Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?
<p>Choline and its individual metabolites in the body and in human nutrition. Graph shows that choline is both substrate for de novo PC synthesis as well as—via betaine—a source of methyl groups/one-carbon units for methionine formation and methylations including endogenous (phosphatidyl)choline (PC) formation. Abbreviations: CDP—choline, cytidylyldiphosphocholine; CH<sub>3</sub>-FolH<sub>4</sub>, methyltetrahydrofolic acid; DMG—dimethylglycine; FolH<sub>4</sub>, tetrahydrofolic acid; GPC—glycerophosphocholine; HCy—homocysteine; Lyso-PC—lysophosphatidylcholine; Meth, methionine; PC—phosphatidylcholine; P’choline, phosphocholine; PE—phosphatidylethanolamine; SAHCy, S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAM—S-adenosylmethionine.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Daily Intake of Total Choline by Infants at Full Feeds. Products are grouped according to the target groups as “Formula for Preterm Infants” below or above 1800 g body weight (b.w.), “Formula for Term Infants”, and “Breast Milk Fortifiers” for preterm infants. Individual product numbering is indicated in <a href="#nutrients-12-03815-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Data are mean and standard deviations of breast milk from 21 mothers of preterm infants and a convenience sample of formulae from different producers. No standard deviation is provided if there was only one sample, several samples of a single batch, or less than three different batched available for analysis.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Molar Composition of Preterm Infant Breast Milk. (<b>A</b>) Medians and interquartile ranges, and (<b>B</b>) Individual components containing a choline moiety in formula/fortifiers compared to breast milk. For details, see the legend to <a href="#nutrients-12-03815-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>. Individual product numbering is indicated in <a href="#nutrients-12-03815-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Abbreviations: GPC—glycerophosphocholine; PC—phosphatidylcholine; Lyso PC—lyso-phosphatidylcholine; SPH—sphingomyelin.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Daily Intake of Choline Derivatives containing a Trimethylated Nitrogen Group. Betaine is a metabolite derived from choline, whereas carnitine requires choline/betaine-derived activated methyl groups for synthesis. For details, see the legend to <a href="#nutrients-12-03815-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>. Individual product numbering is indicated in <a href="#nutrients-12-03815-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Data are expressed as intake at full feeds. For details, see the legend to <a href="#nutrients-12-03815-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Sample Acquisition
2.3. Sample Extraction
2.4. Analysis of Choline, Water Soluble Choline Metabolites and Phospholipids
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Full Formula for Preterm Infants below 1800 g Birth Weight | |
1 | BEBA Frühgeborenennahrung Stufe 1-2011–2012 | Ready to use |
2 | BEBA Frühgeborenennahrung Stufe 1-2020 | Ready to use |
3 | BEBA Frühgeborenennahrung Stufe 1 PRO HA-2015 | Ready to use |
4 | Aptamil PREMATIL-2020 | Ready to use |
5 | Aptamil PREMATIL HA-2020 | Ready to use |
6 | Aptamil Prematil HA-2015 | Ready to use |
7 | Humana 0-VLB-2015 | Ready to use |
8 | Humana 0 medical-2015 | Ready to use |
9 | Humana 0-VLB-2020 | Ready to use |
Full Formula for Preterm Infants above 1800 g Birth Weight | ||
10 | BEBA Frühgeborenennahrung Stufe 2-2011–2012 | Ready to use |
11 | BEBA Frühgeborenennahrung Stufe 2 PRO HA-2015 | Ready to use |
12 | Aptamil PDF-2016 | Ready to use |
13 | Aptamil PDF-2020 | Ready to use |
14 | Humana 0-2020 | Ready to use |
15 | Humana 0-HA-2020 | Ready to use |
Full Formula for Term Infants above 2500 g Birth Weight | ||
16 | BEBA HA Start PRE-2011 | Ready to use |
17 | BEBA HA PRE PRO HA-2015 | Ready to use |
18 | BEBA SUPREME PRE-2020 | Ready to use |
19 | Aptamil PRE-2011 | Ready to use |
20 | Aptamil PRE-2015 | Ready to use |
21 | Aptamil PRE-2020 | Ready to use |
22 | Aptamil GOS/FOS HA Pre-2015 | Ready to use |
23 | Humana Anfangsmilch PRE-2019 | Ready to use |
Breast Milk Fortifiers for Preterm Infants | ||
24 | BEBA FM 85-2016 | 5.0% dilution in water |
25 | Nestlé Study B.M.S. | 5.0% dilution in water |
26 | BEBA FM 85-2019 | 4.0% dilution in water |
27 | Aptamil FMS-2016 | 4.4% dilution in water |
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Shunova, A.; Böckmann, K.A.; Minarski, M.; Franz, A.R.; Wiechers, C.; Poets, C.F.; Bernhard, W. Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies? Nutrients 2020, 12, 3815. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123815
Shunova A, Böckmann KA, Minarski M, Franz AR, Wiechers C, Poets CF, Bernhard W. Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies? Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3815. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123815
Chicago/Turabian StyleShunova, Anna, Katrin A. Böckmann, Michaela Minarski, Axel R. Franz, Cornelia Wiechers, Christian F. Poets, and Wolfgang Bernhard. 2020. "Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3815. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123815