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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 14
Issue 8
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Behav. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 107 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study explored verbal deductive reasoning in developmental dyslexia using the Wason selection task. Researchers manipulated reasoning rules, including conditional rules with varying logical values. They also adjusted word frequency and imageability. There was no difference in reasoning accuracy or completion time between adults with and without dyslexia. Participants performed best with the rule type “If p, then not q” and least accurately with “If p then q”. Additionally, highly imageable word terms led to better performance. These findings align with existing reasoning literature and emphasize the role of imageability in reasoning, regardless of dyslexia status. Implications for educational materials design are discussed. View this paper
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15 pages, 1462 KiB  
Article
Discerning Selfiers: Differences between Taking and Sharing Selfies
by Charisse L’Pree Corsbie-Massay and Rikki Sargent McLaren
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080732 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 615
Abstract
Selfies provide unique opportunities to explore, document, and interact with the self through photography. However, the inherent intrapersonal affordance of self-portraiture becomes a unique manifestation of masspersonal theory when selfies are shared, a step that is often assumed but not unpacked in selfie [...] Read more.
Selfies provide unique opportunities to explore, document, and interact with the self through photography. However, the inherent intrapersonal affordance of self-portraiture becomes a unique manifestation of masspersonal theory when selfies are shared, a step that is often assumed but not unpacked in selfie research. Therefore, it is essential to understand when and for whom these intrapersonal and interpersonal moments evolve into masspersonal moments or communication episodes. This study uses a novel strategy to investigate selfie behavior–the likelihood of taking and sharing selfies–to assess individual differences between selfie-takers, or “selfiers”. Discerning selfiers–people more likely to take than share selfies–report greater control and self-esteem compared to non-discerning selfiers, who are equally as likely to take as share selfies. Furthermore, control mediates the effect of selfier type on self-esteem; discerning selfiers report that others are not in control of their life, resulting in greater security regarding others’ perceptions of them. The current findings reveal the unique effects of differential deployment of selfies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Media as Interpersonal and Masspersonal)
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<p>Mediation effects with unstandardized <span class="html-italic">B</span>s; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; dashed lines indicate not significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 level. (<b>a</b>): Predicting state self-esteem (SSE) performance by selfier type and three locus of control (LOC) subscales. (<b>b</b>): Predicting state self-esteem (SSE) social by dummy-coded selfier type and three locus of control (LOC) subscales. (<b>c</b>): Predicting state self-esteem (SSE) social by selfier type and locus of control (LOC) external. Note: <span class="html-italic">ns</span> indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &gt; 0.05.</p> Full article ">
0 pages, 4289 KiB  
Article
Behavioral Intentions to Donate Blood: The Interplay of Personality, Emotional Arousals, and the Moderating Effect of Altruistic versus Egoistic Messages on Young Adults
by Stefanos Balaskas, Maria Rigou, Michalis Xenos and Andreas Mallas
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080731 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 544
Abstract
Human blood is one of the most valuable and irreplaceable goods in modern medicine. Although its necessity increases daily, one of the most significant challenges we have to overcome is a scarcity of willing blood donors. Volunteer motives and attitudes have been studied [...] Read more.
Human blood is one of the most valuable and irreplaceable goods in modern medicine. Although its necessity increases daily, one of the most significant challenges we have to overcome is a scarcity of willing blood donors. Volunteer motives and attitudes have been studied for decades, but it is now considered vital to grasp the many aspects that will increase the effectiveness of attracting new blood donors. This study focuses on the impact of emotional arousal produced by advertising messages, as well as the determining role of altruistic and egoistic incentives in deciding behavior. We also incorporated the element of personality to investigate how personality traits influence behavioral intention to donate blood. To this end, a quantitative non-experimental correlational 2 × 2 experimental design (positive vs. negative emotional appeal; altruistic vs. egoistic message) was implemented with the participation of 462 respondents who were shown a total of 12 advertisements (ads) promoting blood donation. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, with a focus on the direct impacts on donation intentions, the role of emotional arousals and attitude towards the ads as mediators and the moderating effect of the message. The empirical results of our hypotheses revealed that only Honesty–Humility had a strong direct impact on behavioral intention to donate, while Emotionality and Agreeableness did not have any direct effect. On the other hand, attitudes towards advertisements significantly and directly influenced positive and negative emotional arousals, respectively. Furthermore, if we consider these two variables alone, they can be found to exert a direct impact on BI. Mediation analysis showed that attitudes towards the advertisements and emotional arousals partially mediated the relation between Honesty-Humility and Behavioral Intention, thus confirming partial mediation. With respect to Emotionality and Agreeableness, mediation was found to be full since these factors only affected BI through a mediated path, which confirmed full mediation. Furthermore, the moderation analysis highlighted that the type of message (altruistic vs. egoistic) significantly moderated the relationship between both emotional arousals and BI. In particular, positive emotional arousal’s influence is strengthened when it is aligned with altruistic messages, while negative emotional arousal’s influence is weakened if it follows an altruistic message. These findings illustrate that using positive emotions will be more beneficial for increasing people’s donation intentions than bringing negative ones, which implies that message framing has a hidden impact on donation decisions. Full article
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<p>Conceptual research model.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Two-way interaction effect of message type at different levels of DESPOS on BI.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Two-way interaction effect of message type at different levels of DESNEG on BI.</p> Full article ">Figure A1
<p>Variants of the fear ad. On the left, we showcase the ad with an altruistic message (Ad01a: “Have you thought about the possibility that one of your people urgently needs blood?”), and on the right, we display it with an egoistic message (Ad01e: “Volunteer blood donors have priority in case they need blood.”) [<a href="#B105-behavsci-14-00731" class="html-bibr">105</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure A2
<p>Illustrations of negative appeal ads. On the left, we showcase the disgust emotional appeal ad with egoistic message framing (Ad03e: “Each blood collection set is new and sterile, and is destroyed immediately after blood collection. This way there is NO chance of getting infected during the blood donation”), and on the right, we show the ad using guilt appeal with altruistic message framing (Ad02a: “Unfortunately, our country is forced to import blood due to the very low rates of voluntary blood donation”) [<a href="#B105-behavsci-14-00731" class="html-bibr">105</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure A3
<p>Illustrations of the positive appeal ads. On the left we, showcase the positive emotional arousal inspiration with egoistic message framing (Ad04e: “People who volunteer for humanitarian causes usually live longer”), and on the right, the interesting positive arousal with altruistic message framing is shown (Ad05a: “There are 8 different blood types that determine whether a donor is compatible with a recipient”) [<a href="#B105-behavsci-14-00731" class="html-bibr">105</a>].</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 5238 KiB  
Article
What Is Behavioral Complexity? Lay Perceptions of Characteristics of Complex Behavior
by Indita Dorina, Barbara Mullan, Mark Boyes and Thomas McAlpine
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080730 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 466
Abstract
A behavior’s complexity may impact habit formation, with implications for habit-based public health and environmental intervention designs. However, there are varying conceptualizations of behavioral complexity, hindering the synthesis of findings. To develop a unified definition, the aim of this study was to explore [...] Read more.
A behavior’s complexity may impact habit formation, with implications for habit-based public health and environmental intervention designs. However, there are varying conceptualizations of behavioral complexity, hindering the synthesis of findings. To develop a unified definition, the aim of this study was to explore perceptions of behavioral complexity and identify behaviors that exemplify aspects of complexity. Participants (N = 225) completed a questionnaire concerning the complexity of various health and environmental behaviors, the importance of complexity characteristics previously identified by researchers (novelty, difficulty, steps, planning, immediacy of reward, time, attention, skill, mental resources, self-efficacy, motivation for a behavior, and supportiveness of the context) and demographics. Participants considered all proposed characteristics to be important. Complex behaviors (e.g., abstaining from smoking and taking insulin shots), compared to simple behaviors (e.g., eating fruit and stretching), are more likely to be true to the previously identified characteristics. Perceived complexity is influenced by several salient characteristics. Results may contribute to a synthesized definition and underpin future research to better identify behavior change techniques to foster habitual behaviors of varying complexity. Hence, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers may identify common barriers and facilitators of behavior to target in interventions. However, further research is required to contextualize the findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Behavioural Science in Improving Public Health)
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<p>Raincloud plot of behaviors high in complexity and true to characteristics.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Raincloud plot of behaviors low in complexity and untrue to characteristics.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Raincloud plot of behaviors low in complexity and true to characteristics.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Raincloud plot of behaviors high in complexity and untrue to characteristics.</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 304 KiB  
Article
Homophobic Bullying, Traditional Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adolescents According to Their Sexual Orientation
by Almudena Hurtado-Mellado and Antonio J. Rodríguez-Hidalgo
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080729 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 479
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and homophobic bullying lead to a low health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents. The present study aims to analyze this, paying particular attention to homophobic bullying, based on the sexual orientation of 815 adolescents who [...] Read more.
Recent studies suggest that traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and homophobic bullying lead to a low health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents. The present study aims to analyze this, paying particular attention to homophobic bullying, based on the sexual orientation of 815 adolescents who were asked to fill in a self-report questionnaire. In heterosexuals, both homophobic victimization and victimization were inversely related to different dimensions of HRQoL (moods and emotions, and school environment, respectively). In adolescents who were uncertain about their sexual orientation, there were inverse relationships between homophobic victimization and mood and social acceptance, and there was also a positive relationship between homophobic aggression and physical well-being. In homosexuals and bisexuals, homophobic victimization was inversely related to social acceptance, economic resources, and autonomy, while homophobic aggression was not related to HRQoL. The results obtained offer new insights, thanks to the use of a specific and validated instrument to record homophobic bullying that covers both homophobic victimization and homophobic aggression. In addition, the need to intervene in a holistic manner, involving political and social agents, as well as all actors implicated in the school environment, is discussed with a view to protecting adolescent health and promoting inclusive education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)
17 pages, 1070 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing Intentions of People with Hearing Impairments to Use Augmented Reality Glasses as Hearing Aids
by Liyuan Deng, Jiangjie Chen and Dongning Li
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080728 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 754
Abstract
The advent and progression of AR (augmented reality) technology, coupled with the emergence of AR hearing aid glasses, offer a novel opportunity for people with hearing impairments (PHI). This study aims to explore the intention of this population to employ AR hearing aid [...] Read more.
The advent and progression of AR (augmented reality) technology, coupled with the emergence of AR hearing aid glasses, offer a novel opportunity for people with hearing impairments (PHI). This study aims to explore the intention of this population to employ AR hearing aid glasses as their choice of hearing aid device and the specific factors influencing their preference. This study utilized the partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM) analytical method to create structural equation model for intentions of PHI to use AR glasses as hearing aids. Data were gathered from on-site experiences across multiple locations; a total of 189 valid questionnaires from individuals with varying degrees of hearing disabilities were used for statistical analysis. According to the data analysis results, we discovered that functionality quality, perceived interaction speed, and perceived usability significantly influence communication effectiveness. Further, communication effectiveness positively influences confidence and societal perception, and the latter has a positive impact on information. Both of these factors positively influence behavioral intention. Based on these findings, this study offers design recommendations for AR hearing aid glasses to cater to the specific needs of PHI, aiming to enhance their quality of life. Furthermore, this study provides pivotal insights for the prospective growth of this emerging industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Behavioral Change to Improve Health Outcomes)
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<p>Research model.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results of path analysis. (* The level of significance is below 0.05).</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 1835 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Social Support on Burnout among Lecturers: A Systematic Literature Review
by Beibei Cao, Norlizah Che Hassan and Muhd Khaizer Omar
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080727 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 483
Abstract
Background: Interest and concern regarding the social support and burnout of college lecturers have grown over the past decades. Maintaining good mental health is critical for university lecturers. Social support has been identified as an effective resource against burnout. However, few studies have [...] Read more.
Background: Interest and concern regarding the social support and burnout of college lecturers have grown over the past decades. Maintaining good mental health is critical for university lecturers. Social support has been identified as an effective resource against burnout. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the connection between social support and burnout specifically among college lecturers. Therefore, this review aims to explore how social support influences the burnout of college lecturers. Methods: This study employed the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology. Results: A thorough systematic review of 20 studies was conducted between 2015 and 2024, drawn from five major databases: Web of Science, Scopus, APA PsycINFO, PubMed, and Eric. The review indicates that burnout is measured through the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory—Educators Survey (MBI-ES), Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (MBI-GS), Burnout Syndrome Evaluation Questionnaire, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM), and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). While social support is measured through the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) survey. Individual and occupational factors contribute to lecturers’ burnout. This study reveals the association between social support and burnout among lecturers and it emphasizes the multifaceted role of social support in alleviating burnout among lecturers. Conclusions: The findings suggest that educational institutions should strengthen support systems and increase the emotional support available among lecturers to relieve burnout. Full article
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<p>PRISMA flow diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Word cloud map generated for 20 documents.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Publications arranged by publication year.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Geographical distribution of journal articles.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 832 KiB  
Review
Systematic Review on the Impact of Various Types of Universal Basic Income on Mental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
by Simona Gomboc, Matija Zagoranski, Anaja Kos, Tinkara Bolta, Teodora Kitanovska, Gaja Rupena, Lara Slabanja, Julija Soklič, Lara Ružič Povirk, Lina Šenica, Elara Udvanc, Tija Vrhovnik, Matej Kržišnik and Vesna Jug
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080726 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 727
Abstract
In the past two decades, a significant surge in interest in investigating mental disorders and challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries in the realm of mental health has been observed. Various types of universal basic income (UBI) programs have already demonstrated significant [...] Read more.
In the past two decades, a significant surge in interest in investigating mental disorders and challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries in the realm of mental health has been observed. Various types of universal basic income (UBI) programs have already demonstrated significant impacts on individuals’ mental health in high-income countries. Therefore, this review focuses on the situation in low- and middle-income countries. A literature review was conducted using seven electronic databases. Empirical studies of any design that implemented different types of UBI interventions in middle- and low-income countries and applied any type of mental health measures were searched for. After systematically reviewing 6822 articles, 13 empirical studies examining the relationship between various types of UBI interventions and different aspects of mental health in developing countries were identified. The collective findings of the studies suggest that UBI programs have significant positive effects on the mental health of individuals from developing countries, with the potential mediating role of unconditionality and payment frequency being noteworthy. However, these implications are limited due to the small number of studies conducted in this area and their methodological constraints. Further research with rigorous design is needed, particularly focusing on experimental control and length of follow-up periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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<p>Prisma flow chart of article identification and selection.</p> Full article ">
23 pages, 1805 KiB  
Article
Orchestrating Teacher, Peer, and Self-Feedback to Enhance Learners’ Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional Engagement and Public Speaking Competence
by Tingting Liu and Vahid Aryadoust
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080725 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 695
Abstract
Previous research on providing feedback on public speaking has investigated the effectiveness of feedback sources, namely teacher feedback, peer feedback, and self-feedback, in enhancing public speaking competence, predominantly individually. However, how these sources of feedback can be collectively harnessed to optimize learner engagement [...] Read more.
Previous research on providing feedback on public speaking has investigated the effectiveness of feedback sources, namely teacher feedback, peer feedback, and self-feedback, in enhancing public speaking competence, predominantly individually. However, how these sources of feedback can be collectively harnessed to optimize learner engagement and public speaking performance still warrants further investigation. Adopting a pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design, this study randomly assigned four classes to four feedback conditions: Group 1 received teacher feedback, Group 2 self-feedback and teacher feedback, Group 3 peer and teacher feedback, and Group 4 feedback from all three sources. Both student engagement, measured using the Public Speaking Feedback Engagement Scale (PSFES), and their public speaking performance ratings, assessed using the Public Speaking Competency Instrument (PSCI), were validated using Rasch analysis. The inferential statistics revealed that Group 3 showed significant improvements across nearly all three dimensions of engagement, whereas Group 2 experienced significant declines in all dimensions of engagement except behavioral engagement. Group 3 demonstrated significantly greater engagement gain compared to Groups 2 and 4, indicating the synergistic effect of peer and teacher feedback in contrast to the limited impact of self-feedback. Additionally, all groups demonstrated significant improvements except for Group 2, which showed significantly lower improvement compared to Group 4. The following correlation analysis identified a significant correlation between the gain of students’ behavioral engagement and the gain of public speaking performance, whereas such association was absent between cognitive or emotional engagement and public speaking competence. This study suggests that peer feedback should be preceded by group discussion and supplemented with teacher feedback in classes for enhancing the teacher–student dialog, while self-feedback should be conducted after class to improve student engagement and public speaking performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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<p>A flowchart of the intervention across four groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Engagement gain across four groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Pre- and post-test engagement across four groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Engagement gain by group and item.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Engagement gain by engagement type and group.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Public speaking competence gain across four groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Pre- and post-test public speaking competence across four groups.</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 411 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program for Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Females
by Raheleh Maddah Shourche, Mohsen Nematy, W. Miles Cox and Javad S. Fadardi
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080724 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 633
Abstract
Background: Obesity has been shown to have many deleterious physical and psychological consequences. Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of adding the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program (LEAP) to a weight management program. Design: To evaluate the different components of a weight loss [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity has been shown to have many deleterious physical and psychological consequences. Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of adding the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program (LEAP) to a weight management program. Design: To evaluate the different components of a weight loss program, this study included four groups: (1) dieting, exercise, and LEAP; (2) dieting, exercise, and sham training; (3) dieting and exercise; and (4) exercise only. An assessment was administered at baseline, post-intervention, and a three-month follow-up. Participants: Forty female participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 were recruited from a local sports center. They provided informed consent and were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Measures: Participants’ heights were recorded at baseline, and their weight, waist circumference (WC), and BMI were measured at each of the three assessments. Participants completed the Personal Concerns Inventory (PCI) to assess their adaptive motivation at all three assessments. Results: A MANCOVA indicated that participants who received LEAP along with dieting and exercise had a greater reduction in BMI and WC and improved more in adaptive motivation than the other groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that adding LEAP to a weight management program enhanced participants’ ability to achieve and maintain weight loss. LEAP enabled participants to pursue and achieve their important goals successfully. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Behavioral Change to Improve Health Outcomes)
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<p>Flow diagram of this study’s procedure. Note. Group 1: exercise, dieting, LEAP; Group 2: exercise, dieting, English class; Group 3: exercise, dieting; Group 4: exercise. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; PCI: Personal Concerns Inventory; posttest assessment was conducted after a two-week intervention; follow-up assessment was conducted three months post-intervention.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 650 KiB  
Article
After Online Innovators Receive Performance-Contingent Material Rewards: A Study Based on an Open Innovation Platform
by Ying Chu, Guijie Qi, Kaiping Wang and Feng Xu
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080723 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 681
Abstract
In recent years, enterprises have increasingly recognized the pivotal role of external users in driving product innovation. Open innovation platforms (OIPs), which facilitate interactions between companies and external innovators, have emerged as critical conduits in this regard. However, OIP managers face the challenge [...] Read more.
In recent years, enterprises have increasingly recognized the pivotal role of external users in driving product innovation. Open innovation platforms (OIPs), which facilitate interactions between companies and external innovators, have emerged as critical conduits in this regard. However, OIP managers face the challenge of motivating innovators to sustain their contributions. While some OIPs have implemented material incentives, the impact of such rewards on users’ ongoing innovation efforts remains uncertain. This study utilized a large-scale dataset from an OIP to examine how performance-contingent material rewards influence the subsequent behaviors of online innovators. Employing a quasi-experimental design involving propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, we found that receiving performance-contingent material rewards led to a decrease in the quantity of subsequent ideas generated by innovators. However, these rewarded innovators produced ideas of higher quality. Interestingly, the novelty of ideas submitted by innovators declined following their receiving of rewards. Moreover, newly enlisted innovators exhibited a more positive response to these incentives. Our findings provide valuable insights for platform managers seeking to optimize incentive mechanisms. We suggest adopting diversified incentive approaches and refining incentive strategies to effectively motivate continuous innovation among users on OIPs. Full article
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<p>Innovator Behavior Across 12 Months (The dashed line is the month in which the user won the award).</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 1061 KiB  
Article
Expected Future Subjective Social Status Moderates the Relations between Perceived Parental Expectation and Persistence among Chinese Rural Adolescents
by Feng Zhang, Rui Yang and Xiaodan Xu
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080722 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Adolescents’ expectations on future subjective social status (SSS) may play a critical role in the relations between perceived parental expectations and persistence; however, there is a lack of research exploring this effect in the context of families experiencing greater economic risk. This study [...] Read more.
Adolescents’ expectations on future subjective social status (SSS) may play a critical role in the relations between perceived parental expectations and persistence; however, there is a lack of research exploring this effect in the context of families experiencing greater economic risk. This study aimed to explicitly address this issue. A total of 698 Chinese rural adolescents participated in this study (Mage = 13.32 years; 54.60% boys). The results showed that for rural adolescents with lower expected future SSS, perceived parental expectation was negatively related to persistence; for rural adolescents with higher expected future SSS, perceived parental expectation was not significantly correlated with persistence. These findings imply the adverse effects of high perceived parental expectation on rural adolescents’ persistence and that expected future SSS can alleviate this adverse relationship. Full article
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<p>Conceptual model of expected future SSS as a moderator of the link between perceived parental expectation and persistence in rural adolescents.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Main results of the moderation model. The solid lines indicate significance at <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values less than 0.05 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 and <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.012, respectively), and the dotted line indicates non-significance at <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value greater than 0.05 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.556). The standardized coefficients are outside of the brackets, and the standard errors are inside the brackets. Gender and age were controlled for but are not shown in the figure for simplicity; SSS = subjective social status. *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The moderating role of expected future SSS. Two levels of future SSS are graphed: one standard deviation (<span class="html-italic">SD</span>) above the mean and one standard deviation (<span class="html-italic">SD</span>) below the mean; the solid lines indicate significance at <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value less than 0.05 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.005), and the dotted line indicates non-significance with <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value greater than 0.05 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.103); SSS = subjective social status.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 2578 KiB  
Article
Asymmetric Adaption in Social Learning: Understanding the Dilemma of Competition and Cooperation
by Siying Li, Yulong Huang, Cheng Xu, Jie Wu and Chen Qu
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080721 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 484
Abstract
The constant challenge in social interactions involves making informed decisions in the face of competitive and cooperative dilemmas. The decision-making process can be influenced by various factors present in the social context. According to the behavior-pattern-categorization framework of information acquisition, potential biases may [...] Read more.
The constant challenge in social interactions involves making informed decisions in the face of competitive and cooperative dilemmas. The decision-making process can be influenced by various factors present in the social context. According to the behavior-pattern-categorization framework of information acquisition, potential biases may develop at all stages of decision-making as information about social context is progressively entered and integrated. In this study, employing the Chicken Game, we investigated the influence of varying information levels within the behavior-pattern-categorization framework (i.e., competitiveness of behavior choice, uncertainty of behavior pattern, and sociality of category) on decision-making in the dilemma of competition and cooperation. Combined with reinforcement learning models, our findings from three experiments showed that participants exhibited basic complementary behavior, becoming less competitive against highly competitive opponents and vice versa. Notably, individuals exhibited varying adaptation rates to different levels of opponent competitiveness and fluctuations. Specifically, participants adapted slower to highly competitive opponents and faster to cooperative opponents. This asymmetric adaptation in social learning is related to the rate at which various levels of information are updated. The current study disentangles the different levels of information acquisition and highlights the asymmetric processing that can occur during the updating of information within each level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influencing Factors of Prosociality: How Humans Cooperate with Others)
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<p>Illustration of the experimental task and designs. (<b>A</b>) Single-trial timeline and scoring matrix of the Chicken Game. (<b>B</b>) Design of Experiment 1. Participants were told they were playing against two human opponents, represented by human faces (a silhouette is used here for illustration). Unbeknownst to participants, opponents had preprogrammed competition tendencies—one highly competitive opponent (70% chance to go straight) and one less competitive opponent (30% chance to go straight). Participants had to learn opponents’ competition rates through the trial feedback. (<b>C</b>) Design of Experiment 2. Participants interacted with four opponents, two identified as humans and the other two as computers. Unbeknownst to participants, both humans and computers were preprogrammed and included one highly competitive opponent and one less competitive opponent. (<b>D</b>) Design of Experiment 3. Similar to Experiment 2, with participants encountering both human and computer opponents, but with their preprogrammed competitiveness shifting across three phases.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results from Experiment 1. (<b>a</b>) Average percentage of decisions to competition (go straight), (<b>b</b>) block-to-block evolution of competition rate, and (<b>c</b>) average reaction time (ms) when participants play against highly and less competitive opponents. The <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis indicates the raw performance data, with each dot representing an individual participant (* indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, *** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and ns indicates non-significant; error bars represent SEM).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Results from Experiment 2. (<b>a</b>) Average percentage of decisions to competition (go straight), (<b>b</b>) block-to-block evolution of competition rate %, and (<b>c</b>) overall reaction time (ms) when participants play against highly and less competitive human and computer players. The <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis indicates the raw performance data, with each dot representing an individual participant (* indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005, *** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and ns indicates non-significant; error bars represent SEM).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Results from Experiment 3. (<b>a</b>) Average percentage of decisions to competition (go straight) when facing highly and less competitive players across phases. (<b>b</b>) Average percentage of decisions for competition when facing highly and less competitive human and computer players across phases. (<b>c</b>) Time effect when participant is facing different players. (<b>d</b>) Average reaction time (ms) when participants play against highly and less competitive human and computer players. The <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis indicates the raw performance data, with each dot representing an individual participant (* indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005, *** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and ns indicates non-significant; error bars represent SEM).</p> Full article ">
10 pages, 491 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Meaning in Life and Mental Health in Chinese Undergraduates: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Interpersonal Trust
by Benyu Zhang, Anna Wang, Yuan Ye, Jiandong Liu and Lihua Lin
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080720 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 529
Abstract
To explore the association and the underlying process between meaning in life and psychological health, a stratified random sampling was conducted on undergraduate students from five universities in Fujian Province from March to April 2022, with the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Self-Esteem [...] Read more.
To explore the association and the underlying process between meaning in life and psychological health, a stratified random sampling was conducted on undergraduate students from five universities in Fujian Province from March to April 2022, with the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Self-Esteem Scale, the Interpersonal Trust Scale, and the Kessler10 Scale. The results indicated that 34.5% of Chinese undergraduates were in poor or worse mental health. There were significant positive correlations among meaning in life, self-esteem, and interpersonal trust; meaning in life, self-esteem, and interpersonal trust were all significantly and positively correlated with mental health. Self-esteem and interpersonal trust played a chain mediating role between meaning in life and mental health. Schools and families should conduct appropriate activities to help them enhance meaning in life so as to improve the level of mental health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)
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<p>The model of self-esteem and interpersonal trust as mediators between meaning in life and mental health. ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> Full article ">
10 pages, 495 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Problematic Internet Use and Depression in Young Latin American College Students
by Andrea Vázquez-Martínez, Verónica Villanueva-Silvestre, Beatriz Abad-Villaverde, Cristina Santos-González, Antonio Rial-Boubeta and Víctor José Villanueva-Blasco
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080719 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
(1) Problematic Internet use (PIU) in young people is a topic of great interest both in the field of addictions and mental health, but scientific evidence is limited in Latin America. The aim was to analyze the relationship between PIU and depression in [...] Read more.
(1) Problematic Internet use (PIU) in young people is a topic of great interest both in the field of addictions and mental health, but scientific evidence is limited in Latin America. The aim was to analyze the relationship between PIU and depression in Latin American college students. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 1828 college students (63.7% women), aged between 18–30 years (M = 21.64 years). (3) Results: PIU was detected in 40.2% of cases, and severe or moderately severe depression in 31.7%. Rates of severe depression in students with PIU were 3.02 times higher than in those without PIU (χ2(3) = 168.443; p < 0.000). The presence of PIU was also statistically significantly higher among youth with depressive symptoms. Linear and logistic regression models for predicting PIU, show how the depression level constitutes a risk factor for PIU: seven times higher for severe depression; more than five times higher for moderate depression; and more than two times for mild depression. (4) Conclusions: There is a clear association between depression and PIU, suggesting that a higher level of depression would act as a predictor of PIU. However, this finding is exploratory. Future studies should clarify the directionality of the relationship between both variables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Deep Links: Emotional Regulation, Psychological Symptomatology, and Addictions)
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<p>Prevalence of PIU depending on the level of depression.</p> Full article ">
19 pages, 817 KiB  
Article
Classification of Student Leadership Profiles in Diverse Governance Settings: Insights from Pisa 2022
by Deniz Görgülü, Fatma Coşkun, Mete Sipahioğlu and Mustafa Demir
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080718 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 727
Abstract
Student leadership prepares students for responsibilities, such as taking on specific tasks and assuming leadership roles in their future personal and professional lives. Developing students’ leadership profiles is among the important goals of educational systems aiming for future generations to take responsibility and [...] Read more.
Student leadership prepares students for responsibilities, such as taking on specific tasks and assuming leadership roles in their future personal and professional lives. Developing students’ leadership profiles is among the important goals of educational systems aiming for future generations to take responsibility and advance their countries. With this perspective in mind, the PISA assessment includes items to measure students’ leadership behaviors. This study aims to extract student leadership profiles from the leadership-related items in the PISA 2022 application, using data from Cambodia, Peru, Paraguay, and Guatemala, which have different governance systems and cultural characteristics. The second purpose of the research is to determine the distribution of the identified leadership profiles in these countries and explain them in the context of governance and cultural characteristics. Latent class analysis was used to determine student leadership profiles. Accordingly, two-class and three-class latent models were found to be the most suitable models to explain student profiles. While the distinction between student profiles is more pronounced in the two-class model, the three-class model provides more detailed information about student profiles. In this respect, two-class and three-class latent models are reported comparatively. In the two-class latent model, students are labeled as the “Shy or Lack of Self-Confidence Group” and the “Active Leader or Influential Group”. In the three-class latent model, students are labeled as the “Moderate or Passive Leader Group”, the “Strong Leader or Influential Group”, and the “Avoidant or Leadership-Uncomfortable Group”. In both models, it is one of the striking findings that Cambodian students are in the low leadership profile, and Peruvian students are in the high leadership profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Educational and Health Development of Children and Youths)
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<p>Profile plots of response probabilities for latent classes.</p> Full article ">
10 pages, 764 KiB  
Case Report
Combined Effects of Nasal Ketamine and Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Case Series
by Judith Rohde, Elena Hickmann, Marco Buchmann, Golo Kronenberg, Stefan Vetter, Erich Seifritz, Birgit Kleim and Sebastian Olbrich
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080717 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 743
Abstract
Objective: This pilot case series investigated the feasibility and efficacy of an eight-week therapy program, combining nasally administered ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) with trauma-focused psychotherapy, for individuals with chronic, treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Three patients with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD underwent the eight-week [...] Read more.
Objective: This pilot case series investigated the feasibility and efficacy of an eight-week therapy program, combining nasally administered ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) with trauma-focused psychotherapy, for individuals with chronic, treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Three patients with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD underwent the eight-week therapy program. Clinical assessments included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) at baseline, post-assessment, and follow-up assessment, along with additional measures assessing other relevant symptoms and side effects. Results: The results demonstrated clinically relevant reductions in PTSD symptoms, indicated by a change in the CAPS-5 score at post-assessment (M = −18.00; SE = 6.48) and follow-up assessment (M = −25.33, SE = 5.58). Additionally, depressive symptoms showed notable improvement, with changes in HAMD scores at post-assessment (M = −8.33, SE = 3.07) and follow-up assessment (M = −9.00, SE = 3.77). Positive effects were also observed in anxiety reduction, decreased dissociations, and improvements in emotion regulation and disturbances of self-organization. Conclusions: Despite potential variations in clinical profiles among the patients, the therapy program demonstrated positive outcomes for all participants. Nasally administered ketamine was well tolerated and resulted in immediate symptom reduction in tension, anxiety, and common PTSD symptoms. However, to validate these findings and compare treatment efficacy, future randomized controlled trials are warranted, especially in comparison with trauma-focused therapy alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)
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<p>Main results. (<b>A</b>) Clinical Global Impressions Scale—Severity (CGI-S); (<b>B</b>) Clinical Global Impressions Scale—Improvement (CGI-I); (<b>C</b>) Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5); (<b>D</b>) International Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD subscale (ITQ-PTSD); (<b>E</b>) Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD); baseline = before 8-week treatment; post = after 8-week treatment; follow-up = one month after 8-week treatment.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Additional results. (<b>A</b>) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); (<b>B</b>) International Trauma Questionnaire, DSO subscale (ITQ-DSO; (<b>C</b>) Shutdown Dissociation Scale (Shut-D); (<b>D</b>) General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE); (<b>E</b>) The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, state subscale (STAI-S); (<b>F</b>) The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, trait subscale (STAI-T); baseline = before 8-week treatment; post = after 8-week treatment; follow-up = one month after 8-week treatment.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
Prevalence, Best Practice Use, and Member Engagement on School Mental Health Teams
by Katelyn Wargel-Fisk, Amy M. Kerr, Margaret D. Hall, Nicole S. Litvitskiy, Paul D. Flaspohler and Amanda L. Meyer
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080716 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 687
Abstract
School mental health (SMH) teams have been widely recommended to support multi-tiered mental health program implementation in schools. Available research suggests emerging best practices that promote effective SMH teaming and indicates the importance of having team members who are highly engaged (e.g., actively [...] Read more.
School mental health (SMH) teams have been widely recommended to support multi-tiered mental health program implementation in schools. Available research suggests emerging best practices that promote effective SMH teaming and indicates the importance of having team members who are highly engaged (e.g., actively involved, retained on the team). Despite evidence that these factors improve team functioning, there is limited knowledge of SMH team prevalence, best practice use, and factors impacting member engagement among a diverse sample of elementary schools. This study surveyed a cross-sectional sample of elementary principals (n = 314) across the United States whose schools implement multi-tiered SMH programs. Most principals (89%, n = 280) reported using teams to organize these programs. Schools in urban/suburban communities, with 300 or more students, or with specific school funding for SMH activities were more likely to have SMH teams. Only one-third of principals reported that their team members participated in related training. Other SMH team best practices were commonly reported (by two-thirds or more teams). Results of a linear regression model indicate that larger teams (six or more members) and teams with access to resources had significantly higher member engagement scores. The study’s findings provide recommendations for practice and future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supporting Student Mental Health and Learning through Effective Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Professional Workforce Preparation)
12 pages, 538 KiB  
Article
Validation of an Instrument for Detecting Problematic Internet Use in Adolescents
by Mateo Pérez-Wiesner, Kora-Mareen Bühler and Jose Antonio López-Moreno
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080715 - 15 Aug 2024
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Problematic internet use (PIU) has drawn attention due to its potentially negative consequences on individuals’ social and personal lives. At present, a consensus on diagnostic criteria for problematic internet use remains elusive, leaving uncertainty regarding its classification as a distinct mental disorder. Extensive [...] Read more.
Problematic internet use (PIU) has drawn attention due to its potentially negative consequences on individuals’ social and personal lives. At present, a consensus on diagnostic criteria for problematic internet use remains elusive, leaving uncertainty regarding its classification as a distinct mental disorder. Extensive research efforts are underway to investigate its underlying causes, risk factors, and correlated adverse consequences. Nonetheless, research on problematic internet use (PIU) frequently faces challenges due to the absence of consistent and dependable evaluation methods, with many existing assessment tools lacking a solid theoretical basis. This study introduces a novel instrument that incorporates positive emotional regulation along with negative emotional regulation, compulsive use, and cognitive preoccupation, all crucial aspects of PIU. The study involved 3054 adolescents from Madrid, Spain, and employed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to validate the instrument’s structure. The resulting four-factor model includes Positive Emotional Regulation, Negative Emotional Regulation, Compulsive Use, and Cognitive Preoccupation. The instrument demonstrates good internal consistency and an association with risk factors, as evidenced by correlations with time spent on various internet-related activities. This comprehensive tool enhances our understanding of PIU and its underlying cognitive and emotional processes and provides a valuable resource for assessing and addressing problematic internet use in adolescents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Addiction Behavior)
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<p>Schematic Representation of Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the measurement model. The numbers represent the covariances between the observable factors and the latent factor ((<b>right</b>), 0.24–0.78) and the factor loadings of the four factors ((<b>left</b>), 0.54–0.88). Emotional Regulation; Negative R.: Negative Emotional Regulation; Positive R.: Positive Emotional Regulation; Compulsive Use; Cognitive Preoccupation.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic representation of the directions between the factors resulting from the Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Model 2. The numbers represent the factor loadings. The covariance between Positive Emotional Regulation and Negative Emotional Regulation was 0.49. Insert A: Goodness-of-fit statistics. X2, Chi-Square; df, degrees of freedom; NFI (Normed Fit Index); CFI (Robust Comparative Fit Index); RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation); SRMR (Standardized Root Mean-square Residual). **: <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> Full article ">
37 pages, 989 KiB  
Review
Outcomes of Art-Based Leadership Development: A Qualitative Metasummary
by Berit Sandberg
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080714 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 635
Abstract
Art-based leadership development, grounded in experiential learning, offers a learner-centered approach to leadership training by integrating relational, aesthetic and embodied dimensions. This systematic review investigates evidence on the outcomes of art-based leadership development, addressing the critical need for empirical validation of its effectiveness. [...] Read more.
Art-based leadership development, grounded in experiential learning, offers a learner-centered approach to leadership training by integrating relational, aesthetic and embodied dimensions. This systematic review investigates evidence on the outcomes of art-based leadership development, addressing the critical need for empirical validation of its effectiveness. A qualitative metasummary was employed to review 31 empirical studies published between 2008 and 2023. The studies were sourced from databases including Business Source Complete, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. The Quality Assessment for Diverse Studies (QuADS) tool was used to assess the studies. The analysis revealed that art-based methods significantly enhance reflective and reflexive practices, higher-order cognitive skills, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal competencies. Representing leader development, art-based initiatives facilitate holistic self-discovery and transformative shifts in mindset, offering a valuable complement to conventional skill-based approaches. Despite these promising benefits, the review highlights a need for more rigorous empirical studies, particularly longitudinal and quantitative research, to substantiate the long-term effectiveness of art-based methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Leadership Development: Contributions from Theory and Research)
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<p>PRISMA flow diagram for literature search and selection.</p> Full article ">
11 pages, 376 KiB  
Article
Association between the Behavioral Activation Mechanism and Depression Severity: Focusing on Avoidance Patterns of University Students
by Koki Takagaki and Satoshi Yokoyama
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080713 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Subthreshold depression is a risk factor for depression among university students. Positive environmental reinforcement is a significant mediator of avoidance and depression in healthy university students. However, this relationship is understudied in those with subthreshold depression or depression. Therefore, this study examined these [...] Read more.
Subthreshold depression is a risk factor for depression among university students. Positive environmental reinforcement is a significant mediator of avoidance and depression in healthy university students. However, this relationship is understudied in those with subthreshold depression or depression. Therefore, this study examined these associations in healthy university students and those who fit the criteria for subthreshold depression or depression. We conducted an online survey with 1200 undergraduate students (600 women and 600 men, mean age = 20.61, SD = 1.59). The results revealed significant differences in avoidance patterns (behavioral social, behavioral nonsocial, cognitive social, and cognitive nonsocial), with participants with depression presenting the highest scores. The results of the mediation analysis were similar to those of previous studies in healthy groups. However, in the subthreshold-depression group, positive environmental reinforcement was mediated by behavioral social and behavioral non-social avoidance and depressive symptoms. In the group with depression, positive environmental reinforcement was mediated only by behavioral nonsocial avoidance and depressive symptoms. Associations between avoidance patterns, positive environmental reinforcement, and depressive symptoms vary with the degree of depressive symptoms. The results revealed by this study provide new foundational insights to prevent subthreshold depression among university students from deteriorating into depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Youth Knowledge, Behaviors and Conditions concerning Mental Health)
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<p>Hypothetical mediation model. Notes: CBAS, Cognitive–Behavioral Avoidance Scale; EROS, Environmental Reward Observation Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 1826 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Impact of Mindful Leadership on Employee Green Creativity in Manufacturing Firms: A Social Information Processing Perspective
by Baiqing Sun and Yuze Xi
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080712 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 525
Abstract
Increasingly, manufacturing enterprises are compelled to pursue innovative solutions to environmental issues. Addressing such issues requires mindful leadership to support employees and organizations in maintaining awareness during complex situations, which then promotes environmental sustainability. Drawing on social information processing theory, this study theorizes [...] Read more.
Increasingly, manufacturing enterprises are compelled to pursue innovative solutions to environmental issues. Addressing such issues requires mindful leadership to support employees and organizations in maintaining awareness during complex situations, which then promotes environmental sustainability. Drawing on social information processing theory, this study theorizes and tests the relationships between mindful leadership, employee moral reflectiveness, environmental passion, and employee green creativity. To test the model, we utilize a two-wave multisource dataset comprising 215 workers from manufacturing firms in China. The findings demonstrate that mindful leadership has a positive relationship with employee green creativity. Additionally, our research reveals that both moral reflectiveness and environmental passion serve as mediators in linking mindful leadership to employee green creativity. Crucially, our empirical analysis suggests a serial mediation model, examining the sequential role of moral reflectiveness and environmental passion in the relationship between mindful leadership and employee green creativity. The findings provide a new viewpoint on employees’ eco-friendly behaviors and have practical implications for improving environmental sustainability within organizations. Full article
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<p>Theoretical model. Note: Direct effect <span class="html-fig-inline" id="behavsci-14-00712-i001"><img alt="Behavsci 14 00712 i001" src="/behavsci/behavsci-14-00712/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00712-i001.png"/></span>; Mediation Effect 1 <span class="html-fig-inline" id="behavsci-14-00712-i002"><img alt="Behavsci 14 00712 i002" src="/behavsci/behavsci-14-00712/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00712-i002.png"/></span>; Mediation Effect 2 <span class="html-fig-inline" id="behavsci-14-00712-i003"><img alt="Behavsci 14 00712 i003" src="/behavsci/behavsci-14-00712/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00712-i003.png"/></span>; Mediation Effect 3 <span class="html-fig-inline" id="behavsci-14-00712-i004"><img alt="Behavsci 14 00712 i004" src="/behavsci/behavsci-14-00712/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00712-i004.png"/></span>.</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 970 KiB  
Article
Testing the Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training on an At-Risk Student Population
by Eugene H. Wong, Kevin P. Rosales and Lisa Looney
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080711 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 641
Abstract
Core constructs such as working memory, task switching, and processing speed in cognitive psychology research have prominent predictive roles in K12 students’ academic performance. Specifically, considerable empirical work shows that variability in such capabilities is linked to differences in numerous academic outcomes. Moreover, [...] Read more.
Core constructs such as working memory, task switching, and processing speed in cognitive psychology research have prominent predictive roles in K12 students’ academic performance. Specifically, considerable empirical work shows that variability in such capabilities is linked to differences in numerous academic outcomes. Moreover, there is an increasing awareness and acceptance of the malleability of cognitive abilities. Thus, an emerging strand of research focuses on the use of computerized cognitive training to improve cognitive skills. This project addresses this issue with high-risk students attending community day schools. An in-school cognitive training program implemented (for 30 min per day) at each school site resulted in improvements for working memory, task switching, and processing speed after six total hours of participation. The current results provide evidence for the changeability of what were once thought to be static skills. Equally important, this study highlights the effectiveness of computerized cognitive training and critically extends intervention-based work to a student group that has received little attention. Implications of this work for cognitive research and educational support programs are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
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<p>Pretest to post-test differences of WM as function of game condition after 6 h of training. Bars represent the 95% CI.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Pretest and post-test scores of TS across game conditions after 6 h of CCT. Bars represent the 95% CI.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Pretest and post-test scores of Coding across game conditions after 6 h of CCT. Bars represent the 95% CI.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Pretest and post-test scores of Symbol Search across game conditions after 6 h of CCT. Bars represent the 95% CI.</p> Full article ">
11 pages, 217 KiB  
Review
First- and Second-Generation Psychological Theories of Suicidal Behaviour
by Elif Yöyen and Merve Keleş
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080710 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 559
Abstract
Suicidal behaviour is defined as taking actions with the intention of killing oneself and thinking of performing these actions. Suicide is a serious public health problem with complex biological, social and psychological risk factors and a multidimensional clinical appearance, occurring all over the [...] Read more.
Suicidal behaviour is defined as taking actions with the intention of killing oneself and thinking of performing these actions. Suicide is a serious public health problem with complex biological, social and psychological risk factors and a multidimensional clinical appearance, occurring all over the world and ranking among the leading causes of death. In this study, psychological approaches explaining suicide were evaluated under the headings of first-generation and second-generation suicide theories, the different aspects of these theories were put forward, and previously published studies and recent evidence were reviewed. A literature review on the theoretical foundations of suicide is presented. First-generation suicide theories were developed before the 2000s and second-generation suicide theories were developed after the 2000s. While Psychodynamic Theory, Social Learning Theory, Hopelessness Theory, Shneidman’s Suicide Theory and Escape Theory are included under the title of first-generation suicide theories, Interpersonal Psychological Suicide Theory, Three Stage Suicide Theory, Complementary Motivational-Demotivational Theory and Variable Predisposition Theory are examined as second-generation suicide theories. The approaches of the theories provide important evidence in understanding suicidal behaviour and recognising various risk factors in the transition from suicidal ideation to suicidal action. Controlling the risk factors may contribute both in terms of preventive community mental health and in the development of health policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk Assessment, Management and Prevention in Adolescents)
17 pages, 756 KiB  
Article
Emotional Regulation, Coping, and Resilience in Informal Caregivers: A Network Analysis Approach
by Anna Panzeri, Gioia Bottesi, Marta Ghisi, Cecilia Scalavicci, Andrea Spoto and Giulio Vidotto
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080709 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 691
Abstract
Public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic can further strain the mental health of informal caregivers who provide unpaid assistance to family members or friends who need support due to illness, disability, or aging. However, there is a lack of research exploring [...] Read more.
Public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic can further strain the mental health of informal caregivers who provide unpaid assistance to family members or friends who need support due to illness, disability, or aging. However, there is a lack of research exploring the resources and adaptive strategies that promote resilience in informal caregivers. This cross-sectional study used psychometric network analysis to model the interplay between coping strategies, emotion regulation, trait resilience, and anxiety and depression symptoms in 351 Italian informal caregivers. The results showed that coping through a positive attitude, emotional reappraisal, and trait resilience were the most central and interconnected nodes in the network. These adaptive strategies buffered against the negative impact of anxiety and depression symptoms, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying resilience and well-being in informal caregivers. Clinically, it is crucial to assess and foster these resilience-promoting factors (positive attitude coping, cognitive reappraisal, and trait resilience) to help mitigate the mental health challenges faced by informal caregivers, especially in the context of public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional Well-Being and Coping Strategies during the COVID-19 Crisis)
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<p>Heatmap of Pearson’s zero-order correlations between variables in the network. Note: ERQ = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; COPE = Coping Orientations to Problem Experienced-Nuova Versione Italiana. * = <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.05, ** = <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.01, *** = <span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.001.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Plot of the EBIC-GLASSO network structure in informal caregivers. Note: ERQ = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; COPE = Coping Orientations to Problem Experienced-Nuova Versione Italiana. ERQ Reapp. = ERQ Reappraisal; ERQ Suppr. = ERQ Suppression; COPE Avoid. = COPE Avoidant; COPE Trasc. = COPE Transcendental; COPE Pos. Att. = COPE Positive Attitude; COPE Soc. Supp. = COPE Social Support; COPE Prob. Or. = COPE Problem Orientation; Res. = Resilience; Anx. = anxiety symptoms; Dep. = depression symptoms.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Plot of standardized centrality indices.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 2541 KiB  
Article
Capturing the Heterogeneity of Word Learners by Analyzing Persons
by Ian T. Jones, Sarah C. Kucker, Lynn K. Perry and James W. Grice
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080708 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 677
Abstract
Accurately capturing children’s word learning abilities is critical for advancing our understanding of language development. Researchers have demonstrated that utilizing more complex statistical methods, such as mixed-effects regression and hierarchical linear modeling, can lead to a more complete understanding of the variability observed [...] Read more.
Accurately capturing children’s word learning abilities is critical for advancing our understanding of language development. Researchers have demonstrated that utilizing more complex statistical methods, such as mixed-effects regression and hierarchical linear modeling, can lead to a more complete understanding of the variability observed within children’s word learning abilities. In the current paper, we demonstrate how a person-centered approach to data analysis can provide additional insights into the heterogeneity of word learning ability among children while also aiding researchers’ efforts to draw individual-level conclusions. Using previously published data with 32 typically developing and 32 late-talking infants who completed a novel noun generalization (NNG) task to assess word learning biases (i.e., shape and material biases), we compare this person-centered method to three traditional statistical approaches: (1) a t-test against chance, (2) an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and (3) a mixed-effects regression. With each comparison, we present a novel question raised by the person-centered approach and show how results from the corresponding analyses can lead to greater nuance in our understanding of children’s word learning capabilities. Person-centered methods, then, are shown to be valuable tools that should be added to the growing body of sophisticated statistical procedures used by modern researchers. Full article
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<p>Novel noun generalization exemplars.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Responses for typically developing case #18. Note: Expected (gray cells) and observed (cells marked with a 1) patterns for case #18, a TD child.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Responses for typically developing case #25. Note: Expected (gray cells) and observed (cells marked with a 1) patterns for case #25, a TD child.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Person-centered shape choice results by talking status. Note: Group-level PCCs for TD and LT children are reported as bars. Each circle represents one of the 32 TD children, and each square represents one of the 32 LT children. The dashed line represents the median shape choice percentage (PCC<span class="html-italic"><sub>mdn</sub></span> = 65.48%) across all 64 children. The error bars represent the standard deviations of the 10,000-iteration randomized PCCs for each trial and group.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Person-centered shape choice results between talking status and shape residuals. Note: Bars represent the group-level shape choice PCCs for the typically developing (TD) and late-talking (LT) children below, approximately equal to, and above expected shape residual scores. Each circle represents a TD child, and each square represents an LT child. The dashed line represents the median shape choice percentage (PCC<span class="html-italic"><sub>mdn</sub></span> = 65.48%) across all 64 children. The error bars represent the standard deviations of the 10,000-iteration randomized PCCs for each trial and group.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Typically developing and late-talking children’s shape choice PCCs by item. Note: Novel noun generalization PCCs for TD and LT children. Circles represent TD children, whereas squares represent LT children. The dashed line represents the median shape choice percentage (PCC<span class="html-italic"><sub>mdn</sub></span> = 65.48%) across all 64 children. The error bars represent the standard deviations of the 10,000-iteration randomized PCCs for each trial and group.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 308 KiB  
Article
Emotional Reactions of Professionals to Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability
by Juliana Reyes-Martín, David Simó-Pinatella and Ana Andrés
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080707 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 698
Abstract
Professionals working with people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) can be exposed to challenging behaviors (CBs), which may result in professionals exhibiting emotional reactions that can impact their practices. This study examined these reactions and analyzed how they are influenced by the [...] Read more.
Professionals working with people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) can be exposed to challenging behaviors (CBs), which may result in professionals exhibiting emotional reactions that can impact their practices. This study examined these reactions and analyzed how they are influenced by the individual characteristics of people with IDD (gender, age, and level of IDD) and the variables related to CB (type of behavior and its frequency and behavioral function). A total of 125 professionals assessed 293 people with IDD who exhibited CBs. The professionals were asked to complete the Behavior Problems Inventory—Short Form, the Emotional Reactions to Challenging Behavior Scale, and the Questions About Behavior Function measure. It was revealed that positive emotional reactions predominated over negative ones. Significant results were found regarding the level of disability and the age of people with IDD. Emotional reactions were related to the severity of CBs, especially self-injurious and aggressive/destructive behavior, as well as certain behavioral functions. The severity of CBs and the age of people with IDD emerge as key predictors of the emotional reactions of professionals. In short, these reactions vary according to different variables, highlighting the importance of interventions that address professionals’ emotional needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Employee Quality of Life, Well-Being and Wellness: A Pathway to Organizational Performance, Efficiency, and Sustainability)
12 pages, 697 KiB  
Article
The Sexual Double Standard toward Non-Heterosexual Populations: Evaluations of Sexually Active Gay Men and Lesbian Women
by Michael Marks and Serina Padgett
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080706 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 768
Abstract
We examined the sexual double standard (SDS) toward sexually active gay men and lesbian women and the role that participants’ masculinity and femininity played in their evaluations. We hypothesized that there would be a reverse SDS in which highly sexually active lesbian women [...] Read more.
We examined the sexual double standard (SDS) toward sexually active gay men and lesbian women and the role that participants’ masculinity and femininity played in their evaluations. We hypothesized that there would be a reverse SDS in which highly sexually active lesbian women would be evaluated positively and highly sexually active gay men negatively, with both being evaluated more negatively than less sexually active gay men and lesbians. We also hypothesized that masculinity would moderate this effect, with participant masculinity being positively related to stronger negative evaluations of highly sexually active gay targets and more positive evaluations of highly sexually active lesbian targets. Results indicate a weak SDS in the areas of likability and morality, with highly sexually active lesbians being liked by masculine participants the most and highly sexually active gay men being rated as the least moral. The SDS appears to be influenced by expectations of gender roles and may be reversed for gay men and lesbian women because of these expectations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual Double Standard: Prejudice in Gender and Sexual Orientation)
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<p>Likability ratings of target persons based on participant masculinity, target sex, and number of partners. Note: <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 157.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Morality ratings of the target persons based on the target sex and number of partners. Note: <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 157.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 1015 KiB  
Article
Effects of Authentic Leadership on Intrapreneurial Behaviour: A Study in the Service Sector of Southern Spain
by Alejandro González-Cánovas, Alejandra Trillo, María Magdalena Jiménez-Barrionuevo and Francisco D. Bretones
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080705 - 12 Aug 2024
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Employees currently face an increasingly demanding environment in terms of intrapreneurial behaviour due to the key role it plays in the survival of companies and the elimination of threats in the organisational environment. This paper investigates the antecedents of intrapreneurial behaviour in the [...] Read more.
Employees currently face an increasingly demanding environment in terms of intrapreneurial behaviour due to the key role it plays in the survival of companies and the elimination of threats in the organisational environment. This paper investigates the antecedents of intrapreneurial behaviour in the service sector in southern Spain, analysing the relationships between it and authentic leadership, as well as the mediating role of practiced creativity, autonomy and meaningful work. This study uses a quantitative approach through the distribution of a questionnaire. A total of 333 employees completed the research questionnaire. The results show that although authentic leadership has a significant negative direct effect on intrapreneurial behaviour, it positively and significantly promotes it through practiced creativity and meaningful work. In contrast to the previous two mediations, the mediation of autonomy was not significant. This research provides empirical findings that can contribute to a better understanding of intrapreneurial behaviour by highlighting the importance of balanced, authentic leadership and offering guidance to organisations in designing a work climate that enhances organisational effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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<p>Research model..</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Structural model. *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.001.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Youth Perspectives of Neglect Signs and Help-Seeking
by Ayala Cohen, Ibtisam Marey-Sarwan and Daphna Gross Manos
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080704 - 12 Aug 2024
Viewed by 672
Abstract
Child neglect, recognized as the most prevalent form of child maltreatment with profound repercussions on children’s development, has received limited scholarly attention compared to abuse. The current study addresses this shortfall with a qualitative research investigation involving 10 multicultural focus groups of youths [...] Read more.
Child neglect, recognized as the most prevalent form of child maltreatment with profound repercussions on children’s development, has received limited scholarly attention compared to abuse. The current study addresses this shortfall with a qualitative research investigation involving 10 multicultural focus groups of youths aged 12 to 15. The research examined how young individuals identify signs of child neglect and discern whether formal and informal sources of assistance may be relied upon to assist in addressing this issue. Through qualitative–thematic analysis, three primary themes emerged: (1) Characteristics of neglected children, (2) challenges in identifying child neglect, and (3) official and unofficial sources to appeal for assistance when child neglect is identified. This study’s insights concern peers’ recognition of signs indicating neglect in children and their perspectives on potential assistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Neglect and Abuse: Identification and Help-Seeking from Various Perspectives)
13 pages, 475 KiB  
Article
Mate Choice Plurality, Choice Overload, and Singlehood: Are More Options Always Better?
by Menelaos Apostolou, Loukia Constantinidou and Antonios Kagialis
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080703 - 12 Aug 2024
Viewed by 996
Abstract
A lack of options can make it challenging for individuals to find a desirable intimate partner. Conversely, an abundance of choices might lead to mate choice overload, making it difficult to determine the most suitable match. Additionally, having numerous alternatives after entering a [...] Read more.
A lack of options can make it challenging for individuals to find a desirable intimate partner. Conversely, an abundance of choices might lead to mate choice overload, making it difficult to determine the most suitable match. Additionally, having numerous alternatives after entering a relationship could undermine its stability by decreasing satisfaction with the current partner. The present research aimed to examine the effects of mate choice plurality on singlehood status and the willingness to stay in a relationship within the Greek cultural context. Specifically, we employed closed-ended questionnaires, which included instruments developed using AI, with a sample of 804 Greek-speaking participants. We found that participants who perceived they had a wider range of potential romantic partners reported a lower likelihood of being single. Furthermore, more perceived mate choices were associated with fewer years spent as single. However, mate choice plurality was also linked to higher choice overload, which, in turn, increased the likelihood of being single rather than in an intimate relationship. Moreover, more perceived mate choices were associated with more regrets about being in the current relationship. These regrets were linked to lower relationship satisfaction and ultimately contributed to a decreased willingness to stay in the relationship. Notably, this indirect effect was significant only for male participants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychology of Mate Choice, Romantic Relationships and Sexuality)
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<p>The figure above depicts the direct and indirect effect of mate choice plurality on relationship status.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The figure above depicts the different pathways that mate choice plurality can affect one’s willingness to continue the current intimate relationship.</p> Full article ">
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