Veterinary Pathology

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a small single-stranded DNA virus, was initially discovered in 1998 and is highly prevalent in the domestic pig population. Disease manifestations associated with PCV2 include postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS), enteric disease, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure. Although these clinical manifestations involve different organ systems, there is considerable overlap in clinical expression of disease and presence of lesions between pigs and within herds. It is now widely accepted that PCV2 can be further subdivided into different types, of which PCV2a and PCV2b are present worldwide and of greatest importance. This review will focus on PCV2-associated lesions in different organ systems.

Veteriner Sistemik Patoloji kitabı, öncelikle Veteriner Fakültesi öğrencilerine ders kitabı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bilindiği gibi hastalıklar, canlı dokularda oluşan değişikliklerin, lezyonların bir sonucudur. Patoloji, canlı dokulardaki bu değişikliklerin oluşumunu yani hastalığın patogenezini, oluşan lezyonların patolojik-anatomik yapılarını makroskobik ve mikroskobik düzeyde değerlendirerek hastalığın nedenini belirlemeye çalışan bir bilim dalıdır. Bir hekimin bir hastalığı nasıl tedavi edeceğini kararlaştırırken, hastalığın patogenezini, dokularda oluşan lezyonları, yani o hastalığın patolojisini de iyi bilmesi avantaj sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle öğrencilerimize ve meslektaşlarımıza, başarılı bir veteriner hekim olabilmenin yolunun hastalıkların patolojilerinin de iyi bilinmesinden geçtiğini vurgulamakta yarar vardır. Ayrıca organlarda gözlenen değişikliklerin iyi yorumlanması, teşhisi kolaylaştırarak doğru tedavi sürecine erken başlanmasına ve önemli ekonomik kayıpların önüne geçilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.
Hazırlanan kitapla, ilgili organlarda anlatılan hastalık ve lezyonlar, çoğunluğu makroskobik olmak üzere mümkün olduğu kadar bol resimle desteklenerek görselliği artırılmaya çalışılmış, böylece öğrenmeyi kolaylaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu şekilde hem veteriner fakültesi öğrencilerine hem de akademisyen ve veteriner hekimlere önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmüştür. Kitapta kullanılan makroskobik ve histopatolojik resimlerin büyük çoğunluğu Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı rutin resim arşivi ile yürütülen tez ve projelerden sağlanmıştır. Bazı resimler Münih Ludwig-Maximilians Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Enstitüsü Direktörlüğü izniyle kullanılmış ve resim altında (LMU Münih’ten) şeklinde belirtilmiştir. Resimlerin bir kısmı ise Dr. Maarten Drost’un izniyle “http://www.drostproject.org” web sayfasından, Prof. Dr. S.Serap Birincioğlu (Türkütanıt) ve Prof. Dr. Zabid Yener’in doktora tezlerinden alınmıştır. Adı geçenlere resimlerin kitapta kullanılmasına izin vermeleri nedeniyle şükranlarımızı sunarız.
Doku ve organlardaki lezyonların kolaylıkla gözlenebilmesi ve organlardaki lezyonlara ait renk değişikliklerinin daha kolay fark edilebilmesi için resimler ilgili bölümlerde renkli olarak sunulmuştur. 
Veteriner Sistemik Patoloji kitabının I. Cildi “Sindirim ve Solunum Sistemleri Patolojisi”ni içermekteydi. Kitabın II. Cildi ise “Sinir Sistemi”, “Kardiyovaskuler Sistem”, “Hematopoietik Sistem, “Üriner Sistem”,“Dişi Genital Sistem”, “Erkek Genital Sistem” ve “Deri” Patolojisi konularını kapsamaktadır.
Veteriner Hekimlik eğitimine, akademisyenlere ve veteriner hekimlere patoloji alanında önemli katkılar sağlayacağını umduğumuz kitapta kullanılan resimlerin elde edilmesinde emeği geçen ve farklı zamanlarda Anabilim Dalımızda hizmet vermiş tüm Öğretim Elemanlarına teşekkür ederiz. Yeni öğretim yılına yetiştirebilmek için mevcut ders notlarının güncellenmesi ve renkli resimler eklenmesiyle kısa sürede hazırlanan bu ders kitabındaki eksik ve hataların tarafımıza bildirilmesi, sonraki baskının daha kusursuz hale getirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Yapıcı eleştiri ve önerilerini bizlere ileterek destek olacak tüm ilgililere ve meslektaşlarımıza şimdiden şükranlarımızı sunarız.


YAZARLAR
Mart 2016, Konya

We describe a case of a dog with hepatosplenic lymphoma, a disease characterized by infiltration of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow with γδ T cells, absence of peripheral lymphadenopathy, and an aggressive clinical course. Physical examination findings, hematologic and biochemical abnormalities, and clinical course of the disease in this patient were similar to those in humans. Immunophenotyping of liver and spleen aspirates supported an antemortem diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma consistent with hepatosplenic lymphoma. The diagnosis was confirmed postmortem by a combination of routine histopathology, showing a consistent pattern of organ involvement, and immunohistochemistry showing the infiltrating neoplastic lymphocytes to be T cells expressing the γδ T-cell receptor. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of hepatosplenic lymphoma in a dog.

In this presentation, a case of necrotic glossitis was described in a mass removed from the tongue in a 4-year-old male crossbred cat. One month ago, when the cat was eating a large amount of saliva and sometimes blood was observed from the mouth, a mass formation on the tongue was noticed by the animal owner. Cat's inspection was performed in Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Clinics. In the inspection, a bulging mass was observed in the caudal region and dorsal surface of the tongue, partially preventing food intake and swallowing. The animal's mouth was opened properly. The tongue pulled out. The mass was extirpated against intact tissue with electrocautery. The extracted mass was sent to the Pathology Laboratory. The mass was 1.2 x 1.5 x 2 cm in size and had a firm consistency. Partly erosive-ulcerative areas were observed on the surface of the mass. Yellowish-gray foci with a diameter of 2-3 mm were noticed on the cut surface. In microscopic examinations; erosion and ulcers in epithelial layer, inflammatory cells and increased connective tissue were noted in propria. Pink necrotic foci of different sizes scattered between the tongue muscles, a band of inflammatory cells and an increase in connective tissue around these foci were observed. In the presented case, a diagnosis of necrotic glossitis was made as a result of the changes observed with necrosis in the mass taken with suspicion of tumor. Masses with ulcerated and bleeding appearance are generally interpreted as tumoral formations. However, as observed in this case, it was concluded that necrotic-inflammatory changes should also be taken into account in masses with similar appearance that are evaluated as a tumor. For similar situations, it was deemed appropriate to present the case in order to draw the attention of clinicians to the subject and to contribute to veterinary medicine.

Systemic mycoses (fungal granulomas) were diagnosed in commercial broiler chickens of 4 week age. Clinically, birds showed respiratory distress with 7% mortality over a period of two weeks (2 to 4 week) with stunted growth. The gross lesions included nodules of varied sizes in lung, air sac and peritoneum in most cases, and liver, heart and diffuse enlargement of kidneys in few cases. Histopathological examination of these (lung, liver, kidney, etc.) organs revealed classical granuloma with central caseous necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, epithelioid cells, giant cells and fibrosis. Section of lungs, kidneys and liver stained with Periodic Acid Schiff stain revealed pink coloured fungal hyphae. The flock was successfully treated with copper sulphate

BACKGROUND:
In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.
AIM OF THE WORK:
In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
RESULTS:
The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.
KEYWORDS:
garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells

Nekropsi ve Makroskobik Tanı kitabı, öncelikle Veteriner Fakültesi öğrencilerine ders kitabı olarak hazırlanmış ve beş bölümde ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde genel nekropsi bilgisi, ikinci bölümde çiftlik hayvanlarının nekropsi teknikleri ve hayvan türlerine göre farklılıkları, üçüncü bölümde makroskobik değişikliklerin görünüş, renk, kıvam ve dağılım gibi ölçütler temel alınarak tanımlama teknikleri anlatılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde patoloji laboratuvarında kullanılan tespit, rutin doku takibi, kesit alma ve preparat boyama konularından, beşinci bölümde ise, şüphelenilen hastalıklara göre organ ve dokulardan alınan örneklerin hangi şartlarda laboratuvarlara gönderileceğinden bahsedilmiştir.
Hazırlanan kitapta konuların, çoğu renkli olmak üzere 152 resim ve 29 şekille desteklenerek daha kolay anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca örnek nekropsi ve epikriz raporu ile örnek biyopsi ve nekropsi istek formu da eklenmiştir.
Veteriner Hekimlik eğitimine, akademisyenlere ve veteriner hekimlere patoloji ve nekropsi alanında önemli katkılar sağlayacağını umduğumuz kitapta kullanılan resimlerin elde edilmesinde emeği geçen ve farklı zamanlarda Anabilim Dalımızda hizmet vermiş tüm Öğretim Elemanlarına ve ayrıca kitabın baskı aşamalarındaki özverili çalışmalarından dolayı S.Ü. Basımevi çalışanlarına teşekkür ederiz. Yeni öğretim yılına yetiştirebilmek için mevcut ders notlarının güncellenmesi ve renkli resimler eklenmesiyle kısa sürede hazırlanan bu ders kitabındaki eksik ve hataların tarafımıza bildirilmesi, sonraki baskının daha kusursuz hale getirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Yapıcı eleştiri ve önerilerini bizlere ileterek destek olacak tüm ilgililere ve meslektaşlarımıza şimdiden şükranlarımızı sunarız.
Yazarlar
Ekim 2016, Konya

West Nile virus (WNV) infection was diagnosed in 38 psittacine birds based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rosellas ( Platycercus spp, n = 13), conures ( Enicognathus, Aratinga, and Nandayus spp, n = 6), and lorikeets ( Trichoglossus spp, n = 6) represented the most commonly affected species. Clinical signs ranged from lethargy, ruffled feathers, anorexia, and weight loss in most birds to sudden death in others. Except for mild to moderate enlargement of liver and spleen, there were no significant gross lesions at necropsy. Histopathologic findings included lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic hepatitis, interstitial nephritis, myocarditis, splenitis, enteritis, pancreatitis, and occasionally, encephalitis. Viral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in 34 of 35 hearts (97.1%), 29 of 32 pancreata (90.6%), 33 of 37 kidneys (89.2%), 31 of 35 intestines (88.6%), 27 of 33 gizzards (81.8%), 8 of 10 ovaries (80%), 27 of...

Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis is a highly contagious viral disease of dog that can lead to life-threating illness. Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis in dogs of Dhaka City Corporation , Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 545 dogs were examined at Dr. Sagir's Pet Clinics and Research Centre, Dhaka during September 2016 to August 2017. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and by CPV rapid Ag kit test. Results: Overall prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis was recorded as 13.94%. The prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis varied significantly (p<0.05) among different aged groups (23.63%, 10.63%, 8.27% in 0-6 months, 7-12 months and above 12 months respectively). Considering seasonal influences, highest prevalence was found in summer season (17.5%) followed by winter (12.12%) and rainy season (11.66%) which was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Male dogs (18.74%) were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher susceptible in comparison with female (11.00%). Non-vaccinated dogs (80.0%) were at greater risk than vaccinated (2.58%), (p<0.05). There was significant (p<0.05) difference among various breeds where German Shepherd (40.78%) had highest prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis followed by Labrador (22.36%), Rottweiler (21.05%), Doberman (13.15%) and cross breeds (4.4%). Dogs with poor health condition (20.75%) were more vulnerable than apparently healthy dogs (7.5%), (p<0.05). Conclusion: This result provides an empirical scenario of canine parvoviral enteritis in Dhaka city. Effective routine vaccination and control measures may reduce the disease burden in dog population.

Scientists from Germany, England, India, Australia and UAE have published books on camel. These are, of course, good books
but as usual their prices are prohibitive for our students, extension workers and even for teachers. Moreover, these books contain
a little information about camels in Pakistan. Therefore, an easy-to-understand book on ‘Production and Management of Camels’
using a question-answer format, has been compiled. This should provide ready-made answers to so many questions simmering in
the minds of students, teachers, researchers and extension specialists. It embodies about 400 questions along with their answers.
The book discusses the distribution of camels in different continents/countries, breeds and types of camels with cross reference to
other species, nutritional physiology and reproductive management, the way camels adapt to hot arid environment, milk and meat
production and work performance, practical management and training of camels, marketing, health care and some diseases,
including valuable information on several other aspects. Camel breeds and camel raising practices in Pakistan have been
adequately discussed.

An encyclopedia should properly encompass the totality of human knowledge, or
at least of some particular sector of it. Not so many years ago it would have been
possible to contain all that was known of animal nutrition in a book the size of this,
for the science of nutrition is young, but such has been the pace of its growth that
that is no longer possible. The nutrition of farm animals is a complex subject, reaching
into biochemistry, physiology, pathology, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry
and agriculture and even, as evidenced in the following pages, beyond
those disciplines. The subject matter of farm animal nutrition is covered in a large
number of text books – most are referred to in the entries of this encyclopedia – but
their arrangement does not lend itself to the rapid recovery of specific pieces of factual
information and it was with that object in view that this encyclopedia was
devised and written. Its aims are completeness, accuracy, succinctness and ease of
access. The aim of completeness – to include as much factual information as possible
– was addressed by embracing all the ramifications of nutrition just mentioned.
Yet, no doubt there are omissions. To achieve a high degree of accuracy authors
were chosen for their expertise in specialized areas of nutrition. But mistakes there
surely are and for those that I have failed to spot I would plead, as that pioneer lexicographer
Dr Johnson famously pleaded, when asked by a lady why he had defined
‘pastern’ as ‘the knee of a horse’, ‘Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance’. To encompass
the whole of farm animal nutrition in this space obviously requires succinctness
and all the contributors were enjoined to be as brief as possible – though some
found it harder than others. Finally, ease of access is ensured by the alphabetical
arrangement of the entries and the system of cross-references. There is more on

L'étude a été réalisée sur 723 sujets provenant d'élevages avicoles privés ou
publiques de différentes wilayas de l'Est algérien. Les prélèvements ont été accompagnés
de fiches commémoratives dûment remplies par le vétérinaire. Le pourcentage des
animaux représentant des lésions macroscopiques sans distinction d'âge ni de
spéculation est de 10.51%. Les lésions ont été réparties sur les différents appareils et
organes dont les causes sont multiples ; nutritionnelles et microbiologiques. En effet,
l'autopsie joue un rôle primordial dans le diagnostic des pathologies des volailles mais
elle doit être complété par les examens sérologiques et bactériologiques.
Mots clés : Autopsie, volailles, lésions macroscopiques, diagnostic.

This article argues that late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century concepts of disease developed from new interests in anatomy, contemporary ideas in medicine and the intellectual milieu that promoted and contributed to farriery literature. Though ideas and concepts about disease were subject to each farrier’s social, intellectual and practical environment, there were shifts during this period where disease became less symptomatic and more anatomical, and even began to show signs of becoming ontological. This chapter will demonstrate how and why there were changes in the concepts of disease (1680 to 1800) by surveying a chronology of noted eighteenth-century authors and their ideas about glanders.

Various conditions in cats can cause gastrointestinal masses (table 1), not all of which are neoplastic. These present with similar clinical signs, however, including weight loss, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea. Frequently palpable intestinal masses actually involve enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes draining a primary gastrointestinal disease.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017, to estimate the prevalence of major gross lung lesions
in cattle slaughtered at Hawassa Municipal Abattoir, southern Ethiopia. A total of 563 male cattle were examined by antemortem
examination, while postmortem lung lesions were done using standard inspection procedures. Association between prevalence
and the explanatory variables was estimated by way of chi-square/Fischer’s exact tests using statistical packages for social science
(SPSS) software. Upon postmortem examination, 96.6% (544/563) of cattle examined had various gross lung lesions. The most
important lesions identified were hydatidosis, emphysema, congestion, and atelectasis with prevalence of 45.3%, 19.2%, 18.1%, and
6.4%, respectively. Based on origins of slaughtered animals, hydatid cyst, emphysema, and congestion were common in cattle that
came from Tula area with prevalence of 46.3%, 20.4%, and 20%, respectively. The animals from Arsi-negelle and Hawassa were
mostly affected by hydatid cyst with prevalence of 44.4% and 42.5%, respectively. Statistically significant association (𝑝 = .038) was
observed between prevalence of atelectasis and body condition of slaughtered cattle. In conclusion, the prevalence of hydatidosis
was themajor lesion in the lung of slaughtered cattle atHawassaMunicipalAbattoir.Therefore, appropriate disease control strategies
should be put in place.

Pigs are one of the favorite lifestock in Bali, besides it is one needs for food,
ceremony and as well as it is can be given a wide range of feed. But people
have a fear of diseases that can attack their pigs. One is kolibasilosis
caused by the bacteria E. Coli. The disease is feared because it can cause 2
economic losses caused by poor growth, weight loss, and even death so the
price of piglets decreased. This study aims to determine PathologyAnatomy, Histopathology, and Bacteriology about Colibasillosis happened
at Banjar Badung, Ayunan Village, District Abiansemal, Badung regency.
11 of 150 piglets are sick and quarantined within the last 5 days. 3 of the 11
piglets were dying. Piglets vaccinated against Hog Cholera. From the
necropsy examination results of Pathology-Anatomy, then the samples were
taken from each organ for examination Histopathology and bacteriology
obtained positive results of infected with the bacteria E. Coli.
Keyword : E. Coli, Colibasiosis, piglet

O Estágio Supervisionado é uma disciplina obrigatória do curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), que possibilita ao futuro médico veterinário vivenciar a prática nas diversas áreas de atuação da profissão. Objetiva-se, no presente relatório, descrever as atividades que foram acompanhadas e realizadas durante o estágio supervisionado que ocorreu em uma clínica veterinária particular, localiza na cidade de Porto Seguro, Bahia. O estágio teve início no dia 05 de outubro e término no dia 08 de dezembro de 2015, com carga horária de 40 horas semanais, totalizando 360 horas. As atividades do estágio foram realizadas a partir do acompanhamento dos procedimentos realizados pela equipe composta por 4 médicos veterinários. Os procedimentos envolveram o setor de Clínica Médica de Pequenos Animais e Patologia Clínica, onde houve acompanhamento de consultas, atividades ambulatoriais, procedimentos cirúrgicos, auxílio aos veterinários na contenção de animais, coleta de material para exames laboratoriais, realização de exames radiográficos e ultrassonográficos, além de análise de resultados, cuidados aos animais internados, elaboração de receitas, preparação e cálculo de medicamentos. É cediço que o estágio supervisionado realizado contribuiu significativamente para obtenção de conhecimento prático, preparando-me melhor para atuação na profissão. A priori o presente trabalho analisará as instalações onde o estágio foi realizado, dando ênfase à um relato de caso de uma cadela da raça labrador diagnosticada com dirofilariose. Esta escolha decorreu do fato de que a dirofilariose representa uma doença potencialmente fatal, contraída através da picada de mosquitos, comprometendo sobretudo o sistema linfático de cães e gatos, além de também ser uma zoonose.

Palavras Chave: Cadela. Clínica. Diagnóstico. Dirofilaria. Zoonose.