Assessing the Impact of a Two-Layered Spherical Geometry of Phytoplankton Cells on the Bulk Backscattering Ratio of Marine Particulate Matter
<p>Flow chart of the integration procedure applied to the MIE and ScattnLay outputs.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Composite PSD as derived from individual PSDs of the five considered particle groups for (<b>a</b>) the oligotrophic-like water body and (<b>b</b>) the phytoplankton bloom water body. N<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mrow/> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1.1262 × 10<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mrow/> <mn>14</mn> </msup> </semantics></math> particles per m<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mrow/> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>ξ</mi> </semantics></math> = 4.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Interference and resonance features observed for the scattering phase function of monodisperse particles (light green). The major low-frequency maxima and minima are called the “interference structure”. The high-frequency ripples are resonance features. The interference and resonance feature are washed out for a polydisperse assemblage of particles (dark green).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Results of Lorentz-Mie calculations (DS1) of the particulate backscattering ratio <math display="inline"><semantics> <mover accent="true"> <msubsup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> </msubsup> <mo>˜</mo> </mover> </semantics></math> as a function of the hyperbolic slope, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>ξ</mi> </semantics></math>, and different values of <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> and N<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mrow/> <mi>θ</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>. The imaginary part of the refractive index = 0.005 as in Twardowski et al. [<a href="#B5-applsci-08-02689" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. This figure can be compared to <a href="#applsci-08-02689-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> in Twardowski et al. [<a href="#B5-applsci-08-02689" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Particulate backscattering ratio <math display="inline"><semantics> <mover accent="true"> <msubsup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> </msubsup> <mo>˜</mo> </mover> </semantics></math> as a function of the hyperbolic slope for the oligotrophic-like (red dashed line), phytoplankton bloom (green dashed line), and coastal-like (brown dashed line) water bodies as described in <a href="#sec4-applsci-08-02689" class="html-sec">Section 4</a>. Black and gray lines are for homogeneous reference cases. The gray solid line corresponds to <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1.045, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 9.93 × 10<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mrow/> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </semantics></math>, the black dashed line to <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1.1043, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1.36 × 10<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mrow/> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </semantics></math>, and the black solid line to <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1.131, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1.37 × 10<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mrow/> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </semantics></math>, respectively. Phytoplankton cells are modeled as two-layered spheres with a relative volume of the cytoplasm of 20% (%cyt-%chl = 80–20). (<b>b</b>) as in panel (<b>a</b>) but for the real refractive index. (<b>c</b>) as in panel (<b>a</b>) but for the imaginary part of the refractive index.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Particulate backscattering ratio as a function of the hyperbolic slope for oligotrophic-like and phytoplankton bloom water bodies. Phytoplankton cells are modeled as two-layered spheres with a relative volume of the chloroplast of 20 % and 30 %, as indicated.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Particulate backscattering ratio as a function of the hyperbolic slope for oligotrophic-like and phytoplankton bloom water bodies. Phytoplankton cells are modeled as two-layered spheres (80%–20%) or three-layered spheres (80%–18.5%–1.5%), as indicated.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Contribution of the different particle groups the total bulk backscattering ratio for (<b>a</b>) oligotrophic-like, (<b>b</b>) phytoplankton bloom, and (<b>c</b>) coastal-like water bodies. The phytoplankton cells are modeled as a two-layered sphere (80%–20%).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Backscattering cross sections, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </semantics></math>, of the different particle groups. The phytoplankton cells are modeled as a two-layered sphere (80%–20%).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Considerations
2.1. Backscattering Cross Section for Polydisperse Particle Assemblages
2.2. The Bulk Backscattering Ratio
2.3. The Scattering Coefficient as Measured by In Situ Transmissometers
3. Numerical Modeling of the Marine Particle Scattering
4. Abundance of the Various Particulate Components
5. Results
5.1. Accuracy of Numerical Computations
5.2. Impact of the Structural Heterogeneity of Phytoplankton Cells on the Bulk Particulate Backscattering Ratio
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component (j) | Sphere Model | - (m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Viruses | homogeneous | 0.03–0.2 | 1.05 | 0 |
Heterotrophic bacteria | homogeneous | 0.2–2 | 1.05 | 1.0 × 10 |
Phytoplankton cells | two or three-layered | 0.3–40 | 1.044 * | 1.5 × 10 * |
Organic detritus | homogeneous | 0.05–500 | 1.04 | 2.3 × 10 |
Minerals | homogeneous | 0.05–500 | 1.18 | 1.0 × 10 |
Model * (%cyt-%chlp) | 80%–20% | 70%–30% | 80%–18.5%–1.5% |
---|---|---|---|
1.140 | 1.100 | 1.144 | |
6.966 × 10 | 4.688 × 10 | 7.531 × 10 |
Relative Abundance N (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIR | BAC | PHY | DET | |||
2.5 | 1.040 | 4.280 × 10 | 78.85 | 5.349 | 0.4059 | 15.39 |
3 | 1.042 | 7.570 × 10 | 84.74 | 2.120 | 0.1002 | 13.04 |
3.5 | 1.043 | 1.034 × 10 | 88.50 | 0.8244 | 0.0281 | 10.64 |
4 | 1.045 | 9.931 × 10 | 91.15 | 0.3178 | 0.0084 | 8.528 |
4.9 | 1.047 | 6.718 × 10 | 94.35 | 5.651 × 10 | 0.0010 | 5.588 |
Relative Abundance N (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIR | BAC | PHY | DET | |||
2.5 | 1.041 | 6.195 × 10 | 51.96 | 3.760 | 1.995 | 42.29 |
3 | 1.041 | 1.048 × 10 | 61.91 | 1.599 | 0.6165 | 35.88 |
3.5 | 1.042 | 1.313 × 10 | 69.84 | 0.6575 | 0.1922 | 29.31 |
4 | 1.043 | 1.362 × 10 | 76.18 | 0.2650 | 0.0600 | 23.49 |
4.9 | 1.044 | 1.194 × 10 | 84.55 | 0.0499 | 7.367 × 10 | 15.40 |
Relative Abundance N (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIR | BAC | PHY | DET | MIN | |||
2.5 | 1.103 | 7.322 × 10 | 70.96 | 5.311 | 3.650 × 10 | 11.68 | 11.68 |
3 | 1.108 | 9.361 × 10 | 78.04 | 2.105 | 8.801 × 10 | 9.882 | 9.882 |
3.5 | 1.119 | 6.253 × 10 | 83.03 | 0.819 | 2.391 × 10 | 8.066 | 8.066 |
4 | 1.131 | 1.376 × 10 | 86.75 | 0.3155 | 6.902 × 10 | 6.462 | 6.462 |
4.9 | 1.145 | 9.794 × 10 | 91.47 | 5.607 × 10 | 7.782 × 10 | 4.23 | 4.23 |
Abundance (Particles per m) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case Study | VIR | BAC | PHY | DET | MIN |
Oligotrophic-like | 1.0265 × 10 | 3.5796 × 10 | 9.4680 × 10 | 9.6046 × 10 | 0 |
Phytoplankton bloom | 8.5799 × 10 | 2.9846 × 10 | 6.7587 × 10 | 2.6455 × 10 | 0 |
Coastal-like | 9.7702 × 10 | 3.5536 × 10 | 7.7733 × 10 | 7.2774 × 10 | 7.2774 × 10 |
Stramski et al. [25] | 2.5000 × 10 | 1.0000 × 10 | 2.4759 × 10 | 8.2500 × 10 | 2.7500 × 10 |
Oligotrophic-Like | Phytoplankton Bloom | Coastal-Like | |
---|---|---|---|
[Chla] | [Chla] | [Chla] | |
3 | 8.35 | 11.51 | 7.497 |
3.5 | 0.773 | 1.580 | 0.6889 |
4 | 0.102 | 0.341 | 0.0884 |
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Duforêt-Gaurier, L.; Dessailly, D.; Moutier, W.; Loisel, H. Assessing the Impact of a Two-Layered Spherical Geometry of Phytoplankton Cells on the Bulk Backscattering Ratio of Marine Particulate Matter. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122689
Duforêt-Gaurier L, Dessailly D, Moutier W, Loisel H. Assessing the Impact of a Two-Layered Spherical Geometry of Phytoplankton Cells on the Bulk Backscattering Ratio of Marine Particulate Matter. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(12):2689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122689
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuforêt-Gaurier, Lucile, David Dessailly, William Moutier, and Hubert Loisel. 2018. "Assessing the Impact of a Two-Layered Spherical Geometry of Phytoplankton Cells on the Bulk Backscattering Ratio of Marine Particulate Matter" Applied Sciences 8, no. 12: 2689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122689