Electromagnetic Detection System with Magnetic Dipole Source for Near-Surface Detection
<p>Schematics of the different TEM detection systems: (<b>a</b>) traditional TX-RX-integrated detection system; (<b>b</b>) proposed detection system with magnetic dipole source.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Magnetic field components in a dipole field coordinate system for a typical vertical MDS.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Geoelectric model and finite element simulation results of MDS detection when <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>200</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>: (<b>a</b>) Three-dimensional geoelectric model and simulation parameters. (<b>b</b>) Field distribution Hz (A/m) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>20</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>200</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>c</b>) Field distribution Hz (A/m) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>300</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>400</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Conventional BCPPS for ground TEM detection: (<b>a</b>) Clamping topology with TVS. (<b>b</b>) Steep pulse current source with boost topology.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Proposed BCPPS for MDS in the ground TEM detection.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Waveforms of critical elements for the steady state operation of the proposed BCPPS circuit in <a href="#sensors-23-09771-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>. Red shade: data measuring window. Blue shade: capacitor <span class="html-italic">C<sub>b</sub></span> charging window.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Four operation topologies of the proposed BCPPS, indicated by the red loops: (<b>a</b>) Mode 1. (<b>b</b>) Mode 2. (<b>c</b>) Mode 3. (<b>d</b>) Mode 4.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Equivalent circuit of the resonant charging loop.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Composition of the proposed electromagnetic measurement system with separated MDS: (<b>a</b>) Functional block diagram of the system. (<b>b</b>) Physical photos of the system.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>RX signal acquisition and preliminary processing.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Current pulse waveforms generated using various BCPPS circuits: (<b>a</b>) Clamping scheme with TVS. (<b>b</b>) Steep pulse current source with boost module. (<b>c</b>) Proposed topology for MDS with different converter gains.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Measured induced voltages of the survey line. The measuring points are located at the intersection of the dotted lines: (<b>a</b>) Experimental layout of the detection process. (<b>b</b>) Z-coil data during the early turn-off process at measuring points. (<b>c</b>) The simulation results for induced voltage in scenarios with and without a metal body.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Position imaging of the induced voltage scanning.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Detection Principles
2.1. Magnetic Dipole Source for Rapid TEM Detection
2.2. Response Analysis
3. BCPPS and New Charging Strategy
3.1. Proposed BCPPS
3.2. Operational Principles
3.2.1. Mode 1
3.2.2. Mode 2
3.2.3. Mode 3
3.2.4. Mode 4
4. System Design
4.1. Design of MDS
4.2. Design for Data Receiving
4.3. System Integration
5. Experimental Results
5.1. Performance of the BCPPS
5.2. Field Test
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Value | |
---|---|---|
BCPPS | Supply voltage (U1) | 24 V |
Gain of the converter (K) | 10~40 | |
Resonant inductor (Lb) | 0.5 mH | |
Saturation current of Lb (ibmax) | 10 A | |
Pulse repetition frequency (ft) | 50 Hz | |
Rising time of pulse (tr) | 0.4 ms | |
Flat-top time of pulse (tp) | 0.8 ms | |
TX loop | Diameter of the TX coil (Dt) | 2 m |
Number of turns (Nt) | 40 | |
Total TX area (St) | 125 m2 | |
Coil inductance (Lo) | 1.5 mH | |
Coil resistance (Ro) | 0.25 Ω | |
Damping resistance (Rd1) | 800 Ω | |
TX peak moment (Mt) | 37,500 Am2 |
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Liao, X.; Xu, Z.; Liu, W.; Tai, H.-M.; Zhou, J.; Ma, X.; Fu, Z. Electromagnetic Detection System with Magnetic Dipole Source for Near-Surface Detection. Sensors 2023, 23, 9771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249771
Liao X, Xu Z, Liu W, Tai H-M, Zhou J, Ma X, Fu Z. Electromagnetic Detection System with Magnetic Dipole Source for Near-Surface Detection. Sensors. 2023; 23(24):9771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249771
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Xian, Zhengyu Xu, Wei Liu, Heng-Ming Tai, Jie Zhou, Xiao Ma, and Zhihong Fu. 2023. "Electromagnetic Detection System with Magnetic Dipole Source for Near-Surface Detection" Sensors 23, no. 24: 9771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249771