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Volume 16
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Sustainability, Volume 16, Issue 18 (September-2 2024) – 406 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Contaminants from routine airport maintenance are increasingly polluting the soil and water through runoff. Effective tools are essential for monitoring and managing the stormwater at airports and in coastal areas. Developing methodologies to determine the contaminants and assess the toxicity in airport stormwater is crucial for accurate environmental assessments. This manuscript presents the recent advancements, including green analytical techniques, for detecting pollutants in airport runoff and assessing stormwater toxicity. An integrated chemical and ecotoxicological approach will enable precise risk assessments and informed decision-making for sustainable airport operations. The review highlights the innovations in remediation and waste minimization strategies, focusing on nature-based solutions aligned with the 2030 Agenda's sustainable development goals. View this paper

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26 pages, 329 KiB  
Article
AI and Human-Centric Approach in Smart Cities Management: Case Studies from Silesian and Lesser Poland Voivodships
by Ida Skubis, Radosław Wolniak and Wiesław Wes Grebski
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8279; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188279 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3478
Abstract
The presented paper examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the management of smart cities, focusing on the Silesian and Lesser Poland Voivodships in Poland. This research addresses a notable gap in the analysis of regional AI strategies within urban management, providing [...] Read more.
The presented paper examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the management of smart cities, focusing on the Silesian and Lesser Poland Voivodships in Poland. This research addresses a notable gap in the analysis of regional AI strategies within urban management, providing a comparative analysis of AI implementation in these two distinct regions. The Silesian Voivodship, with its emphasis on traditional industries such as manufacturing and energy, contrasts with the broader approach of the Lesser Poland Voivodship, which includes applications in life sciences and ICT. The paper explores how AI technologies enhance urban efficiency, sustainability, and livability through practical applications in traffic management, healthcare, energy efficiency, and environmental management. It highlights the importance of a human-centric approach in smart city development, emphasizing inclusivity, transparency, and ethical considerations. The paper also delves into the socio-technical dynamics of AI deployment, illustrating how these technologies can transform urban environments while ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed and that urban developments are sustainable and resilient. By analyzing specific case studies, the authors aim to provide empirical evidence and insights that contribute to the academic and practical understanding of AI’s role in smart cities, ultimately advocating for the design of AI applications that prioritize human well-being and environmental health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Products and Services)
19 pages, 2968 KiB  
Systematic Review
Teleworking and Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review on Health Effects and Preventive Measures
by David Shaholli, Maria Vittoria Manai, Francesco Iantorno, Luca Di Giampaolo, Hector Alberto Nieto, Emilio Greco, Giuseppe La Torre and Simone De Sio
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8278; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188278 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7544
Abstract
Background: In the aftermath of the Coronavirus pandemic and the resulting lockdown and social distancing policies, a new form of work, already existing in the past, has been further enlarged. Teleworking is “full- or part-time electronic work, on-line or off-line, performed at home [...] Read more.
Background: In the aftermath of the Coronavirus pandemic and the resulting lockdown and social distancing policies, a new form of work, already existing in the past, has been further enlarged. Teleworking is “full- or part-time electronic work, on-line or off-line, performed at home by self-employed or office workers” and today represents an important lever for companies, including for sustainability, allowing employees to work flexibly, efficiently and remotely. The relationship between telework and sustainability in economic, social, and environmental aspects is also being questioned. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effects this has had on workers’ mental health. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed. The research was performed on Pubmed and Scopus without restrictions on study type and time limits. The methodological quality of the studies included was assessed using AMSTAR-2, INSA and NOS scales. A meta-analysis of the main adverse effects found in observational studies was also carried out. Results: A total of 38 articles were included in the systematic review. A large proportion of the studies examined showed a correlation between teleworking and worsening mental health. The meta-analysis showed increased levels of mental ill-health (38.8%), stress (28.4%), isolation (6.3%), anxiety (23%), depression (22.6%), work–family conflicts (19.5%), poor sleep quality (56.4%), fatigue (16.1%) and irritability (39.6%). Conclusions: Although most of the works analyzed show a deterioration in the mental health of workers, positive effects were noted in some. There is the need for more studies to optimally investigate the cause–effect relationship between teleworking and mental health deterioration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Employment: Occupational Environment Exposure and Its Effects on Workers' Health)
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<p>PRISMA flow diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Psychological discomfort (%) [<a href="#B1-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B17-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B32-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B43-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">43</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Stress (%) [<a href="#B1-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B12-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B23-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B27-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B32-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B41-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">41</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Anxiety (%) [<a href="#B18-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B22-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B27-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B30-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Depression (%) [<a href="#B12-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B18-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B23-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B27-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B30-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Work–family conflict (%) [<a href="#B19-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B44-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Isolation (%) [<a href="#B1-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B23-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B32-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B38-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">39</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Irritability (%) [<a href="#B38-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B44-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Fatigue (%) [<a href="#B22-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B44-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Poor sleep quality [<a href="#B30-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B32-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B38-sustainability-16-08278" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> Full article ">
23 pages, 641 KiB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Crop Yield Estimation Based on Sentinel-2 Data: A Comprehensive Survey
by Muhammet Fatih Aslan, Kadir Sabanci and Busra Aslan
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8277; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188277 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9564
Abstract
This review explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Sentinel-2 satellite data in the context of precision agriculture, specifically for crop yield estimation. The rapid advancements in remote sensing technology, particularly through Sentinel-2’s high-resolution multispectral imagery, have transformed agricultural monitoring by providing [...] Read more.
This review explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Sentinel-2 satellite data in the context of precision agriculture, specifically for crop yield estimation. The rapid advancements in remote sensing technology, particularly through Sentinel-2’s high-resolution multispectral imagery, have transformed agricultural monitoring by providing critical data on plant health, soil moisture, and growth patterns. By leveraging Vegetation Indices (VIs) derived from these images, AI algorithms, including Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models, can now predict crop yields with high accuracy. This paper reviews studies from the past five years that utilize Sentinel-2 and AI techniques to estimate yields for crops like wheat, maize, rice, and others. Various AI approaches are discussed, including Random Forests, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and ensemble methods, all contributing to refined yield forecasts. The review identifies a notable gap in the standardization of methodologies, with researchers using different VIs and AI techniques for similar crops, leading to varied results. As such, this study emphasizes the need for comprehensive comparisons and more consistent methodologies in future research. The work underscores the significant role of Sentinel-2 and AI in advancing precision agriculture, offering valuable insights for future studies that aim to enhance sustainability and efficiency in crop management through advanced predictive models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development: Role of Geospatial Modeling, AI and Remote Sensing)
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<p>Number of Sentinel-2 related studies in WOS by year.</p> Full article ">
24 pages, 1087 KiB  
Article
The Impact of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on Customers’ Perceptions and Loyalty in the Banking Sector: A Multi-Mediation Approach
by Hussin Elansari, Ahmad Alzubi and Amir Khadem
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8276; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188276 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2752
Abstract
The pursuit of sustainable development has become a global priority, with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) serving as a comprehensive framework for addressing various social, economic, and environmental challenges. Employing the stimulus–organization–response (SOR) model, this study examines the impact of [...] Read more.
The pursuit of sustainable development has become a global priority, with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) serving as a comprehensive framework for addressing various social, economic, and environmental challenges. Employing the stimulus–organization–response (SOR) model, this study examines the impact of customer’s perceptions of the firm’s compliance with the SDGs on customers’ perceptions and loyalty through the mediation roles of image, trust, and reputation in the customer’s evaluation of the firm in the banking sector in Turkey. To achieve these objectives, a quantitative research approach was used, and 455 valid responses were collected from retail banking customers through an online survey. Data from the study were statistically analyzed using partial least-squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal significant positive relationships between SDG implementation and customers’ perceptions of banking institutions’ image, trust, and reputation. Furthermore, favorable image, trust, and favorable reputation are found to positively influence customer loyalty in the banking sector. The mediation analyses confirm that each of the mediating variables partially mediates the relationships between SDG implementation and customer loyalty, underscoring the significance of these intermediate variables in shaping customers’ loyalty behaviors. This research contributes to both theoretical and practical domains by providing insights into the role of SDG implementation in enhancing customer perceptions and loyalty in the banking sector. Managerial implications are discussed, and recommendations are provided for banking institutions seeking to leverage the SDGs to strengthen customer relationships and achieve sustainable growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection SDGs in the Age of New Industrial Revolutions—Impacts, Trends, and Issues beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic)
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<p>Research model.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Structural model.</p> Full article ">
28 pages, 12654 KiB  
Article
Ground Surface Effect of Earth Pressure Balance Tunnelling in Deltaic Deposits: A Case Study of Line 9 of the Barcelona Metro
by Maria Teresa Yubero and E. Bonet
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188275 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1196
Abstract
The 47.8 km long Line 9 of the Barcelona Metro is one of Europe’s longest urban metro lines. Its southern section connects the city to the airport, being entirely excavated through soft deltaic deposits, promoting more sustainable mobility by reducing significant road traffic. [...] Read more.
The 47.8 km long Line 9 of the Barcelona Metro is one of Europe’s longest urban metro lines. Its southern section connects the city to the airport, being entirely excavated through soft deltaic deposits, promoting more sustainable mobility by reducing significant road traffic. This study identifies the most accurate method for predicting surface settlements caused by tunnel excavation using ground movement monitoring data. Several methodologies were assessed, with the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Relative Error (MRE) calculated to evaluate their performances. The methods considered were Peck’s Gaussian curve method, Sagaseta’s method, and Verruijt and Booker’s method, with MAE values of 0.66 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.48 mm and MRE values of 49%, 45%, and 36%, respectively. Verruijt and Booker’s method proved the most effective for predicting settlement, minimising surface impacts, improving building sustainability, and reducing environmental contamination from chemical injections. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted by comparing the monitoring data from Line 9 with data from 45 other tunnels excavated worldwide in deltaic soils. This analysis aimed to develop rapid predictive models applicable to different locations. The methodologies proposed for estimating ground settlements relied on specific parameters, particularly the K value, which was consistent across all deltaic soil locations, with values ranging from 0.45 to 0.55. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Chemical Engineering and Technology)
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<p>Line 9 and Line 10 layouts of Barcelona Metro.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Location of Section 1 between Terminal entre Pistes station and Parc Logistic station of Line 9 route.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Progress on Section 1 excavation between Mas Blau and Parc Logistic stations on Line 9.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Progress on Section 1 between Mas Blau and Terminal entre Pistes stations on Line 9.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Seating control systems through applied pressures (Paymacotas, 2008) [<a href="#B32-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Bentonite and grout injections into the shield and tail.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Sketch of geological profile along the tunnel route of Contract T1.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Surface and subsurface greenfield for the Control Section of Line 9 tunnel alignment: Section 4000.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Ground vertical movement versus face distance at pK 4150 (3945 excavated meters) and settlement components.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Ground vertical movement versus face distance at pK 4150 (3945 excavated meters) and settlement components of settlement values.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Layout plan of Section 1D (Mas Blau–Aeroport del Prat) and locations of the transverse settlement troughs.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Locations of transverse settlement troughs in subsections T1A, T1B, T1E, and T1C.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Continuation of the locations of the transverse settlement troughs in the T1C subsection.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Settlement trough chainage of 4150. Short term ground vertical movement.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Settlement trough chainage of 4150. Long term ground vertical movement.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Relationship between % clayey material in the excavation and parameter <span class="html-italic">K</span>.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Example of short term settlement troughs, Gaussian curve proposed by Peck [<a href="#B22-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">22</a>] and solutions proposed by Sagaseta [<a href="#B47-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">48</a>], as well as by Verruijt and Booker [<a href="#B49-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">49</a>] and Sagaseta [<a href="#B51-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. Particular case of Section T1D PK 4150.</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Example of long term settlement troughs, Gaussian curve proposed by Peck [<a href="#B22-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">22</a>] and solutions proposed by Sagaseta [<a href="#B47-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">48</a>], as well as by Verruijt and Booker [<a href="#B49-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">49</a>] and Sagaseta [<a href="#B51-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. Particular case of Section T1D PK 4150.</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>(<b>a</b>) Values of short term settlement troughs and (<b>b</b>) values of long-term settlement troughs with Gaussian distribution by Peck [<a href="#B22-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">22</a>], Sagaseta [<a href="#B47-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">48</a>], and Verruijt and Booker [<a href="#B49-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">49</a>] and Sagaseta [<a href="#B51-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 20
<p>(<b>a</b>) Values of short term volume loss and (<b>b</b>) values of long-term volume loss with Gaussian distribution by Peck [<a href="#B22-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">22</a>], Sagaseta [<a href="#B47-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">48</a>], and Verruijt and Booker [<a href="#B49-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">49</a>] and Sagaseta [<a href="#B51-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Relationship between <span class="html-italic">K</span> parameters and total ground volume loss during soft-ground tunnel construction. Hsiung [<a href="#B59-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">59</a>], the high-speed CH218 project excavation, Moh [<a href="#B55-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">55</a>], the CA450A project, Gui [<a href="#B6-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">6</a>] in Taipei (Taiwan), Channel Tunnel Rail Link, Wongsaroj [<a href="#B17-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">17</a>], Qiantan River, Lin [<a href="#B60-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">60</a>] in China, and Milan Metro Line, Fargnoli [<a href="#B5-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Variation of surface transverse settlement trough width (<span class="html-italic">i</span>) with depth (<span class="html-italic">z</span><sub>0</sub>) for different soft-ground tunnels, MRTA_Single Tunnel and MRTA_Twin Tunnel, Phiwnwej [<a href="#B3-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">3</a>], Tunnel Line 1, Antiga y Chiorboli [<a href="#B4-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">4</a>], Cairo Line 2 project, Hanza [<a href="#B63-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">63</a>] and Section 1 of Line 9, in relation to O’Reilly and New’s parameters [<a href="#B46-sustainability-16-08275" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> Full article ">
27 pages, 1098 KiB  
Article
The Nonlinear Effects of Digital Finance on Corporate ESG Performance: Evidence from China
by Qingmin Yin, Nan Su and Chenhui Ding
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8274; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188274 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2846
Abstract
Digital finance enhances corporate ESG performance and is essential for achieving sustainable development; however, its consistent effectiveness in improving ESG outcomes remains contested. Using panel data from A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges in China from 2011 to 2021, [...] Read more.
Digital finance enhances corporate ESG performance and is essential for achieving sustainable development; however, its consistent effectiveness in improving ESG outcomes remains contested. Using panel data from A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges in China from 2011 to 2021, this study empirically examines nonlinear effects, transmission mechanisms, and moderating factors. The results indicate a U-shaped relationship between digital finance and ESG performance, with a positive impact becoming apparent when digital finance exceeds the threshold of 3.81. Mechanism tests reveal that green technological innovation and public environmental attention are crucial transmission channels for the nonlinear effects. Furthermore, financial regulation levels and environmental uncertainty negatively moderate this relationship, while corporate digital transformation has a positive moderating effect. Further analysis shows that the U-shaped relationship is more pronounced in areas with lesser financial advancement and higher levels of environmental regulation, as well as in non-high-tech industries, non-manufacturing sectors, smaller firms, and companies without political connections. This study provides empirical evidence and policy insights to support the promotion of financial services that better facilitate corporate sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
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<p>Research framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Direct influence analysis diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mediation mechanism analysis diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Regulatory mechanism analysis diagram.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
A Qualitative Study of the Experiences and Perceptions of Korean Undergraduates Regarding Two-Stage Examinations
by Hyewon Jang, Junaid Rashid and Joohee Lee
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8273; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188273 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1232
Abstract
Researchers have recognized collaborative problem-solving as a key competency for addressing sustainability challenges through creative and holistic approaches. Nevertheless, transforming traditional individual assessments into collaborative examinations to improve collaborative problem-solving is challenging. This study examines the experiences and perceptions of Korean undergraduates regarding [...] Read more.
Researchers have recognized collaborative problem-solving as a key competency for addressing sustainability challenges through creative and holistic approaches. Nevertheless, transforming traditional individual assessments into collaborative examinations to improve collaborative problem-solving is challenging. This study examines the experiences and perceptions of Korean undergraduates regarding two-stage examinations comprising individual and team components. Semi-structured interviews with nine students yielded results in eighteen subthemes categorized into four themes: process, positive aspects, negative aspects, and action items for support. Participants experienced a dynamic, collaborative problem-solving process through two-stage examinations; reported positive aspects, such as improved grades, learning opportunities, immediate feedback, and reduced test anxiety; and negative aspects, such as the burden of teamwork. As the first qualitative study of students’ perceptions of two-stage exams, this research explores transformative assessment practices that enhance collaborative problem-solving skills crucial for addressing global sustainability challenges. Furthermore, to promote collaborative assessments, this study discusses implications for educators planning to use two-stage examinations and offers suggestions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)
19 pages, 2823 KiB  
Article
Multi-Period Optimal Transmission Switching with Voltage Stability and Security Constraints by the Minimum Number of Actions
by Mei Zhang, Lei Wang, Jiantao Liu, Xiaofan Deng and Ke Wu
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8272; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188272 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 991
Abstract
Due to the ever-growing load demand and the deregulation of the electricity market, power systems often run near the stability boundaries, which deteriorates system voltage stability and raises voltage issues for the stable operations of power systems. Transmission switching (TS) has been applied [...] Read more.
Due to the ever-growing load demand and the deregulation of the electricity market, power systems often run near the stability boundaries, which deteriorates system voltage stability and raises voltage issues for the stable operations of power systems. Transmission switching (TS) has been applied to improve economic benefits and security operations for many applications. In this paper, a multi-period voltage stability-constrained problem (MP-VSTS) is established, intending to improve voltage security and the stability of a power system. Considering the online application of transmission switching, the minimum number of switching actions is taken as the objective function of the proposed MP-VSTS problem, which extends the TS application for real industries. The proposed model provides the switching lines for the upcoming period and the state of power systems for several successive periods. To overcome the solving difficulties of the proposed model, a two-stage approach is presented, which balances speed and accuracy. Numerical studies on the IEEE 118- and 662-bus power systems have demonstrated the proposed approach’s performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
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<p>Illustration of voltage stability and security operation by P-V curves of two cases.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The schematic diagram of multi-period transmission switching scheduling based using rolling horizon strategy.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The diagram of the modified IEEE 14-bus power system.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>P-V curves of the modified IEEE 14-bus power system.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Flow chart of the proposed solution method.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Load margins of the pre-switching power system at each time period in the 118-bus power system.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Load margins before and after transmission switching of each period in Example 1.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Load margin of pre-switching power system at each period in a 662-bus power system.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Load margins before and after transmission line switching for each period in a 662-bus power system.</p> Full article ">
36 pages, 5795 KiB  
Review
A Review of Agrivoltaic Systems: Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Sustainability
by Amro A. Zahrawi and Aly Mousaad Aly
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8271; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188271 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10725
Abstract
Agrivoltaics is a relatively new term used originally for integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into the agricultural landscape and expanded to applications such as animal farms, greenhouses, and recreational parks. The dual use of land offers multiple solutions for the renewable energy sector worldwide, [...] Read more.
Agrivoltaics is a relatively new term used originally for integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into the agricultural landscape and expanded to applications such as animal farms, greenhouses, and recreational parks. The dual use of land offers multiple solutions for the renewable energy sector worldwide, provided it can be implemented without negatively impacting agricultural production. However, agrivoltaics represent a relatively new technology, facing challenges including economic viability, vulnerability to wind loads, and interference with growing crops. This paper reviews the recent research on integrating agrivoltaics with farming applications, focusing on challenges, wind impact on agrivoltaics, and economic solutions. The effect of agrivoltaics on temperature control of the lands is a critical factor in managing (1) water and the soil of the land, (2) animal comfort, and (3) greenhouse productivity, positively or negatively. In this review, a contradiction between the different versions of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standards and the wind tunnel results is shown. Important factors affecting the wind load, such as damping and mass increase, optimum stow position, and aerodynamic edge modification, are highlighted with emphasis on the significant knowledge gap in the wind load mitigation methods. Full article
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<p>Different solar panel setups in agricultural lands.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Paper layout chart and review topics.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Significant hydrological phenomena in a solar farm resulting from the solar panels’ influence on the plants’ water distribution.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Three-dimensional model of the solar panels on the greenhouses [<a href="#B63-sustainability-16-08271" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. (<b>b</b>) PV panels mounted on the greenhouse roof (Almeria city, Spain) [<a href="#B64-sustainability-16-08271" class="html-bibr">64</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The main factors forming the cost of agrivoltaic systems.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Comparison between two solar panels’ wind load based on the wind tunnel test and ASCE 7 at 45° stow angle.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Comparison between two solar panels’ wind load based on the wind tunnel test and ASCE 7 at 25° stow angle.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Representation of torsional galloping in solar trackers.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The solar trackers experience torsional galloping failure in the structure due to exposure to high-speed wind [<a href="#B101-sustainability-16-08271" class="html-bibr">101</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) Tilt angle (β) representation in a left view of a solar panel. (<b>b</b>) Wind angle representation of a top view of solar panel.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Drone-taken pictures showing top view of the Port Allen solar farm: (<b>a</b>) picture is taken from the southwest side. (<b>b</b>) Closer view of the double-sided panels. (<b>c</b>) Picture showing the tilted solar panels. (<b>d</b>) Solar farm site view with a large coverage area.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) Extra cylinders are installed in sides to give system stability when tracking the sun. (<b>b</b>) The motor and the automated system for tracking with the two small panels for feeding tracking system with power.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Recommendations and future research for agrivoltaic systems.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 2585 KiB  
Review
A Review on Liquid Hydrogen Storage: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions
by Ahmad Naquash, Neha Agarwal and Moonyong Lee
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8270; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188270 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4177
Abstract
The growing interest in hydrogen (H2) has motivated process engineers and industrialists to investigate the potential of liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage. LH2 is an essential component in the H2 supply chain. Many researchers have studied LH2 [...] Read more.
The growing interest in hydrogen (H2) has motivated process engineers and industrialists to investigate the potential of liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage. LH2 is an essential component in the H2 supply chain. Many researchers have studied LH2 storage from the perspective of tank structure, boil-off losses, insulation schemes, and storage conditions. A few review studies have also been published considering LH2 storage; however, most are simply collections of previous articles. None of these review articles have critically evaluated the research articles. In this review study, recent reports, conceptual studies, and patents have been included and critically discussed. Further, challenges and recommendations have been listed based on the literature review. Our results suggest that the multi-layer insulation scheme and integrated refrigeration system can effectively reduce boil-off losses. However, boil-off losses from storage tanks during transportation are the least discussed and must be addressed. The cost of an LH2 storage tank is high, but it can be reduced with advancements in materials and the utilization of latest technologies. The present challenges and future directions for LH2 storage include minimizing and utilizing boil-off losses, improving insulation schemes, and ensuring cost-effective large-scale LH2 storage. This review study can be fundamental for process engineers and new academic researchers to design energy-efficient and cost-effective LH2 storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage and Sustainable Power Supply)
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<p>Schematic of o-H<sub>2</sub> and p-H<sub>2</sub> [<a href="#B5-sustainability-16-08270" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B35-sustainability-16-08270" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>OPC and the corresponding heat of conversion to temperature [<a href="#B37-sustainability-16-08270" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Amount of liquid remaining with the passage of time at different o-H<sub>2</sub> concentrations [<a href="#B39-sustainability-16-08270" class="html-bibr">39</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Bibliometric analysis results for keyword search: Hydrogen storage, Hydrogen storage capacities, Hydrogen storage materials, Hydrogen storage system, Liquid hydrogen storage, Liquid hydrogen tank.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Year-wise trend of studies published related to the keyword: Liquid hydrogen storage.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Research areas of the research conducted using the keyword: Liquid hydrogen storage.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Comparison of ordinary and IRAS system storage tanks.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>PV diagram and isotherm curves drawn from Aspen Hysys employing MBWR EOS.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>TV diagram and isobaric curves drawn from Aspen Hysys employing MBWR EOS.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>TV diagram and isobaric curves are drawn from Aspen Hysys employing MBWR EOS showing volume at atmospheric and storage conditions.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>LH<sub>2</sub> storage tank costs at different capacities calculated by Aspen Hysys and APEA.</p> Full article ">
24 pages, 7829 KiB  
Article
Urban Sprawl and Imbalance between Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services: Evidence from China’s Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations
by Huan Wang and Qiao Sun
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8269; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188269 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1285
Abstract
The contradiction between ecological resource protection and urban sprawl in urban agglomeration areas is becoming more and more prominent, facing a serious imbalance between the supply and demand of ecosystem services. To analyze the impact of urban agglomeration expansion on regional ecosystem services, [...] Read more.
The contradiction between ecological resource protection and urban sprawl in urban agglomeration areas is becoming more and more prominent, facing a serious imbalance between the supply and demand of ecosystem services. To analyze the impact of urban agglomeration expansion on regional ecosystem services, based on multi-source data, an assessment model of supply and demand of ecosystem services for water conservation, carbon sequestration, soil conservation and crop production was constructed. With the help of value transformation model and spatial analysis method, this paper explores the risk of ecosystem service supply and demand imbalance faced by the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in the process of expansion. This study found that the supply capacity of ecosystem services in the YRDUA has continued to decline at the spatial pixel scale; ecosystem service value deficits are a common problem in the YRDUA, with cities around Taihu Lake, such as Shanghai and Suzhou, being the most serious; the value surplus areas are concentrated in the southern cities, such as Xuancheng and Chizhou, but the balance between the supply of and demand for ecosystem services in these cities is also facing a challenge as the cities are expanding. This study analyzed the spatial pattern changes in the Yangtze River Delta region in the context of urban sprawl from the perspective of ecosystem service supply and demand, which helps to clarify the changing ecosystem service dynamics of the region and guide the formulation of urban planning policies and to achieve a balance between ecological supply and demand as well as sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urbanization and Environmental Sustainability—2nd Edition)
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<p>The information of the YRDUA.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Processing flowchart of the data.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Spatial pixel distributions of ecosystem services.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Patterns of ecosystem service supply and demand in the YRDUA at the pixel scale.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Surplus of supply and demand of total value of ecosystem services of cities in YRDUA.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>ESR spatial agglomeration characteristics of the YRDUA at the county scale.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 1000 KiB  
Article
Tourist Crowding versus Service Quality: Impacting Mechanism of Tourist Satisfaction in World Natural Heritage Sites from the Mountain Sanqingshan National Park, China
by Sifeng Nian, Min Chen, Jia Yan, Yongcun Du and Xiaojie Su
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8268; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188268 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1583
Abstract
World Heritage Sites (WHS) possess outstanding universal value (OUV) centered on science and aesthetics, and the large scale of tourism has a certain influence on sustainable development, which will have some degree influence on the quality of tourist service and experience. Taking the [...] Read more.
World Heritage Sites (WHS) possess outstanding universal value (OUV) centered on science and aesthetics, and the large scale of tourism has a certain influence on sustainable development, which will have some degree influence on the quality of tourist service and experience. Taking the World Natural Heritage Site Mount Sanqingshan National Park in China as a case, we collected 535 samples of tourists and used structural equation modeling as a methodology to construct a theoretical framework from the perspective of tourists’ perception, including tourism crowding (functional crowding, personal crowding, and social crowding), service quality (interpretation, goods, commuting, accommodation, and catering), tourists’ satisfaction, and OUV attractiveness as intermediary variables. The results were: (1) tourist crowding has a substantial negative influence on satisfaction, and the negative influence on OUV attractiveness is not tenable; (2) service quality has a substantial positive impact on OUV attractiveness and satisfaction; (3) the tourists’ perception of OUV attractiveness has a mediating influence on service quality and satisfaction, but there is no mediating impact on tourism crowding and satisfaction; (4) this paper puts forward the SCA-S (service, crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction) framework of WHS, and explores impact factors and mechanisms of visitor satisfaction of WHS from different aspects. The relevant research conclusions have some theoretical value and practical significance for the interpretation and display of heritage value, improved service quality, and tourism experience, and they are conducive to protecting WHS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
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<p>Theoretical framework. Note: <span class="html-fig-inline" id="sustainability-16-08268-i001"><img alt="Sustainability 16 08268 i001" src="/sustainability/sustainability-16-08268/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-08268-i001.png"/></span> direct impact; <span class="html-fig-inline" id="sustainability-16-08268-i002"><img alt="Sustainability 16 08268 i002" src="/sustainability/sustainability-16-08268/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-08268-i002.png"/></span> indirect impact.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>MSNP panoramas.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Tourist arrivals and tourism income of the MSNP. Note: 1 CNY ≈ USD 0.141 (18 September 2024).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Testing outcomes. Note: Significance *** at 0.001 level; * at 0.05 level.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 336 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Economic Viability of Agro-Ecotourism as a Nature-Based Solution for a Climate Adaptation Strategy: A Case Study of Yuanshan Township, Taiwan
by Wan-Jiun Chen, Jihn-Fa Jan, Chih-Hsin Chung and Shyue-Cherng Liaw
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8267; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188267 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1424
Abstract
This study applied the contingent valuation method to evaluate the economic viability of climate adaptation policies in the climate-fragile Yuanshan Township (YST), Taiwan, focusing on the balance between forest conservation and local livelihoods. Traditional agriculture in YST is transitioning to agro-ecotourism, supported by [...] Read more.
This study applied the contingent valuation method to evaluate the economic viability of climate adaptation policies in the climate-fragile Yuanshan Township (YST), Taiwan, focusing on the balance between forest conservation and local livelihoods. Traditional agriculture in YST is transitioning to agro-ecotourism, supported by leisure-oriented and hillside forest protection policies that attract visitors and cause the local economy to thrive. This research used non-market valuation methods to quantify the value of local recreational resources perceived by visitors at NTD 1002.00 per visitor. The findings indicate that visitors’ willingness to pay for these resources is significantly influenced by their intention to revisit YST, their trust in local conservation efforts, their gender, and their income. The value that visitors place on recreational resources and the aforementioned significant determinants of their willingness to pay highlight the economic potential of agro-ecotourism in supporting both environmental sustainability and community income. This study emphasizes that successful nature-based climate adaptation must consider the economic interests of resource users and local residents. Agro-ecotourism in YST is shown to be a viable policy for balancing forest conservation with societal benefits, providing a model for the sustainable management of local resources. The economic benefits from this transition underscore the feasibility of agricultural transformation for community income generation and climate resilience, demonstrating that environmental and economic goals can be mutually supportive in addressing climate change. Full article
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<p>Location of the study site of Yuanshan Township in Yilan County.</p> Full article ">
24 pages, 824 KiB  
Article
How Does Digital Finance Contribute to Sustainable Wealth Growth: Perspective from Residents’ Income
by Dan Luo, Feifan Wang, Yue Gu and Jiamin Lv
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8266; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188266 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1095
Abstract
Sustainable growth relies on common prosperity, which is reflected in increasing total income and equitable income distribution. This study first proposes the theoretical mechanisms by which digital financial development affects residents’ total income and income distribution. After that, a two-stage generalized method of [...] Read more.
Sustainable growth relies on common prosperity, which is reflected in increasing total income and equitable income distribution. This study first proposes the theoretical mechanisms by which digital financial development affects residents’ total income and income distribution. After that, a two-stage generalized method of moments estimation model with endogeneity treatment is constructed to investigate the impact of digital finance on residents’ total income in 31 Chinese provinces. Moreover, Moran’s I and a spatial autoregression model are used to explore the impact of digital finance on residents’ income distribution. The results demonstrate that digital financial development can significantly contribute to the increase in residents’ total income in both urban and rural areas, thus contributing to regional sustainable wealth growth. In addition, digital finance has a spatial direct effect and a spatial spillover effect on the optimization of residents’ income distribution. This indicates that a region’s digital financial development benefits regional sustainable wealth growth, as it not only can improve residents’ income distribution within the same region but also can promote the income distribution of neighboring regions. Full article
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<p>Framework of the theoretical mechanism for digital finance to raise residents’ total income and optimize income distribution.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Scatterplot of local Moran’s <span class="html-italic">I</span> of digital financial development and urban-rural income gap for 31 provinces in China in 2011 and 2019. Note: (i) the <span class="html-italic">x</span> axis represents <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> which is mentioned in Equation (9), the <span class="html-italic">y</span> axis represents <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>; (ii) the first quadrant is the “high-high” quadrant, denoting that <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>; the second quadrant is the “low-high” quadrant, denoting that <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>; the third quadrant is the “low-low” quadrant, denoting that <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>; and the fourth quadrant is the “high-low” quadrant, denoting that <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>; (iii) <a href="#app4-sustainability-16-08266" class="html-app">Appendix D</a> demonstrates the list of provinces corresponding to the serial numbers in the figure.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 317 KiB  
Article
Impact of Policy Intensity on Carbon Emission Reductions: Based on the Perspective of China’s Low-Carbon Policy
by Haonan Chen, Xiaoning Cui, Yu Shi, Zhi Li and Yali Liu
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8265; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188265 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Economic development often results in significant greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global climate change, which demands immediate attention. Despite implementing various low-carbon policies to promote sustainable economic and environmental progress, current evaluations reveal limitations and deficiencies. Therefore, this study utilizes a dataset detailing [...] Read more.
Economic development often results in significant greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global climate change, which demands immediate attention. Despite implementing various low-carbon policies to promote sustainable economic and environmental progress, current evaluations reveal limitations and deficiencies. Therefore, this study utilizes a dataset detailing policy intensity at a prefecture-level city in China to investigate the impacts of these policies on carbon emission reduction from 2007 to 2022 in 334 prefecture-level cities, employing a fixed-effects model. Additionally, it assesses the policies’ efficacy. The findings indicate a significant negative correlation between China’s low-carbon policies and carbon emissions, supported robustly by multiple tests. Specifically, a one-unit increase in China’s policy intensity correlates with a 0.53-unit reduction in carbon emissions. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis shows that variations in urban agglomerations, environmental resource endowments, pollution levels, and low-carbon policy intensities influence the effectiveness of these policies in reducing carbon emissions. This analysis underscores that policy intensity achieves emission reductions through technological innovation, industrial transformation, welfare crowding out, and pollution transfer, with varying impacts across different environmental contexts, pollution levels, and policy intensities. Based on this analysis, we recommend several policies: formulating low-carbon strategies tailored to local conditions, enhancing regional low-carbon policies, establishing cross-regional coordination mechanisms, and so on. These recommendations not only offer valuable policy insights for China but also serve as useful references for the green and sustainable development of other developing countries. Full article
21 pages, 1922 KiB  
Article
A Two-Stage Evaluation of China’s New Energy Industrial Policy Package
by Qiao Wang, Shiyun Chen and Hongtao Yi
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8264; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188264 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
Energy structural transformation plays a strategically important role in achieving the dual-carbon reduction goals. Among the various approaches to carbon reduction, the Chinese government regards the growth of the new energy industry as an essential means. Considering that the government policy support determines [...] Read more.
Energy structural transformation plays a strategically important role in achieving the dual-carbon reduction goals. Among the various approaches to carbon reduction, the Chinese government regards the growth of the new energy industry as an essential means. Considering that the government policy support determines the long-term growth of the new energy industry, how to improve and optimize the policy support system has always been the core issue. Based on the fact that policy evaluation is a prerequisite, and the new energy industrial development requires the government to promote solutions in the form of a policy package rather than just individual policies, we investigate whether the implementation of the new energy industry policy package (NEIPP) is effective through an empirical case study of Shanghai. A two-stage evaluation method, which integrates the content analysis method (CAM) and synthetic control method (SCM), was used to empirically evaluate the actual effect of the NEIPP. At Stage One, four policy goals were summarized. SCM was used to identify the pure multi-effect of the NEIPP. The results showed that the NEIPP had a significant positive effect on green economic growth and industrial structure, while having a negative effect on carbon emissions. The NEIPP had no impact on the promotion of technological innovation. Several policy implications were drawn from this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Utility System Optimization for Sustainable Industries)
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<p>Refinement process of the NEIPP.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Process of NEI policy text collection.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Impact of the NEIPP on the real Shanghai’s technological innovation in contrast with the synthetic Shanghai: (<b>a</b>) Comparison of green technology innovation between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai: (<b>b</b>) Mean value gap between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai in green technology innovation.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Impact of the NEIPP on the real Shanghai’s eEconomic sSustainable dDevelopment in contrast with the synthetic Shanghai: (<b>a</b>) Comparison of economic sustainable development between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai; (<b>b</b>) Mean value gap between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai in economic sustainable development.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Impact of the NEIPP on the real Shanghai’s eEnergy sSaving and eEmission rReduction in contrast with the synthetic Shanghai: (<b>a</b>) Comparison of energy saving and emission reduction between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai; (<b>b</b>) Mean value gap between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai in energy saving and emission reduction.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Impact of the NEIPP on the real Shanghai’s Industrial Structure Optimization in contrast with the synthetic Shanghai: (<b>a</b>) Comparison of industrial structure optimization between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai; (<b>b</b>) Mean value gap between real Shanghai and synthetic Shanghai in industrial structure organization.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Distribution of differences by province and city: (<b>a</b>) Distribution of differences in green technological innovation by province (city); (<b>b</b>) Distribution of differences in economic sustainable development by province (city); (<b>c</b>) Distribution of differences in energy saving and emission reduction by province (city); (<b>d</b>) Distribution of differences in industrial structure optimization by province (city).</p> Full article ">
25 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Interval Analysis in Risk Management and Uncertain Economies
by Alexander Chupin, Zhanna Chupina, Marina Bolsunovskaya, Svetlana Shirokova, Zinaida Kulyashova and Tatyana Vorotinceva
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8263; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188263 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1400
Abstract
Sustainable management in high-tech enterprises is a key aspect of successfully operating modern companies, especially under conditions of risk and uncertainty. This study reviews the field of sustainable management and interval analysis and identifies the main trends and challenges facing high-tech enterprises in [...] Read more.
Sustainable management in high-tech enterprises is a key aspect of successfully operating modern companies, especially under conditions of risk and uncertainty. This study reviews the field of sustainable management and interval analysis and identifies the main trends and challenges facing high-tech enterprises in the modern world. This study emphasizes the importance of applying interval analysis in making strategic decisions and developing sustainable business models that can adapt to variable environments. This paper presents empirical data, illustrating the practical application of interval analysis tools in the management in high-tech enterprises. It analyzes the effectiveness and potential of this approach to increase the levels of sustainability and competitiveness of organizations in constantly changing business environments. In general, this article is a valuable contribution to the development of sustainable management theory and practice for high-tech enterprises, enriching the existing knowledge in this area and offering new perspectives for research and practical application. Our research has been validated and is presented in the results section. The purpose of this study is to present current developments in methodologies and tools for risk measurement within the probabilistic paradigm of uncertainty, which are supposed to be used in relation to the economic evaluation of real investment projects. The methodological directions or approaches to risk measurement formed in this context are (1) based on quantile measures, within which the quantitative aspect of risk is modeled using quantile quantiles of the distribution of a random variable describing the possible (predicted) results of economic activity; (2) the Monte Carlo method, which is a tool for evaluating the indicators of economic efficiency and risk in justifying real investments, taking into account different distribution laws and mutual relations for the financial and economic parameters of the investment project, as well as its computational and instrumental elaboration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Entrepreneurship during Economic Uncertainty)
16 pages, 623 KiB  
Article
Navigating the Road to Acceptance: Unveiling Psychological and Socio-Demographic Influences on Autonomous Vehicle Adoption in Malaysia
by Suk Min Pang, Jen Sim Ho, Booi Chen Tan, Teck Chai Lau and Nasreen Khan
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188262 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1368
Abstract
Although the autonomous vehicles market is still in its infancy, many people have switched from conventional vehicles to autonomous vehicles due to the numerous benefits and environmental advantages of owning them. Autonomous vehicles which promise to eliminate traffic crashes due to human errors [...] Read more.
Although the autonomous vehicles market is still in its infancy, many people have switched from conventional vehicles to autonomous vehicles due to the numerous benefits and environmental advantages of owning them. Autonomous vehicles which promise to eliminate traffic crashes due to human errors are expected to penetrate the Malaysian market by 2025. However, past research has shown that psychological factors rather than technological aspects could deter the successful diffusion of autonomous vehicles in the market. By integrating the Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study investigates the influencing factors of the Malaysian public towards acceptance of autonomous vehicles and the moderating effects of socio demographic variables. A total of 306 respondents completed the online survey. The results show that the proposed integrated model can explain 82.9% of the variance in acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Among the variables, attitude and perceived behavioural control are significant contributors. In terms of moderating variables, income level, education level, and ethnicity moderated the effects of attitude, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and acceptance. Insights drawn from this study could assist policy makers in devising strategic plans for promoting autonomous vehicles in the country. Full article
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<p>Research framework.</p> Full article ">
23 pages, 716 KiB  
Article
Technological Use from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage Environment: Augmented Reality Technology and Formation Mechanism of Heritage-Responsibility Behaviors of Tourists
by Songhong Chen, Yuanshu Tian and Siyun Pei
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188261 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3379
Abstract
This paper explores the integration of augmented reality (AR) technology within the realm of cultural heritage tourism, particularly its influence on the development of tourists’ heritage-responsibility behaviors. Addressing the recovery and development of Chinese domestic tourism in the post-pandemic period, smart tourism technology [...] Read more.
This paper explores the integration of augmented reality (AR) technology within the realm of cultural heritage tourism, particularly its influence on the development of tourists’ heritage-responsibility behaviors. Addressing the recovery and development of Chinese domestic tourism in the post-pandemic period, smart tourism technology innovations have been explored. The research demonstrates that AR, by surpassing physical and temporal constraints, fosters a deeper synthesis of traditional and contemporary cultures, thereby enriching the comprehension of national history and cultural heritage. Employing the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) theory, a theoretical framework is established to elucidate the causal links from AR attributes to perceived usefulness, enjoyment, and behavioral intentions. The analysis reveals that the interactivity, vividness, and novelty of AR significantly augment perceived usefulness and enjoyment, although augmentation quality does not notably impact enjoyment. Both perceived usefulness and enjoyment significantly drive the intention to recommend. This study offers valuable theoretical insights and practical recommendations for the strategic deployment of AR in the sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
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<p>Research model.</p> Full article ">
24 pages, 1122 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Driving Mechanism of Chinese Oil and Gas Companies’ Transition to Renewable Energy
by Lehua Gao, Yue Zhang and Kejie Lu
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188260 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1461
Abstract
Encouraging oil and gas (O&G) companies to develop renewable energy sources (RESs) is crucial for China’s energy strategy and sustainable development. The transition from O&G energy to RESs is a complex and systemic process that requires a comprehensive analysis of both internal and [...] Read more.
Encouraging oil and gas (O&G) companies to develop renewable energy sources (RESs) is crucial for China’s energy strategy and sustainable development. The transition from O&G energy to RESs is a complex and systemic process that requires a comprehensive analysis of both internal and external driving factors. This study integrates the theoretical dimensions of energy transition with the operational realities, utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze these factors and their influence on the decision-making process for companies in this sector. A multi-group analysis was conducted to explore differences in motivational mechanisms among groups with varying levels of transition willingness. The findings reveal that environmental awareness, economic value estimation, knowledge accumulation, dynamic capabilities, structural overlap, and government actions significantly promote the energy transition, whereas resource endowment acts as a barrier. Moreover, the willingness to transform moderates the effects of government actions and pressures from other stakeholders on corporate environmental awareness and the transition to RESs. This article provides more comprehensive research perspectives on exploring the driving mechanisms behind the transition to renewable energy, emphasizing the importance of governments playing diverse roles based on the specific internal conditions and highlighting the long-term impact of other stakeholders on sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Carbon Neutrality: Recent Progress of Sustainable Energy Economic, Energy Policy and Energy Transition)
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<p>Proposed research model.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Estimation of the theoretical model of the mechanism of O&amp;G companies’ transition to renewable energy.</p> Full article ">
24 pages, 29397 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Water Yield Function in the Source Area of the Yellow River and an Analysis of Influencing Factors
by Meijuan Liu, Juntao Zhong and Shiyu Xu
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8259; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188259 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 964
Abstract
The Yellow River source area is an important eco-fragile and sensitive zone in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, where anthropogenic disturbances, climate change, and environmental problems have negatively affected the amount of water in the basin, which directly impacts the ecological security [...] Read more.
The Yellow River source area is an important eco-fragile and sensitive zone in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, where anthropogenic disturbances, climate change, and environmental problems have negatively affected the amount of water in the basin, which directly impacts the ecological security and high-quality sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, this study takes the Yellow River source area as its research area. Based on eight periods of land use from 1985 to 2020, topographic, soil, and meteorological data are combined, and a locally modified InVEST model and geological detector method are used to simulate watershed water production, evaluate the spatial differentiation characteristics of watershed water production, and analyze its spatial heterogeneity attribution. The results revealed that water production from 1985 to 2020 varied within the interval of 152.08–302.44 billion m3, with alternating decreases and increases and an overall upward trend. In the spatial distribution, the depth of water production is high in the east and low in the west, and the high-water-production area is concentrated in the counties of Maqin and Gande. In the vertical gradient, the water production capacity is strengthened with increasing altitudes. The spatial differentiation of the water production service and degree of influence is jointly determined by multiple factors. In this work, the parameter Z of the InVEST model was locally corrected to increase the applicability of the Z value to the Yellow River Basin to improve the accuracy of the simulation results, and the spatiotemporal differences in water yield from multiple perspectives were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection and high-quality sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin. Full article
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<p>Geographical situation of the research area.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Precipitation, average depth of water yield, average potential evapotranspiration, and water yield in the source area of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2020.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Spatial distribution pattern of annual water output in the source area of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2020.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Vertical gradient changes in land use type and water yield in the source area of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2020.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Influence degree of source region factors on the spatial heterogeneity of the water yield source area of the Yellow River.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Influence degree of county-scale factors on the spatial heterogeneity of water yield services in the source area of the Yellow River.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The impact of altitude-scale factors on spatial heterogeneity of water production services in the Yellow River source area.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 641 KiB  
Hypothesis
An Empirical Study on the Structural Assurance Mechanism for Trust Building in Autonomous Vehicles Based on the Trust-in-Automation Three-Factor Model
by Yanlu Yang, Yiyuan Wang, Jun Liu and Kidong Lee
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8258; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188258 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1358
Abstract
The development of the Autonomous vehicle industry contributes to achieving the environmental, economic, and social sustainability goals. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) involve highly autonomous and complex intelligent driving technology, and their large-scale commercial application depends on the level of public trust in their safety [...] Read more.
The development of the Autonomous vehicle industry contributes to achieving the environmental, economic, and social sustainability goals. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) involve highly autonomous and complex intelligent driving technology, and their large-scale commercial application depends on the level of public trust in their safety and reliability. Therefore, how to establish and enhance public trust in AVs has become the key to the development of the AV industry. This study discusses the impact of technical structural assurance, social structural assurance, and individual cognitive factors on trust in AVs. This study uses a structural equation model to analyze a valid sample of 548 participants from China. The results show that autonomy has a negative impact on trust, and currently, personal cognitive factors exert a greater influence on trust compared to technical and social structural assurance factors in China. In theory, this study combines the trust-in-automation three-factor model with the concept of structural assurance to reveal subjective controllable factors that can promote public trust. In practice, this study reveals the important role of structural assurance factors in enhancing trust before fully automatic driving technology is officially launched. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
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<p>Research model.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Structural estimation of the theoretical model.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 6382 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Concrete Roof Tiles: Integrating Aluminium Foil, Fly Ash, Solar PV, and Management
by Mukilan Poyyamozhi, Balasubramanian Murugesan, Rajamanickam Narayanamoorthi, Thenarasan Latha Abinaya, Mohammad Shorfuzzaman and Yasser Aboelmagd
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8257; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188257 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
This research investigates the use of municipal solid waste cremated fly ash as a viable substitute for natural sand in building methodologies, with a focus on sustainability. The waste material is used in the manufacturing of concrete roof tiles that are combined with [...] Read more.
This research investigates the use of municipal solid waste cremated fly ash as a viable substitute for natural sand in building methodologies, with a focus on sustainability. The waste material is used in the manufacturing of concrete roof tiles that are combined with solar PV systems, providing advantages in terms of both thermal comfort and improved energy efficiency. These tiles exhibit thermal insulation prowess by effectively preserving a 2-degree temperature differential and collecting heat from solar panels to enhance their energy-production efficiency. In order to enhance performance even further, aluminium foil is strategically placed on all four sides of the roof walls. The foil acts as a reflector, redirecting solar energy towards the tiles, which leads to a 5% boost in power generation. Particular alignments, such as positioning in an east-west or north-south direction, result in further enhancements in performance of 4% and 3%, respectively. This comprehensive approach not only confirms the use of waste materials for environmentally friendly construction but also emphasizes their crucial role in promoting energy-efficient building methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) SEM image MSW floor tile 5 nm, (<b>b</b>) SEM image MSW floor tile 100 nm, (<b>c</b>) SEM image MSW floor tile 20 nm, (<b>d</b>) EDS image for MSW floor tiles, (<b>e</b>) MSW floor tile elements compositions.</p> Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) SEM image MSW floor tile 5 nm, (<b>b</b>) SEM image MSW floor tile 100 nm, (<b>c</b>) SEM image MSW floor tile 20 nm, (<b>d</b>) EDS image for MSW floor tiles, (<b>e</b>) MSW floor tile elements compositions.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) bright side (<b>b</b>) matte side.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Reflectivity over different spectral range: (<b>a</b>) matte side and (<b>b</b>) bright side.</p> Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Reflectivity over different spectral range: (<b>a</b>) matte side and (<b>b</b>) bright side.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Solar panel integration in torched fly ash roof tiles temperature analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Solar panel integration in torched fly ash roof tiles temperature and difference.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>As shown here, all sides are covered with aluminium foil.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Normal side wall with normal solar PV and torched fly ash integrated solar PV.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Normal side wall power out for normal PV and torched fly ash integrated solar PV.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>This image shows the aluminium foil in the north-south direction.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Power out difference with and without aluminium foil in the north-south direction.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>This image shows the aluminium foil in the east-west direction.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Power out difference with and without aluminium foil in the east-west direction.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>This image shows aluminium foil covering all four directions.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Power out for all sides covered with aluminium foil.</p> Full article ">
19 pages, 4880 KiB  
Article
Innovative Design to Control Spartina Alterniflora
by Jinyang Xu, Dapeng Wei, Xuedong Zhang and Yanming Chen
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8256; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188256 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1088
Abstract
In order to effectively curb the rapid growth trend in Spartina alterniflora in coastal cities of China, this study proposes an innovative mechanical equipment design scheme for eradicating Spartina alterniflora. Based on literature analysis and field research, the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) model [...] Read more.
In order to effectively curb the rapid growth trend in Spartina alterniflora in coastal cities of China, this study proposes an innovative mechanical equipment design scheme for eradicating Spartina alterniflora. Based on literature analysis and field research, the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) model is constructed to quantify and prioritize the diverse needs of users for control equipment. Subsequently, the House of Quality (HOQ) in QFD (Quality Function Deployment) is used to analyze the key components and structure of the equipment to ensure its performance and feasibility in practical applications. Finally, combined with the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), the potential problems encountered in the structural design of the equipment are analyzed, and the corresponding creative principles are applied to solve the contradictions and complete the optimal scheme design. This study, via the acquisition of user needs and further analysis of the machinery’s structure, proposes a scheme that can address many problems related to Spartina alterniflora in China and provide new technical ideas for the field of wetland environmental protection. Full article
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<p>The flowchart of the experimental design.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>User needs hierarchy analysis model.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Common harvest types of agricultural machinery in China.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Mechanical equipment structural sketches and standards.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Comprehensive weight ranking.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>House of Quality of Parts and Components of Spartina alterniflora Control Equipment.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Equipment blade design applications.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Design and application of spartina alterniflora control machinery.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Simulation of Spartina alterniflora harvesting schematic diagram.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Spartina alterniflora recovery and sieve out impurities process.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Sustainable evaluation system.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Sustainability evaluation system scores of two schemes.</p> Full article ">
14 pages, 2271 KiB  
Article
Examining Trends in the Food–Energy–Water Security Nexus and Its Relationships with Human Development, Population Growth, and Conflict
by Zohan H. Tariq and Henry H. Willis
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8255; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188255 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2015
Abstract
Abundant and accessible food, energy, and water are essential to the functioning of human societies and individual health and happiness. However, growing populations, intensifying climate change, and violent instability undermine resource security. We used data from the recently updated Pardee RAND Food–Energy–Water (FEW) [...] Read more.
Abundant and accessible food, energy, and water are essential to the functioning of human societies and individual health and happiness. However, growing populations, intensifying climate change, and violent instability undermine resource security. We used data from the recently updated Pardee RAND Food–Energy–Water (FEW) Index and the INFORM risk model to assess global and regional trends in resource security and relationships with the Human Development Index (HDI), internal conflict risk, and population growth. Our analysis finds that resource security has modestly improved with an average global FEW Index improvement of 2.61%, but this figure masks significant regional disparities, with several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia regressing in terms of food and water security. We observe continued high correlations between HDI and the FEW Index (0.8664) and also find the FEW Index to be highly correlated with national income per capita (0.6547). We also find that at a global level, there is a significant negative association between trends in the FEW Index and population growth (−0.4724) during the study period, suggesting that a growing proportion of the global population is experiencing resource insecurity. Finally, our analysis suggests that several resource-insecure countries are also conflict-prone and these nations tended to do worse over the study period than similarly resource-insecure states that were internally stable. Full article
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<p>Trends in the Food–Energy–Water (FEW) Index and its subindexes over 2015–2019, by region. The left and right boundaries of the box in each plot represents the first and third quartiles of the data respectively, while the line inside the box represents the median of the distribution. Outside the box, the left and right ‘whiskers’ represent the minimum and maximum values in the distribution that are not considered outliers. In some of the plots, there are dots beyond the whiskers that represent outlier values.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Distribution of Food–Energy–Water (FEW) Index and Conflict Risk ratings.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Trends in the Food–Energy–Water (FEW) Index and its subindexes, by conflict risk–resource security category. The left and right boundaries of the box in each plot represents the first and third quartiles of the data respectively, while the line inside the box represents the median of the distribution. Outside the box, the left and right ‘whiskers’ respectively represent the minimum and maximum values in the distribution that are not considered outliers. In some of the plots, there are dots beyond the whiskers that represent outlier values.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Map View of conflict-prone and resource-insecure nations [<a href="#B15-sustainability-16-08255" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Food–Energy–Water (FEW) plot of conflict-prone, FEW-insecure nations compared against other countries [<a href="#B15-sustainability-16-08255" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Trends in the Food–Energy–Water (FEW) Index and its subindexes for conflict-prone, FEW-insecure nations over 2015–2019 [<a href="#B15-sustainability-16-08255" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</p> Full article ">
26 pages, 4988 KiB  
Article
Analysing Travel Patterns at Beirut Arab University, Lebanon: An In-Depth Characterization of Travel Behavior on Campus
by Rouba Joumblat, Hadi Jawad and Adel Elkordi
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8254; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188254 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1368
Abstract
Understanding the travel patterns of university campus visitors is crucial for developing effective transportation strategies. Existing research predominantly focuses on student commuting within specific regions, often overlooking the diverse needs of faculty and staff and varying campus contexts. This study addresses a significant [...] Read more.
Understanding the travel patterns of university campus visitors is crucial for developing effective transportation strategies. Existing research predominantly focuses on student commuting within specific regions, often overlooking the diverse needs of faculty and staff and varying campus contexts. This study addresses a significant gap in the literature by investigating travel behaviors at Beirut Arab University (BAU), which has not been previously studied in this context. BAU’s unique situation, with campuses in both urban and rural zones, presents distinct transportation challenges, particularly for those traveling between these areas. Through a comprehensive survey of students, faculty, and staff, this research explores differences in transportation modes, travel distances, durations, and patterns. Statistical techniques, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-Squared, and McNemar-Bowker tests, reveal significant variations among traveler groups. The findings highlight specific needs, such as improvements in bus services, car-sharing programs, and parking facilities, essential for creating sustainable campus environments. By examining these travel behaviors, the study offers valuable insights into the complexities of campus transportation, contributing new perspectives to the field. The originality of this research lies in its focus on an underexplored area, providing a deeper understanding of how diverse university environments impact transportation choices. This work not only fills a critical void in campus transportation research but also offers practical recommendations for enhancing transportation systems in similar settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Active Travel and Transportation Planning in Smart Cities: Past, Present and Future)
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<p>Geographical boundaries of the BAU-Beirut campus.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Geographical boundaries of BAU-Debbieh campus.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Theoretical framework of the study.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Sample breakdown by gender, age, citizenship, occupation, age, campus attending, faculty, and occupation level.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Percentage of the population that owns a car, with the split shown across gender and campus.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The travel modes utilized by BAU respondents.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Travel mode choice, based on campus and gender.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Purposes of trips to campus.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Reasons for using private cars from both campuses and genders.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Reasons behind using the BAU bus service, and public transportation based on campus and gender.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Satisfaction levels of the respondents with the parking, bus service, and public transportation at BAU.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Findings from survey recommendations to be adapted at BAU. (<b>a</b>) Strategies to improve campus parking. (<b>b</b>) Smart transportation solutions. (<b>c</b>) Transportation solutions. (<b>d</b>) Initiatives for private car users.</p> Full article ">Figure 12 Cont.
<p>Findings from survey recommendations to be adapted at BAU. (<b>a</b>) Strategies to improve campus parking. (<b>b</b>) Smart transportation solutions. (<b>c</b>) Transportation solutions. (<b>d</b>) Initiatives for private car users.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 284 KiB  
Article
Unlocking Sustainable Growth: The Transformative Impact of Green Finance on Industrial Carbon Emissions in China
by Xi Zhao, Siqin Zhang, Najid Ahmad, Shuangguo Wang and Jiaxing Zhao
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8253; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188253 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
This study investigates the crucial role of green finance in addressing the imperative of reducing industrial carbon emissions for a sustainable global economy. Encompassing facets, such as green credit, insurance, investment, and governmental help for growth in green businesses. Our research on the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the crucial role of green finance in addressing the imperative of reducing industrial carbon emissions for a sustainable global economy. Encompassing facets, such as green credit, insurance, investment, and governmental help for growth in green businesses. Our research on the strength of a comprehensive dataset covering China’s 30 provinces between 2010 and 2019 employs a fixed-effects regression and heterogeneity assessment, revealing an inverse association between green finance and industrial carbon emissions. This verifies the notion that green finance serves as a deterrent to carbon emissions from the industrial sector. According to the results of this study, green financing can significantly lower the CO2 emissions from industries, which in turn can lead to an enhancement in environmental quality. Notably, our findings revealed substantial regional variations in this relationship. By proposing actionable recommendations, we advocate strategies to address regional disparities, standardize measurement protocols for green finance, optimize the environment for technological innovation, and realize industrial structures. By acknowledging these nuanced dynamics, our study not only contributes to the understanding of the impact of green finance but also offers targeted solutions to foster high-quality sustainable development in China, ensuring a more effective and comprehensive approach to mitigating carbon emissions in the industrial sector. Full article
21 pages, 948 KiB  
Article
Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Explore the Effect of Farmer Differentiation on Their Intention to Revitalize Idle Homesteads: Empirical Evidence from Shaanxi, China
by Mengyuan Lu, Bin Guo and Jianna Li
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8252; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188252 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
The revitalization of idle homesteads is an essential element in stimulating rural land resources and assets and promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas. However, existing studies have paid less attention to the relationship between the differentiation of farm households and [...] Read more.
The revitalization of idle homesteads is an essential element in stimulating rural land resources and assets and promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas. However, existing studies have paid less attention to the relationship between the differentiation of farm households and revitalization intention. Therefore, exploring the relationship between farmer differentiation and revitalization intention has become the key to improving the revitalization intention. The differentiation of farmers in the process of urbanization is an important factor affecting the intention of farmers to revitalize idle homesteads. This study defines “farmer differentiation” as a second-order factor and is based on the theoretical analysis framework of “farmer differentiation (FD)–farmer cognition (FC)–revitalization intention (RI)” to systematically reveal the relationship between FD and RI with a multi-dimensional perspective. At the same time, we analyze the mediating role of FC in the relationship between FD and RI. The data collected from 881 Shaanxi, China, farmers are analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the study show that (1) The dimensions of farmer differentiation (FD) are wealth capital differentiation (WCD) and reputation capital differentiation (RCD). (2) The formation of farmers’ intention to revitalize follows the logical relationship of “FC–RI” in the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB), and subjective norms (SN) are the critical factor. (3) The logical relationship of “FD–FC–RI” in the ETPB has been confirmed. In addition to the direct positive effect of the WCD and RCD on farmers’ intention to revitalize idle homesteads, WCD will indirectly affect RI through the four sub-dimensions of behavioral attitudes (BA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and homestead dependence (HD) under the FC conception. Meanwhile, the chain mediating role of the WCD and FC sub-dimensions in the RCD effect on the intention to revitalize cannot be ignored. Therefore, to increase farmers’ intention to revitalize Idle homesteads, policymakers need to focus on increasing WCD and RCD and helping farmers establish proactive FC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immigrants, Social Integration and Sustainable Rural Development)
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<p>Analytical framework “FD–FC–RI”.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results of structural equation model regression.</p> Full article ">
37 pages, 988 KiB  
Article
The Innovative Construction of Provinces, Regional Artificial Intelligence Development, and the Resilience of Regional Innovation Ecosystems: Quasi-Natural Experiments Based on Spatial Difference-in-Differences Models and Double Machine Learning
by Ruiyu Hu, Zemenghong Bao, Zhisen Lin and Kun Lv
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8251; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188251 - 22 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2912
Abstract
Based on the theory of regional innovation niches, this study calculates the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems and constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for regional artificial intelligence development, resulting in a panel dataset for 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2021 [...] Read more.
Based on the theory of regional innovation niches, this study calculates the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems and constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for regional artificial intelligence development, resulting in a panel dataset for 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2021 (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). Within the framework of the construction of innovative provinces, regional artificial intelligence, and the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems, spatial double-difference and double machine learning models are employed for a quasi-natural experiment. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) Both the construction of innovative provinces and artificial intelligence have a significant positive impact on the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems. (2) However, regional artificial intelligence exhibits a negative spatial spillover effect on the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems. (3) The construction of innovative provinces can positively moderate the effect of artificial intelligence on the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems. (4) Through the promotion of regional artificial intelligence, the construction of innovative provinces can indirectly enhance the diversity, evolutionary potential, buffering capacity, fluidity, and coordination of regional innovation ecosystems, thereby driving a leap in resilience. (5) The mechanisms by which the construction of innovative provinces stimulates regional intelligent input, application, innovation, and market dynamics to further enhance the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems are effective not only in the treatment group but also in the control group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transformation of Urban and Region: Design, Planning and Governance)
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<p>Moran scatterplots for regional innovation ecosystem resilience (Res) in 2009 and 2021.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Schematic diagram of the coefficient situation for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>±</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> in the parallel trend test.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 585 KiB  
Article
Urban Spatial Development Mode and Haze Pollution in China: From the Perspective of Polycentricity
by Changyi Liang, Jing Zhao and Weibiao Ma
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8250; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188250 - 22 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1093
Abstract
Increasing urbanization in China has caused severe haze pollution in Chinese cities in recent years. This study investigates the impact of urban spatial development mode on haze pollution from the leapfrog spatial dimension. We constructed a dataset containing LandScan population dynamic statistical data, [...] Read more.
Increasing urbanization in China has caused severe haze pollution in Chinese cities in recent years. This study investigates the impact of urban spatial development mode on haze pollution from the leapfrog spatial dimension. We constructed a dataset containing LandScan population dynamic statistical data, PM2.5 surface concentration data, and urban economic statistical data and adopted ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variable methods. The findings indicate that the polycentric spatial structure within the city increases the PM2.5 levels, indicating that the urban monocentric spatial development mode is conducive to alleviating haze pollution. The use of the core explanatory variables, lagged by one and two periods, and of the number of Qing Dynasty walls as the instrumental variable confirm the robustness of the benchmark results. The heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that, in cities with underdeveloped public rail transit, the monocentric spatial development mode has a more obvious effect on reducing haze pollution. The results of the influence mechanism test show that the urban polycentric spatial development mode aggravates urban haze pollution, mainly by encouraging residents to travel by private transport, thereby increasing energy consumption. The obtained research results provide a sufficient basis for taking appropriate measures to govern haze pollution in Chinese cities from the perspective of polycentric spatial development mode. Full article
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<p>Trend of temporal evolution of PM2.5 concentration in Chinese cities.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Scatter plot.</p> Full article ">
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