The tomato is one of the most widely grown vegetables in the world and is ranked second in many nations. The majority of agricultural products have higher moisture content, ranging from 25 to 90%. This moisture content value is significantly higher than what is needed for extended preservation. The effects of bacteria, enzymes, and yeast are slowed down in crops when their moisture content is reduced to a certain degree. This study’s goal is to determine the quality of dried plum tomatoes using various methods. Samples were dried in the sun, on a heated plate, and in a solar dryer. Using accepted techniques, the dried tomato samples were assessed for total lycopene, ascorbic acid, pH, and titratable acidity. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to the control sample, the sun-dried and solar-dried sample had higher levels of pH. Compared to the control, the ascorbic acid and lycopene levels in the sun-dried and solar-dried tomato were lower. Comparing the heated plate-dried sample to the control sample, a notable rise in lycopene and ascorbic acid content was observed. The results showed that the optimum method for maintaining the quality attributes of dried tomatoes was to use a heated plate drying method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

9 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Power System Transient Stability Analysis Considering Short-Circuit Faults and Renewable Energy Sources

by Amel Brik, Nour El Yakine Kouba and Ahmed Amine Ladjici

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067042 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 72

Abstract

This paper describes a power system transient stability analysis in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs), including wind farms and solar photovoltaic (PV) generators. The integration impact of RESs on power system time-domain simulation and transient stability were analyzed using the Western [...] Read more.

This paper describes a power system transient stability analysis in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs), including wind farms and solar photovoltaic (PV) generators. The integration impact of RESs on power system time-domain simulation and transient stability were analyzed using the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) IEEE 14 bus system. Through this study, we aimed to analyze the transient stability of an interconnected electrical network by integrating renewable energy for critical clearing time (CCT) enhancement when a short-circuit fault appears. It is important for a power system to remain in a state of equilibrium under normal operating conditions and reach an acceptable state of equilibrium after having been disturbed. With this in mind, the influence of the integration of renewable energy sources such wind turbines and PV generators in an electrical network was envisaged in the case of transient stability. The standard test network IEEE 14 bus was employed for the simulation using the MATLAB software, which is a dedicated tool used for the dynamic analysis and control of electrical networks. Several scenarios that simulated transient stability were reviewed, and an analysis was conducted, including three phases: before, during, and after a three-phase short-circuit fault. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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16 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing the Formulation of Homemade Milk Kefir Drink from India: Comprehensive Microbial, Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Bioactivity Profiling

by Muskan Chadha, Ratnakar Shukla, Rohit Kumar Tiwari, Shalini Choudhary, Anisha Adya and Karuna Singh

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067044 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 51

Abstract

Kefir is a naturally fermented milk drink with rich probiotic content. This study aimed to develop and optimize homemade cow milk kefir (HCMK) and evaluate its microbial, chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties. HCMK was optimized using response surface methodology, where the independent variables [...] Read more.

Kefir is a naturally fermented milk drink with rich probiotic content. This study aimed to develop and optimize homemade cow milk kefir (HCMK) and evaluate its microbial, chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties. HCMK was optimized using response surface methodology, where the independent variables were kefir grain inoculum (2–4%) and fermentation time (20 h–28 h), and the dependent variables were total bacterial count, pH, and overall acceptability. HCMK was prepared using 3% w/v Indian kefir grains inoculated into cow milk and fermented at 25 °C for 24 h. Optimized dependent variables were 2.08 × 10⁸ ± 0.34 CFU/mL, pH 4.52 ± 0.05, and overall acceptability of 6.55 ± 0.21. Nutritional analysis revealed protein 3.6 g/100 mL, carbohydrates 2.66 g/100mL, fat 3.4 g/100 mL, iron 2.99 mg/100 mL, and calcium 29.3 mg/100 mL. Antioxidant profiling elucidated 54% radical scavenging activity and 18 mgGAE/100 mL total phenolic content. GC-MS revealed the presence of bioactive compounds with documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. This study highlights HCMK as a healthy probiotic functional food with significant antioxidant potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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Formulation of milk kefir drink using household conditions. (i) Boiling milk at 100 °C, (ii) kefir grain inoculum, (iii) addition of milk, (iv) fermentation at room temperature, (v) sieving kefir grains for reuse, and (vi) HCMK drink stored at 4 °C. Full article ">Figure 2
Three-dimensional response graphs showing the effects of kefir grains and fermentation time on (a) total bacterial count, (b) pH, and (c) overall acceptability. Full article ">Figure 3
Sensory evaluation of HCMK compared to control. Full article ">Figure 4
Microbial analysis of HCMK compared to control; *** p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference. Full article ">Figure 5
GCMS chromatogram of HCMK. Full article ">Figure 6
Antioxidant efficacy of HCMK compared to control; *** p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference. Full article ">Figure 7
DPPH radical scavenging activity % of the HCMK and control; % radical scavenging activity (RSA). Full article ">

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