A Review of Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Beams Generation: From Traditional Methods to Metasurfaces
<p>Illustration of Laguerre–Gaussian beams. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Amplitude, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) phase distribution of the beams with <span class="html-italic">l</span> = 1, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0 (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and <span class="html-italic">l</span> = 3, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 1 (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schematic design of a spiral phase plate and results obtained at 60 GHz in [<a href="#B29-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Designs of several holograms for orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex wave generation and the obtained radiation patterns in far-field at 60 GHz [<a href="#B29-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Photography of the spiral reflector and the near electric-field intensity and phase patterns measured (top) and simulated (bottom) at 2.4 GHz [<a href="#B32-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Photography of the twisted reflector and the electric-field magnitude and phase patterns measured in the far-field at 17.2 GHz [<a href="#B33-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Three dimensional (3D) printed dielectric structure mimicking placed on a flat perfect electrical conductor (PEC) surface mimicking a helicoidal parabolic reflector. The near-field and far-field results show a broadband frequency operation from 8 GHz to 16 GHz, thanks to the use of non-resonant dielectric structures [<a href="#B44-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Photography of the first experimental prototype of a phased antenna array for OAM vortex wave generation and its measured phase pattern [<a href="#B36-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Reflective OAM metasurfaces based on propagation phase. (<b>a</b>) Linear polarized (LP) vortex beams [<a href="#B51-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Wideband linear polarized vortex beams [<a href="#B52-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Double-layered unit for wideband vortex beams [<a href="#B53-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Polarization insensitivity OAM metasurfaces [<a href="#B54-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Reflective OAM metasurfaces based on geometric (PB) phase. (<b>a</b>) Double arrow-shaped metasurface [<a href="#B55-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. (<b>b</b>) N-shaped resonator metasurface [<a href="#B56-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Double-layered cross dipoles metasurface for a wideband vortex beams [<a href="#B57-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. (<b>d</b>) OAM metasurface based on perfect electric conductor-perfect magnetic conductor (PEC-PMC) elements [<a href="#B60-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">60</a>].</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Digital coding OAM reflective metasurface. (<b>a</b>) One-bit passive OAM metasurface [<a href="#B61-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. (<b>b</b>) One-bit active OAM metasurface [<a href="#B62-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. (<b>c</b>) One-bit dual polarization OAM metasurface [<a href="#B63-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Five-bit multi-polarization OAM metasurface [<a href="#B64-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">64</a>].</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Multiplexed OAM reflective metasurfaces. (<b>a</b>) Single linear polarization reflective metasurface to generate multiple vortex beams [<a href="#B65-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Circular polarized (CP) wave decoupling to achieve multiplexed vortex beams [<a href="#B66-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Full polarization multi-beams [<a href="#B67-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. (<b>d</b>) A decoupling method to generate dual CP vortex beams at different frequencies [<a href="#B68-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Transmissive OAM metasurfaces. (<b>a</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on MEFSS [<a href="#B72-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">72</a>]. (<b>b</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on photon spin Hall effect (PSHE) unit of two double-headed arrows [<a href="#B73-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">73</a>]. (<b>c</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on complementary split ring resonators [<a href="#B74-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. (<b>d</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on PSHE unit of Z-shaped cell [<a href="#B75-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">75</a>]. (<b>e</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on cross bar and holey metallic ring resonator [<a href="#B76-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">76</a>]. (<b>f</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on ABA structure [<a href="#B70-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">70</a>].</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) OAM metasurfaces based on multi-layer CP conversion unit [<a href="#B77-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Vortex beams multiplexing based on CP wave [<a href="#B79-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">79</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Multiple OAM modes by active metasurface [<a href="#B78-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. (<b>d</b>) CP wave decoupled OAM metasurface [<a href="#B80-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">80</a>].</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Non-diffraction OAM metasurfaces and metamaterials. (<b>a</b>) A collimating metalens [<a href="#B47-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. (<b>b</b>) A collimating all-dielectric metamaterial medium [<a href="#B50-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. (<b>c</b>) A metasurface to generate non-diffraction vortex beams and convert the polarization of the LP wave [<a href="#B81-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. (<b>d</b>) A converging OAM metasurface and a non-diffracting OAM metasurface [<a href="#B82-applsci-10-01015" class="html-bibr">82</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Laguerre–Gaussian Beams Carrying OAM
3. Classical Methods for Generating OAM Waves in RF Domain
3.1. Spiral Phase Plate (SPP)
3.2. Flat Drilled Phase Plate
3.3. Diffraction Grating
3.4. Spiral and Twisted Reflectors
3.5. Circular Phased Arrays
4. Metasurfaces for OAM Beam Generation
4.1. Reflective Metasurfaces
4.2. Transmissive Metasurfaces
4.3. Divergence Reduction of OAM Vortex Beams
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, K.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Burokur, S.N. A Review of Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Beams Generation: From Traditional Methods to Metasurfaces. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031015
Zhang K, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Burokur SN. A Review of Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Beams Generation: From Traditional Methods to Metasurfaces. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(3):1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031015
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Kuang, Yuxiang Wang, Yueyi Yuan, and Shah Nawaz Burokur. 2020. "A Review of Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Beams Generation: From Traditional Methods to Metasurfaces" Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031015