cyberpower

Chinese aggressiveness in the virtual world for the last 10 years is not an instantly made plan. The desire to modernize the military has been seen since 3 decades ago. Since 2006 China has released "The State Information Development Strategy" which contains the purpose of building the information of China until the year 2020 in the future. President Xi Jinping explicitly said that China should be a cyber-power country. The development of Chinese cyberpower led to the outrage of the United States following a number of Chinese behaviors in cyberspace that harmed the interests of the United States. This study aims to understand the purpose of China's cyberpower development and how it falls on the interests of the United States.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the role of cyber in a larger context. The cyber interventions conducted against the states carry an offensive nature and contribute to the violent and non-violent confrontations in different ways. This topic is essential to examine, as the threat of Cyberattacks and hacking incidents are becoming more and more frequent nowadays. They can cause many intangible and physical damages to the states and their populations. The research will be based on the evaluation of the three cases. Through the given examples, it is possible to formulate the advantages and the limits while measuring the value of a new domain. Notably, such benefits as the problem of attribution; avoidance of retaliation might outweigh the costs for the adversary. Cyberattacks are an effective contribution to other powers possessed by the state. Their effective conduction with other conventional actions can result in the state's empowerment. The author will use qualitative research methods: comparative case study, process tracing, and document analysis to estimate the consequences and highlight the significance of the given challenge. Moreover, the author will focus on "the theory of Cyberpower" to strengthen the arguments of the paper and contribute to the research of cyber phenomenon in the IR discipline.

Os avanços da internet 2.0 e das TIC’s – Tecnologias da informação e comunicação – tencionam processos de hibridação entre o território físico e o virtual, provocando mudanças de hábito, de consumo, nas relações interpessoais, nas formas de trabalho e de habitar das populações. Tais modulações são introjetadas no cotidiano, muitas vezes, através de políticas estabelecidas por empresas transnacionais da indústria digital que, em diversos casos, ultrapassam questões soberanas do território, por vezes pela ausência de regulação e por consequentes efeitos da inovação, por outras, devido a incapacidade de se estabelecer bases legais e éticas, ou até mesmo processuais para efetivação de resoluções jurídicas relativas a esses temas, ou por associações opacas entre o Estado e tais corporações. Este trabalho busca relacionar posicionamentos críticos do campo do urbanismo sobre o controle biopolítico exercido por essas associações citadas acima, pontuar referenciais teóricos sobre esse “cybercampo de batalha” decorrente dessa nova lógica, e por fim, levantar como tais questões vem sendo debatidas no campo dos novos direitos.