UV-B Stress-Triggered Amino Acid Reprogramming and ABA-Mediated Hormonal Crosstalk in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.
<p>The chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of the experimental materials altered in accordance with UV-B light and exogenous hormones (100 μmol/L). (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) ETR and NPQ foldplots of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span>. The PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) treatment group was used as a negative control to show the status of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> in the absence of UV-B radiation. Data were analyzed by Origin 2021. (<b>c</b>) Histogram of various photosynthetic parameters of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span>. The heights of the bars depict the means of three biological duplicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), while the error bars depict the standard deviations of the samples. Different letter markers indicate significant differences across data groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 1 Cont.
<p>The chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of the experimental materials altered in accordance with UV-B light and exogenous hormones (100 μmol/L). (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) ETR and NPQ foldplots of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span>. The PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) treatment group was used as a negative control to show the status of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> in the absence of UV-B radiation. Data were analyzed by Origin 2021. (<b>c</b>) Histogram of various photosynthetic parameters of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span>. The heights of the bars depict the means of three biological duplicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), while the error bars depict the standard deviations of the samples. Different letter markers indicate significant differences across data groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Exogenous ABA altered the levels of JA and its products in UV-B-treated experimental materials. (<b>a</b>) Histogram of JA content. (<b>b</b>) Histogram of JA-Val content. The heights of the bars depict the means of three biological duplicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), while the error bars depict the standard deviations of the samples. Different letter marks indicate significant differences across data groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Metabolomic analysis of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> under UV-B stress. (<b>a</b>) Statistics on the quantities of different types of primary and secondary metabolites. Data were analyzed by Origin 2021. (<b>b</b>) Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of each sample after UV-B radiation treatment. OPLS-DA was centered after log2 transformation of the raw data. Analyses were performed using the MetaboAnalystR package OPLSR and the Anal function in R software (1.0.1). (<b>c</b>) Pearson’s correlation coefficients (PCCs) between the quality control samples (QCs) and each sample. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated using the inbuilt cor function in R software.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Analysis of DMs in <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> under UV-B radiation and exogenous ABA treatment. (<b>a</b>) Statistics on the upregulation and downregulation of primary and secondary differential metabolites produced by UV-B treatment. Plotted by chiplot (<a href="http://www.chiplot.online" target="_blank">www.chiplot.online</a> (accessed on 21 September 2023)), a free online data analysis website. (<b>b</b>) Heatmap of clustering composed of differential metabolites produced by UV-B treatment. The horizontal coordinate is the name of the sample, the vertical coordinate is the first-level classification of the differential metabolite, the different colors represent the different values obtained from the standardization of the different relative contents (red for high content, green for low content), “Group” refers to the grouping, and “Class” refers to the first-level classification of the substance. The clustered heatmaps applied UV (unit variance scaling) processing for the raw relative contents of the differential metabolites by rows, and these were graphically plotted via Metware Cloud (<a href="https://cloud.metware.cn" target="_blank">https://cloud.metware.cn</a> (accessed on 23 October 2023)), a free online data analysis platform. (<b>c</b>) Statistics on the upregulation and downregulation of primary and secondary differential metabolites produced by exogenous ABA treatment. (<b>d</b>) Heatmap of clustering composed of differential metabolites produced by ABA treatment.</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>Analysis of DMs in <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> under UV-B radiation and exogenous ABA treatment. (<b>a</b>) Statistics on the upregulation and downregulation of primary and secondary differential metabolites produced by UV-B treatment. Plotted by chiplot (<a href="http://www.chiplot.online" target="_blank">www.chiplot.online</a> (accessed on 21 September 2023)), a free online data analysis website. (<b>b</b>) Heatmap of clustering composed of differential metabolites produced by UV-B treatment. The horizontal coordinate is the name of the sample, the vertical coordinate is the first-level classification of the differential metabolite, the different colors represent the different values obtained from the standardization of the different relative contents (red for high content, green for low content), “Group” refers to the grouping, and “Class” refers to the first-level classification of the substance. The clustered heatmaps applied UV (unit variance scaling) processing for the raw relative contents of the differential metabolites by rows, and these were graphically plotted via Metware Cloud (<a href="https://cloud.metware.cn" target="_blank">https://cloud.metware.cn</a> (accessed on 23 October 2023)), a free online data analysis platform. (<b>c</b>) Statistics on the upregulation and downregulation of primary and secondary differential metabolites produced by exogenous ABA treatment. (<b>d</b>) Heatmap of clustering composed of differential metabolites produced by ABA treatment.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Multivariate analysis of DMs in <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> under UV-B stress and exogenous ABA. (<b>a</b>) The radar image shows the top 15 DMs screened based on VIP values under UV-B stress and exogenous ABA treatment. Data were analyzed by Origin 2021. (<b>b</b>) Primary and secondary main contributing metabolites. The horizontal lines at the top and bottom of the box plots represent the maximum and minimum values, respectively, and the horizontal lines inside the boxes represent the median. Graphing by Metware Cloud (<a href="https://cloud.metware.cn" target="_blank">https://cloud.metware.cn</a> (accessed on 18 October 2023)), a free online data analysis platform.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Multivariate analysis of DMs in <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span> under UV-B stress and exogenous ABA. (<b>a</b>) The radar image shows the top 15 DMs screened based on VIP values under UV-B stress and exogenous ABA treatment. Data were analyzed by Origin 2021. (<b>b</b>) Primary and secondary main contributing metabolites. The horizontal lines at the top and bottom of the box plots represent the maximum and minimum values, respectively, and the horizontal lines inside the boxes represent the median. Graphing by Metware Cloud (<a href="https://cloud.metware.cn" target="_blank">https://cloud.metware.cn</a> (accessed on 18 October 2023)), a free online data analysis platform.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Differential abundance (DA) of DMs treated by UV-B. (<b>b</b>) Differential abundance (DA) of DMs treated by ABA. The horizontal coordinates represent the differential abundance scores, which were calculated as the ratio of the difference between upregulated and downregulated metabolites involved in the pathway to the number of all metabolites involved in the pathway. The length of the line segments represents the absolute value of the DA score, the size of the dot at the end of the line segments represents the number of differential metabolites in the pathway, and the color of the line segments and dots reflects the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value size (the closer it is to red, the smaller the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value, and the closer it is to purple, the larger the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value). Graphing by Metware Cloud (<a href="https://cloud.metware.cn" target="_blank">https://cloud.metware.cn</a> (accessed on 6 May 2023)), a free online data analysis platform.</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Differential abundance (DA) of DMs treated by UV-B. (<b>b</b>) Differential abundance (DA) of DMs treated by ABA. The horizontal coordinates represent the differential abundance scores, which were calculated as the ratio of the difference between upregulated and downregulated metabolites involved in the pathway to the number of all metabolites involved in the pathway. The length of the line segments represents the absolute value of the DA score, the size of the dot at the end of the line segments represents the number of differential metabolites in the pathway, and the color of the line segments and dots reflects the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value size (the closer it is to red, the smaller the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value, and the closer it is to purple, the larger the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value). Graphing by Metware Cloud (<a href="https://cloud.metware.cn" target="_blank">https://cloud.metware.cn</a> (accessed on 6 May 2023)), a free online data analysis platform.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>UV-B-induced metabolic pathway rearrangement network in <span class="html-italic">R. Chrysanthum</span>. (<b>a</b>) Simplified modeling of amino acid-related metabolic pathways exposed to UV-B radiation. The contents of the involved metabolites are presented as heatmaps after data normalization, where the red and green arrows on the left side of the heatmaps positively represent increases and decreases in metabolite contents after UV-B radiation, respectively, and “*” indicates that the relevant metabolites changed significantly. The three adjacent squares in the left half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) in group M, and the three adjacent squares in the right half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments in group N. (<b>b</b>) Simplified modeling of JA production and signaling pathways following exogenous ABA treatment. The three adjacent squares in the left half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) in group N, and the three adjacent squares in the right half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments in group Q. The heights of the bars in the graph depict the means of the three biological duplicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), while the error bars depict the standard deviations of the samples. Different letter markers indicate significant differences across data groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>UV-B-induced metabolic pathway rearrangement network in <span class="html-italic">R. Chrysanthum</span>. (<b>a</b>) Simplified modeling of amino acid-related metabolic pathways exposed to UV-B radiation. The contents of the involved metabolites are presented as heatmaps after data normalization, where the red and green arrows on the left side of the heatmaps positively represent increases and decreases in metabolite contents after UV-B radiation, respectively, and “*” indicates that the relevant metabolites changed significantly. The three adjacent squares in the left half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) in group M, and the three adjacent squares in the right half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments in group N. (<b>b</b>) Simplified modeling of JA production and signaling pathways following exogenous ABA treatment. The three adjacent squares in the left half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) in group N, and the three adjacent squares in the right half of the heatmaps represent the expression of each metabolite from three replicate experiments in group Q. The heights of the bars in the graph depict the means of the three biological duplicate experiments (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), while the error bars depict the standard deviations of the samples. Different letter markers indicate significant differences across data groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Simplified model of the experimental treatment of <span class="html-italic">R. chrysanthum</span>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Result
2.1. Exogenous Hormone Therapy Improves R. chrysanthum’s Ability to Withstand UV-B Damage
2.2. Negative Control of JA by ABA in R. chrysanthum during UV-B Stress
2.3. Metabolomic Analysis of R. chrysanthum
2.4. Response of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of R. chrysanthum to UV-B as Well as Exogenous Exogenous ABA
2.5. Primary and Secondary Main Contributing Metabolites
2.6. Effects of UV-B and Exogenous ABA Treatment on the Metabolic Pathway of R. chrysanthum
2.7. UV-B and Exogenous ABA Prompt Rearrangement of the Metabolic Pathway Network of R. chrysanthum
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Material Preparation and Experimental Treatments
4.2. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Testing
4.2.1. Dry-Sample Extraction Conditions
4.2.2. UPLC Conditions
4.2.3. ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS
4.2.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites
4.2.5. Differential Metabolites (DMs) Selected
4.2.6. OPLS-DA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients
4.3. Determination of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABA | Abscisic acid |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
DMs | Differential metabolites |
ETR | Actual electron transport rate |
FC | Fold change |
Fm | Maximum fluorescence |
Fm’ | Maximum fluorescence in the light |
Fo | Minimal fluorescence |
Fv/Fm | Maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII |
JA | Jasmonic acid |
JA-L-Ile | Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine |
JA-Val | Jasmonoyl-L-valine |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
MWDB | Metware database |
NPQ | Non-photochemical quenching |
OPLS-DA | Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis |
PAR | Photosynthetic active radiation |
PCCs | Pearson’s correlation coefficients |
PSII | Photosystem II |
QCs | Quality control samples |
R. chrysanthum | Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. |
SD | Standard deviation |
UPLC-MS/MS | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry |
UV-B | Ultraviolet radiation b |
VIP | Variable importance in projection |
Y(II) | Photochemical yield of PSII |
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Yu, W.; Zhou, X.; Xu, H.; Zhou, X. UV-B Stress-Triggered Amino Acid Reprogramming and ABA-Mediated Hormonal Crosstalk in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. Plants 2024, 13, 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162232
Yu W, Zhou X, Xu H, Zhou X. UV-B Stress-Triggered Amino Acid Reprogramming and ABA-Mediated Hormonal Crosstalk in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. Plants. 2024; 13(16):2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162232
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Wang, Xiangru Zhou, Hongwei Xu, and Xiaofu Zhou. 2024. "UV-B Stress-Triggered Amino Acid Reprogramming and ABA-Mediated Hormonal Crosstalk in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall." Plants 13, no. 16: 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162232