decoction

Urolithiasis is a common problem afflicted for many centuries with high recurrence. This review covers the forty nine (49) antiurolithiatic plants of family Lamiaceae used in 11 different countries. Hopefully, this review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

Urolithiasis is a common problem afflicted for many centuries with
high recurrence. This review covers the forty two (42) medicinal plants
of family Apiaceae used in 18 different countries such as Algeria,Bosnia, Bulgaria, Canada, Herzegovina, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Palestine, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and Uzbekistan.Their historical antiurolithiatc background shared in well known books of Dioscorides (17plants), Ibn Sina (06 plants), Daoud al- Antaki (02 plants), Al Razi, Al-Baitar, Pliny the Elder and (01 plant contributed by each). Among the plant parts fruits were noted the most common (29%) followed by leaves and roots (17% each), whole plant (12%), seeds (10%), flowers (07%), stem (04%) and aerial parts (02%). In terms of preparation, decoction was observed most common (68%), followed by infusion (24%), oleo gum resin and plant gum (04% each).
The route of administration is oral in all cases. Hopefully, this review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

Context: The knowledge of traditional uses of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus in Zaria is still intact with the traditional medicine practitioners. Aims: To collect, identify and document medicinal plants used traditionally for the management of diabetes mellitus in Zaria city. Methods: Open-ended informal interviews and general conversation were administered to twenty-two (22) traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) and herb sellers. The data collected included the local names of plants, parts used, method of preparations and mode of administration. Results: Twenty-six (26) species of plants belonging to eighteen (18) families were identified. Herbal remedies were mostly prepared from freshly collected plants, while decoction was the main method of preparation. Leaves and stem bark formed the major parts of plants for herbal preparations. Conclusions: The study has documented different traditional practices used for the management of diabetes mellitus in the study area. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of plant species that have not yet been studied and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the antidiabetic activity as claimed by the traditional healers.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the water extract of Cyperus Articulatus rhizomes on the learning capacity and memory of Mus musculus Swiss white mice. T-maze tests with or without memory loss induction were performed one hour after oral administration of different doses of extract (52.4, 131, 262 and 524 mg/kg) of C. Articulatus obtained by decoction. For the T-maze test, the extract at the various test doses resulted in a significant increase in latency and the number of entries into the preferred arm in the acquisition phase compared to the untreated mice group. However, only the 131 mg/kg dose significantly reduced the number of entries into the preferred arm. In the T maze test with memory loss induction, the extract at all doses showed a significant reduction in latency to enter the preferred arm, time spent in the discriminated arm and the number of returns to the starting arm. In conclusion, the water extract of C. Articulatus rhizome has properties t...

Walnut barks are richer in polyphenolic compounds than leaves. Barbary Thuya leaf is richer in degradable condensed tannins at high temperatures. Wild olive leaf is richer in flavonoids (195.80 mg EC/g of dry decocted extract). Condensed tannins are uncorrelated with phenols and flavonoids. Flavonoids are the major polyphenolic constituents.

Background and Objective. Tamalakyadi decoction (TD) is a classical formulation mentioned in authentic traditional medicine text Sarasankshepaya under nasal diseases and used as a remedy for allergic rhinitis. It consists of 12 plant ingredients. Decoction preparations are widely used in Sri Lankan traditional system and considered effective and safe for treating many disorders. However, decoctions have to be used only in fresh state due to shorter shelf life and loss of stability. This decoction preparation method leads to decreasing the patient compliance and is also time consuming. Hence, the objective of the present study was to convert TD to consumer friendly novel dosage form, namely, freeze dried, spray dried, and traditional ganasara forms. Methodology. Therefore, we compared the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of TD with its modified dosage forms. The chemical comparison of four dosage forms comprises phytochemical screening, TLC and HPTLC fingerprint ...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the water extract of Cyperus Articulatus rhizomes on the learning capacity and memory of Mus musculus Swiss white mice. T-maze tests with or without memory loss induction were performed one hour after oral administration of different doses of extract (52.4, 131, 262 and 524 mg/kg) of C. Articulatus obtained by decoction. For the T-maze test, the extract at the various test doses resulted in a significant increase in latency and the number of entries into the preferred arm in the acquisition phase compared to the untreated mice group. However, only the 131 mg/kg dose significantly reduced the number of entries into the preferred arm. In the T maze test with memory loss induction, the extract at all doses showed a significant reduction in latency to enter the preferred arm, time spent in the discriminated arm and the number of returns to the starting arm. In conclusion, the water extract of C. Articulatus rhizome has properties that facilitate memory and correct memory deficits in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, triterpenes and polyphenols.The results obtained in this article justify the use of C. articulatus in Traditional Medicine. It would be necessary however to conduct similar studies on humans so that these findings can be used to improve memory issues in patients and persons with special needs.

Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate action mechanism of Indonesia herbal decoctions in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) using network pharmacology approaches.Methods: Drug target profile analysis via Markov clustering was performed to identify the potent antidiabetic ingredients in the four herbs. Network target base identification of multicomponent synergy was applied to predict the ingredients synergetic effect. The multi-level and integrated target networks were contracted to identify the herbs major ingredients and their presumed targets. Further enrichment analysis and molecular docking were performed to validate network targets.Results: 278 ingredients from the four herbs were linked to antidiabetic drugs with an overall clustering success rate of 98.58% and 5 ingredient pairs had significant synergetic effects. Enrichment analysis demonstrates herbs candidate presumed targets were frequently involved in the significant biological process and pathways ...

Madagascar is characterized by one of the highest rates of endemism and biodiversity in the world. Brachylaena preparations are extensively used in Malagasy folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal diseases and blenorrhagia. The aim of this study was a preliminary phytochemical fingerprint of Brachylaena ramiflora leaves infusions and bark decoctions, in order to characterize this species as source of biologically active compounds and their relative antioxidant activity by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Sixteen and twenty-three biomarkers (molecules with health properties selected for their demonstrated positive role on human organism) were identified in B. ramiflora leaf infusions and bark decoctions, respectively: the main compounds identified in the infusions were quinic acid (334.55±0.99 mg/100 gFW), chlorogenic acid (208.27±7.74 mg/100 gFW), and g-terpinene (144.19±1.00 mg/100 gFW), while the major components in the decoctions were castalagin (2...

Many studies have been carried out in order to determine the toxicity of medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the hepatic response against two doses of Nerium oleander, (N. oleander) “kaner” leaf decoction. Aqueous leaf decoction was injected intramuscularly into both hind limbs of male rats (200∓10g), assigned into three categories (n=4): control group with no treatment; group I, injected with 5 ml/ kg; and group II injected with 10 ml/ kg of leaf decoction, respectively. Animals were sacrificed 6 h after administration and hepato-histological changes were then observed. The decoction induced an acute phase reaction reflected by a more significant recruitment of inflammatory cells in group II than in group I and controls, as observed by histological studies. These results indicated that both doses can induce an acute-phase condition. Hence, traditional practice of medicinal plants without preliminary dose assessment must not be administered.

This study addresses the effects of gamma irradiation (1, 5 and 8 kGy) on color, organic acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.). Organic acids were analyzed by ultra fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Total phenolics and flavonoids were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the DPPH(•) scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation inhibition. Analyses were performed in the non-irradiated and irradiated plant material, as well as in decoctions obtained from the same samples. The total amounts of organic acids and phenolics recorded in decocted extracts were always higher than those found in the plant material or hydromethanolic extracts, respectively. The DPPH(•) scavenging activity and red...

Madagascar is characterized by one of the highest rates of endemism and biodiversity in the world. Brachylaena preparations are extensively used in Malagasy folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal diseases and blenorrhagia. The aim of this study was a preliminary phytochemical fingerprint of Brachylaena ramiflora leaves infusions and bark decoctions, in order to characterize this species as source of biologically active compounds and their relative antioxidant activity by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Sixteen and twenty-three biomarkers (molecules with health properties selected for their demonstrated positive role on human organism) were identified in B. ramiflora leaf infusions and bark decoctions, respectively: the main compounds identified in the infusions were quinic acid (334.55±0.99 mg/100 gFW), chlorogenic acid (208.27±7.74 mg/100 gFW), and g-terpinene (144.19±1.00 mg/100 gFW), while the major components in the decoctions were castalagin (2...

The separation and characterization of the unknown degradation product of second-generation antipsychotic drug ziprasidone are essential for defining the genotoxic potential of the compound. The aim of this study was to develop a simple UHPLC method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for chemical characterization of an unknown degradant, and the separation and quantification of ziprasidone and its five main impurities (I-V) in the raw material and pharmaceuticals. Chromatographic conditions were optimized by experimental design. The MS/MS fragmentation conditions were optimized individually for each compound in order to obtain both specific fragments and high signal intensity. A rapid and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed. All seven analytes were eluted within the 7 min run time. The best separation was obtained on the Acquity UPLC BEH C (50 × 2.1 mm × 1.7 μm) column in gradient mode with ammonium-formate buffer (10 mm; pH 4.7) and acetonitrile as mobile phase, w...

Sage (Salvia fruticosa L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), Hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), mountain tea (Sideritis spp), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata), nettle (Urtica dioica L.), thyme (Thymbra spicata), coriander (Coriandrum ...

Context: The knowledge of traditional uses of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus in Zaria is still intact with the traditional medicine practitioners. Aims: To collect, identify and document medicinal plants used traditionally for the management of diabetes mellitus in Zaria city. Methods: Open-ended informal interviews and general conversation were administered to twenty-two (22) traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) and herb sellers. The data collected included the local names of plants, parts used, method of preparations and mode of administration. Results: Twenty-six (26) species of plants belonging to eighteen (18) families were identified. Herbal remedies were mostly prepared from freshly collected plants, while decoction was the main method of preparation. Leaves and stem bark formed the major parts of plants for herbal preparations. Conclusions: The study has documented different traditional practices used for the management of diabetes mellitus in t...

Occidental medicine has a given definition for restless legs syndrome (RLS) and knowledge of RLS pathophysiology has led to the development of its therapeutic management. RLS has no cure. Many methods have been used for its treatment, among which traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been considered as a new approach. However, description and management of the disease symptoms can be found in Chinese ancient medical systems. The first mention of RLS may have been as early as the third century BC described as "leg uncomfortable". Nonetheless, the lack of a complete description encompassing all four modern cardinal features of RLS makes this uncertain. On the other hand, the first description of RLS encompassing three of the four major modern criteria occurs in the ancient book of Neike Zhaiyao (Internal summary), 1529 AD just about a century and a half prior to the description of RLS by Sir Thomas Willis in England. Here, we introduce the philosophical concepts of traditional Chinese medicine and the description, classification and understanding of RLS symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature reporting one part of TCM, Chinese herbal treatment efficacy for RLS, through both English and Chinese search engines. Eighty-five studies were included in the review and more than 40 formulas (including 176 different ingredients) were found in the literature. According to the literature, Chinese herbs have been demonstrated to be safe and hold great potential to be an effective treatment modality for RLS, but the evidence is limited by the quality of these studies. Of the eighty-five studies, only nine were clinical trials with a control group and only three of them were randomized. In cases where herbal preparations were compared to Western medications for RLS, the herbal preparations appear to be superior. However, uncertainty as to whether the diagnosis of RLS was made in accord with Western norms and the use of homemade non-validated rating scales create uncertainty as to the meaning of these results. High-quality randomized and double blinded clinical trials of Chinese herbs in treating RLS will be required in the future. This review highlights aspects of Chinese herbal treatment important to guide future research and clinical practice. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic English review of the role of Chinese herbs in the treatment of RLS.