World wars

Down County Museum embarked on an ambitious mission to make its buildings and collections as accessible as possible by the end of 2006, literally to 'unlock the past at Down County Museum'. This book aims to highlight some of the treasures from the museum collection that were made accessible through the project, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and Down District Council, and to recognise the work of staff and supporters in developing the programme of work, known as the Governor's Residence Access Project, from 2001 to 2006. The book is divided into 9 chapters covering different periods and related museum collections: Before History (7000BC-AD 400), St Patrick, a fifth century saint, Medieval Down (AD400-1470), Land and Power (1470-1798), Rebellion! (1798-1803), Hard Times, Great Expectations (1803-1914), From Home Rule to Civil War, War and Peace (1914-1945), and Post-War Down, all authored by museum staff.

En este TOMO VII de LA RELACIÓN ENTRE LAS CRISIS ECONOMICAS Y LAS GUERRAS, se desarrollan los acontecimientos ocurridos  en la edad MODERNA, y en este Segundo  Capítulo  del primer cuarto del SIGLO XVIII, se investiga el RESTO DEL MUNDO (es decir: Asia, Oceanía, África y América).

El capítulo abarca los siguientes conflictos:

• CONFLICTOS EN ASIA Y OCEANÍA:
• CONFLICTOS CON LOS MOGOLES EN LA INDIA DESDE
• GUERRAS MOGOL-MARATHA
• GUERRA CIVIL MARATHA
• GUERRAS ENTRE  MOGOLES Y SIJS
• GUERRA MOGOL-HYDERABAD
• GUERRA ENTRE EL ESTADO JAIPUR Y EL IMPERIO MARATHA
• LEVANTAMIENTO EN LA INDIA CONTRA LA COMPAÑÍA DE LAS INDIAS ORIENTALES DE LA INDIA
• PRIMERA  Y SEGUNDA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN JAVANESA
• REBELIÓN GENERAL EN MANILA
• EXPEDICIÓN CHINA  O  CONQUISTA CHINA DEL TÍBET 
• CONQUISTA QING DE QINGHAI
• GUERRAS EN LOS KANATOS DE JIVA (UZBEKISTÁN) Y DE BUJARA
• CONFLICTOS DENTRO DEL IMPERIO OTOMANO
• GUERRA PERSA – AFGANA
• GUERRA RUSO-PERSA O CAMPAÑA PERSA DE PEDRO EL GRANDE
• CAMPAÑAS DE NADER SHAH O LAS GUERRAS NADERIANAS
• CONFLICTOS EN JAPÓN DESDE 1701
• CONFLICTOS EN ÁFRICA 1701 – 1725
• GUERRA CIVIL DE CONGO DESDE 1701 - 1709
• CONTIENDAS EN ÁFRICA CON LOS OTOMANOS 1701 – 1725
• GUERRA DEL MAGREB 1699-1702
• GUERRA ARGELINA-SHERIFIANA 1701 – 1725
• CONQUISTA DE ENARYA POR LOS OROMO - ETIOPÍA 1710
• GUERRAS DEL IMPERIO BAMANA O BÁMBARA O IMPERIO DE SEGÚ 1712
• GUERRAS EN KENIA – TANZANIA - GUINEA  Y BUGANDA (UGANDA) DESDE 1701
• YIHADS O REVOLUCIÓN O GUERRAS FULANI
• GUERRA CIVIL EN FUTA TORO
• CONQUISTAS DE BUGANDA 1701 – 1704
• CONQUISTAS DE LA CONFEDERACIÓN ASANTE 1701 -1725
• CONFLICTO DE SUCESIÓN ASANTE 1717
• CONFLICTOS EN SUDAFRICA 1701 -1725
• CONFLICTOS EN AMÉRICA 1701 – 1725
• GUERRA ENTRE CHARRÚAS- BOHAN Y GUENOA-MINUANOS 1701 -1702
• REBELIONES ABORÍGENES EN AMÉRICA 1701- 1725
• GUERRA DE ARAUCO  - CHILE 1701 - 1725
• GUERRA DE LOS CASTORES O IROQUESA 1701 – 1711
• GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA  EN AMÉRICA 1701 – 1713
• GUERRA DE LA REINA ANA 1701 -1713
• GUERRA DE LOS BÁRBAROS – BRASIL 1701 -1725
• GUERRA DE LOS EMBOABAS 1707 – 1709
• GUERRA DE LOS MASCATES – BRASIL 1710 - 1711
• GUERRA DE TUSCARORA 1711 - 1715
• GUERRA YAMASI O YAMASEE 1715 - 1717
• GUERRA DE LA CUÁDRUPLE ALIANZA EN AMÉRICA 1719 -1720
• ATAQUES PIRATAS EN AMÉRICA
• REVOLUCIÓN EN CAROLINA DEL SUR 1719
• SUBLEVACIÓN DE LOS VEGUEROS 1717 -1723
• REVOLUCIÓN DE LOS COMUNEROS PARAGUAY 1717 - 1725
• GUERRA DE DUMMER O GUERRA DEL PADRE RALE O GUERRA DE LOVEWELL O GUERRA DE GREYLOCK O GUERRA DE LOS TRES AÑOS O CUARTA GUERRA ANGLO-ABENAKI O GUERRA DE WABANAKI-NUEVA INGLATERRA 1722-1725

I propose to discuss twentieth-century Croatian literature alongside Carl Schmitt’s argument about the intrusion of time in Shakespeare’s tragedy. Schmitt relates this intrusion to the birth of modern Europe out of the spirit of Protestantism, when the uniform theological platform is compromised and, with it, the legitimizing procedures and the figure of the sovereign. If literature at the time is therefore in a position to reconstitute itself and become an apparatus critical to negotiating the rationale of politics and authorization, the crisis thus brought to the fore demands also that literature urgently reconsider the concept of a tragic event – the implication being that a tragic event, processed by modern literature into mourning, is how to think politics in modernity. What Schmitt thereby implies is that history of modern literature relates structurally to political history; equally, he suggests that modern political history depends, for its rationale, on literature. I address world war as a similar intrusion, especially in the context of Croatian literature, and argue that mourning may no longer be a foothold for literature to process the intrusion of time. Instead, I contend that structures of masochism take over as that position where literature processes the intrusion of time into an intellectual situation. // Polazeći od studije Carla Schmitta o irupciji vremena u Shakespeareovu tragediju, predlažem raspravu o hrvatskoj književnosti dvadesetoga stoljeća u sličnome okviru. Prema Schmittu, do irupcije vremena u tragediju dolazi s rođenjem moderne Evrope iz duha protestantizma, jer se u tome času raspada jedinstvena teološka platforma koja je dotadašnjoj Evropi osiguravala proces ovlaštenja i nenapuklu figuru suverena. Ako je književnost zbog toga u situaciji da rekonstituira sebe kao instrument domišljanja samih uvjeta politike i ovlaštenja, to je ujedno kriza koja od književnosti neodgodivo zahtijeva da se iznova odredi prema tragičnom događaju – s implikacijom da je tragični događaj, koji moderna književnost prevodi u žalovanje, presudan za domišljanje politike i ovlaštenja. Schmitt tako postavlja i pitanje može li se i do koje mjere povijest moderne književnosti izuzeti iz političke povijesti; također, on sugerira da se politička povijest u modernitetu možda uopće ne može razumjeti osim u relaciji prema književnosti. U svome predavanju razmotrit ću svjetski rat kao sličnu irupciju, posebno u kontekstu hrvatske književnosti. Hipoteza mi je da strukture mazohizma preuzimaju funkciju tragičnoga događaja i njegova modernog prijevoda u žalovanje, te postaju uporište gdje književnost domišlja irupciju vremena i stvara uvjete za (vlastitu) povijest.

The paper is a follow up on "USA's semi-hot war for control of Russia's natural resources: the Syrian episode." It does report on a largely unknown and totally ignored land-only channel for illegal refugees and jihadis entering Europe from Turkey.

Acarca las  guerras en Asia, África y América entre 1751 y 1775, previo a las guerras de la independencia de las colonias de Europa. Y entre las guerras se encuentran las siguientes guerras:AFGANO-MAHARANA de 1757 - 1759,  ANGLO-CHEROKEE de  1758 – 1761,  ANGLO-ESPAÑOLA de 1762-1763, BIRMANO-SIAMESA de 1759-1760, y de 1765-1767, CHINO-BIRMANA de 1765-1769, CIVIL EN ETIOPÍA de 1769 – 1772, CIVIL EN YATENGA - ALTO VOLTA de 1754 - 1757, CIVIL SIAMESA Y de REUNIFICACIÓN DE SIAM 1767 – 1771, DE LORD DUNMORE O GUERRA DE DUNMORE 1774, DE LOS 7 AÑOS EN AMÉRICA , en Asia y en África de 1754 - 1763, DE ROHILLA 1773 – 1774, DE SUCESIÓN PÈRSA 1751 – 1775, ENTRE ESPAÑA Y BERBERÍA EN ÁFRICA 1751 -1775, ENTRE ESPAÑA Y BERBERÍA EN FILIPINAS 1751 -1775, FRANCO- INDIA 1755 – 1763, FUNJ-ETÍOPE DESDE 1751 -1755, HISPANO-ARGELINA 1775-1775,
KONBAUNG-HANTHAWADDY 1752 - 1759, MAMELUCA – OTOMANA 1768, MARATHA - NIZAM DE HYDERABAD 1751, MARATHA-MYSORE 1770 -1771, REBELIÓN DE PONTIAC 1763 REBELIÓN DE TACKY 1760, RUSO – TURCA 1768-1774, AFGANO-SIJ 1761 – 1765, CHICKASAW DESDE 1752 – 1763, DE TÂY SƠN O GUERRA CIVIL VIETNAMITA y  GUARANÍTICAS 1754 – 1756

Originally formulated at the end of the 1930s, Norbert Elias's theory of the civilising process gradually won recognition among scholars in the 1970s and 1980s, and it eventually became one of the most praised paradigms in the history of violence and criminal justice. Over the past forty years, the civilising process has been a major model for analysing the long-term decline of homicide in Western Europe as a result of the taming of individual violence by the state. Facing criticisms against his model due to the so-called 'evolutionary' reading of the civilising process and its supposed contradictions with the development of mass violence in the 20 th century, Elias focused his later writings on the mechanisms of de-or dys-civilisation. This contribution will, on the one hand, analyse how the reception of Elias's work among historians of violence and criminal justice generated several revisions of the theory of the long-term civilising process. We propose, on the other hand, to articulate three historical configurations of violence: the long decline of homicide in pacified societies (civilisation processes), the massive outbursts of extremely violent behaviour (de/dys-civilisation processes), and transitional justice after war or political conflict (re-civilisation processes).

Prof. Linda Colley’s attempt at applying Braudel’s ideas to twentieth century history left a lot to be desired. The following letter - written immediately after the original broadcast - can still be checked against Prof. Colley's original lecture, as the programme is still available to listen to on the BBC Radio 3 website.

Alan S. Milward was an economic historian who developed an implicit theory of historical change. His interpretation which was neither liberal nor Marxist posited that social, political, and economic change, for it to be sustainable, had to be a gradual process rather than one resulting from a sudden, cataclysmic revolutionary event occurring in one sector of the economy or society. Benign change depended much less on natural resource endowment or technological developments than on the ability of state institutions to respond to changing political demands from within each society. State bureaucracies were fundamental to formulating those political demands and advising politicians of ways to meet them. Since each society was different there was no single model of development to be adopted or which could be imposed successfully by one nation-state on others, either through force or through foreign aid programs. Nor could development be promoted simply by copying the model of a more suc...

In this study, the development of the main current of encyclopedism in Serbia, the one in the Serbian language, is presented through publishing companies and other organisations that deal with producing encyclopedias, such as the cultural institution Matica srpska (Matrix Serbica). Encyclopedic work in Republic of Serbia is only partially accompanied by institutionalization, even
though the idea of founding an encyclopedic institute modelled after the Institute of Lexicography in Zagreb (Republic of Croatia), such as the one initiated by the Službeni glasnik (Official Gazette) public enterprise, has been present since the start of the 21st century. The article deals with the views and procedures of individual companies and institutions as well as professional and political factors related to the central encyclopedic institution. Not only does the author present elements for the evaluation of the work of some institutions and some of the significant encyclopedic works, especially the Vojna enciklopedija
(Military Encyclopedia; first edition 1958–1969, second edition 1970–1976), but also touches on some of the general questions of metalexicography and bibliography. Due to the type of activities and
editions of organizations written about in this work, the author also examines the field of Serbian language lexicography.
Keywords: encyclopedism; Serbia; encyclopedic institute; organisation; Serbian lexicography; publishing; Military Encyclopedia; Matica srpska; Službeni glasnik; metalexicography; bibliography;
Serbian language

Öz Bu çalışma, dünya savaşı olgusunun sistem düzeyinde analizi yerine, aktör çiftlerinin kriz ilişkileri-nin yayılarak bir dünya savaşına nasıl ilerlediğini, ampirik uluslararası ilişkiler teorisinin bulgula-rına dayanarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda bir aktör çiftinin arasında yaşanan toprağa dayalı bir uyuşmazlık, bunların sınır komşusu olma durumu, önceden aynı konuda çatışmaları, rekabet halinde olmaları gibi durumlar o aktör çiftinin savaş yatkınlığını artırmaktadır. Başat devletlerin çatışan bir aktör çiftinin krizine taraf olmaları, ittifak ilişkileri, yaklaşık güç denklikleri ve belirsizlik durumları ise bu aktör çiftinin savaşının hızla yayılarak bir dünya savaşının çıkma ihtimalini artırmaktadır. Tarihte nadir de görülse iki devletin kriz ilişkisinin, sistem geneline yayılarak bir dünya savaşı meydana getirme ihtimali mümkündür.

Abstract This study aims to bring an explanation to the world war phenomenon through focusing on how the dyadic crises of states may incline a world war rather than making a systemic level of analysis. To that end, this study based upon the existing findings of empirical international relations theory. The findings of several studies demonstrate that territorial crises, contiguity, protracted conflicts/disputes within dyads, international rivalry issues increases the war proneness of dyads. These war prone dyads may be observed as a bilateral conflict or at the utmost regional war among states. However, these dyads may have a tendency to transform the existing war into a world war as a consequence of contagion. The con-tagion derived from the alliances, opportunity and willingness of non-belligerents, or behaviors of other major powers involving the crisis.

Since the emergence of postmodern social theory, history has been haunted by predictions of its imminent end. Postmodernism has been accused of making historical research and writing untenable, encouraging the proliferation of revisionist histories, providing fertile ground for historical denial, and promoting the adoption of a mournful view of the past. Where postmodernism has influenced curriculum reform it has provoked outrage among conservative politicians and media commentators, inciting culture wars over the teaching of the national past. This provocative book re-examines the nature of the alleged “threat” to history posed by postmodernism, and explores the implications of postmodern social theory for History as curriculum. It provides a lucid account of the competing “post-historical” visions of neoliberalism and poststructuralism, and focusing upon the case of History curriculum reform in fin de siècle Australia, uses postcolonial and poststructural theory to articulate an exciting new critical curricular response to the “history wars” that goes beyond counter-narrative as critical pedagogy. This book will be of interest to curricularists and critical pedagogues around the globe, and history educators at all levels of education. Making an important contribution to the struggle for critical and effective histories, it is a must-read text for those studying or teaching history today.

The end of World War I in 1918 meant a radical transformation of Central Europe: the multicultural space of former empires became divided into individual nation-states. This altered all spheres of life, deeply impacting the discipline of art history as well. The cosmopolitan vision of art history developed by figures from the Vienna School such as Franz Wickhoff and Alois Riegl was gradually replaced by new self-referential narratives. This nationalist tendency was reinforced by the division of Europe after World War II.

In the wake of Jiří Kroupa’s pioneering studies, this volume takes a truly transcultural approach to art produced in the Central European region from the 12th to the 20th century. Freed from national prejudices, a region shaped by the constant movement of people, ideas, and objects emerges.

In the last endnote of her pacifist plea in Three Guineas, Virginia Woolf illustrates her vision about the Outsiders’ Society by referencing three nineteenth-century authors: S.T. Coleridge, Walt Whitman, and George Sand. The first and longest quotation is from Coleridge’s The Friend. However, oddly enough, Woolf seems to misunderstand Coleridge’s intention and/ or creatively misuse his words. Taking this understudied detail as its pivot, this article explores Woolf’s conception about war and community as it relates to Romantic political thought, particularly Coleridge’s.
Drawing on Woolf scholarship (Beer, Black, Lounsberry, Saint-Amour, Snaith, Wood, etc.), as well as diaries and correspondence, the first section of the article constructs a genealogy of the concept of the “Outsiders’ Society”, thus situating Three Guineas in the evolution of Woolf’s reflections about war as they come through both in her novels and in her non-fiction. The second section analyzes Woolf’s framing of the notion of romance in A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas, paying attention especially to the use of words like “illusion” and “fact”. Zooming in on the connection with Coleridge, the last section contextualizes the quotation from him used by Woolf in the endnote by re-embedding it in the conceptual framework of The Friend, but also offers a broader overview of Coleridge’s own changing opinions on community and conflict, from “Fears in Solitude” to Letters on the Spaniards and On the Constitution of Church and State. By employing this array of sources, the article points out some strong discrepancies between Woolf’s and Coleridge’s convictions, which render her recourse to his political writings counterintuitive. However, the paper also reveals a strong affinity between the two writers regarding the topic of education and its role in community-building. These converging opinions on education as an antidote to addictive tendencies like greed, vanity, and pugnacity offer a key to Woolf’s gesture of returning to the Romantics in the final pages of her argument against war.

in early 1930's, Hebrew poet and author, Avigdor Hameiri, travelled across the remnants of the ruined Austro-Hungarian he once called home, delivering a startling picture of Europe between the two world wars. But the voyage into savage Europe, now heading towards a new catastrophe, is also a voyage into Hameiri's past and into his dual identity as a Hungarian Jew and as a Hebrew Zionist. The picture that arises is humorous and harrowing, in this remarkable novel by a once in a generation author.

"Kerala, located on the Southwestern tip of India, enjoys unique geographical features that have made it one of the most sought-after tourist destinations in Asia. Fondly referred to as ‘God’s Own Country’, Kerala was selected by the National Geographic Traveller as one of the 50 destinations of a lifetime and one of the thirteen paradises in the world.

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