Valves

Blood pressure (BP) is one of the important vital signs that need to be monitored for personal healthcare. This paper describes the method developed by the authors to measure systolic blood pressure from pulse transit time (PTT) Pulse transit time is the time taken for the arterial pulse pressure wave to travel from the aortic valve to a peripheral site. It is usually measured from the R wave on the electrocardiogram to a photoplethysmography signal. PTT is inversely proportional to blood pressure. This method does not require an air cuff and only a minimal inconvenience of attaching electrodes and LED/photo detector sensors on a subject. Twenty three healthy subjects (age 18-60 yrs) were studied. Blood pressure measurement is carried out using pulse transit time and is compared with sphygmomanometry, the reference standard and the oscillometric based automatic BP measuring machine. The results show that the standard deviation of their differences was around 3 mmHg. The developed pu...

Heat transfer simulation within heating furnaces is of great significance for prediction and control of the performance of furnaces. In this paper, a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a loaded furnace. Furthermore, a 2-dimensional algorithm based on a finite difference method is presented. The heat transfer models are integrated with a furnace model to simulate the heating process of workpieces. Temperature variation of the workpiece with time is predicted by the system. An experiment is carried out for validation of the system. Themain objective of this work is to evaluate the behavior of a heated enclosure, when variable radiant panels are introduced. Experimental investigation shows that their efficiency depends on their position.

ABSTRACT Application of a fuzzy logic controller to a class of hydraulically actuated industrial robots is investigated. A simple set of membership functions and rules are described which meets certain control requirements. An off-line routine based on the simplex method is outlined to tune the controller gains for an optimum response. The fuzzy control gains are tuned by minimizing the summation of absolute position errors over step input responses. The fuzzy logic controller is first examined through simulation of a two-link hydraulic robot of the same hydraulic configuration as many industrial manipulators. The controller has positive aspects which cannot be easily achieved by conventional control techniques. These include a fast rise-time and a well maintained damped response. The fuzzy controller is applied to an instrumented Unimate MK-II industrial hydraulic robot. The experimental results are encouraging in that the best performing control gains are found for different links with a reasonable number of trials and produce step responses with fast response and few oscillations at the set point. The controller demonstrates robustness

Valves are the most important and critical part of an Internal Combustion engine. Many factors matters while designing the intake and exhaust valve of an engine such as gas inflow, material properties, oxidation characteristics, fatigue strength, thermal strength, configuration of coolant flow and cylinder head. In this, we had made the model of Inlet valve of the two wheeler in NX and had analysed it in the ANSYS. First, we had selected the different materials that were suitable for the Intake valve. After some research, we had selected two materials (SUH3, SAE1541) which can perform better for Intake valve. After this, we had performed thermal, thermal-coupled structural analysis. In this, we observed the temperature distribution over the Intake valve and deformation of Inlet valve.

There are two piping nomenclature systems:
imperial system and metric system.
1) In imperial system, we use pounds per square inch (psi) to refer to pressure or nominal pipe size (NPS) to refer to piping sizes.

2) In metric system, which is based on international system of unit, generally pressure can be noted in kilo-pascal (kPa) or (bar) whilst pipe diameter are noted in nominal diameter (DN). * PN is an approximation to the corresponding ASME pressure class and it correlates to DIN pressure-temperature rating standards, which may vary significantly from ASME pressure-temperature ratings.

LinkedIn Contact:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/eng-moustafa

... Revati Shriram, Asmita Wakankar, Nivedita Daimiwal, Dipali Ramdasi Department of Instrumentation and Control Cummins College of Engineering for Women ... The authors are grateful to Dr. Madhuri Khambete and Prof AD Gaikwad for their motivation, and help towards the ...

Blood pressure (BP) is one of the important vital signs that need to be monitored for personal healthcare. This paper describes the method developed by the authors to measure systolic blood pressure from pulse transit time (PTT) Pulse transit time is the time taken for the arterial pulse pressure wave to travel from the aortic valve to a peripheral site. It is usually measured from the R wave on the electrocardiogram to a photoplethysmography signal. PTT is inversely proportional to blood pressure. This method does not require an air cuff and only a minimal inconvenience of attaching electrodes and LED/photo detector sensors on a subject. Twenty three healthy subjects (age 18-60 yrs) were studied. Blood pressure measurement is carried out using pulse transit time and is compared with sphygmomanometry, the reference standard and the oscillometric based automatic BP measuring machine. The results show that the standard deviation of their differences was around 3 mmHg. The developed pu...

This project is a result of a number of tests and experimental work that has been carried out at the UNITEN Laboratory to control the water level via the Internet (using LabVIEWTM). The experimental setup consists of a water tank, a sump, a level sensor, a proportional valve and a centrifugal pump. The computer data acquisition and control system uses

The lubricating oil system is primarily used to lubricate wear surfaces to minimize friction losses, it cools internal engine parts which cannot be directly cooled by the engines' water cooling system and it cleans the engine by flushing away wear particles amongst others. Adequate lubrications require lubricant (oil) with sufficient film strength to withstand bearing pressure and viscosity index low enough to allow adequate flow when subjected to heat. The system consist of the tanks (storage, settling, sump and head), lube-oil pumps, strainers, oil coolers, piping, valves, and fittings, lubricating oil purifier, sub system and condition monitoring devices amongst others. The lubricating oil system for a tug boat whose transmitting power is about 955KW was calculated mathematically to obtain the flow rate of the shaft line bearing cooling oil, stern tube bearing cooling oil, main engine camshaft bearing cooling oil and main engine camshaft bearing cooling oil. Modelled equations were employed to obtain the camshaft lube-oil pump capacity, surface area and storage tank. The cylinder lube-oil storage and density tanks were estimated to be 1m 3 while the transfer pump is calculated to be approximately 0.4m 3 /hr. The various suction and discharge diameters and velocities of pumps in the lubricating oil system were determined; it was observed the suction pipe diameter is always bigger than the discharge pipe diameter while the discharge velocity is higher than the suction velocity for all the pumps including the camshaft lube-oil pump, cylinder oil transfer pump and main lube-oil transfer pump. This is a clear indication that the said design process met the international standard for the design of such a tug boat. Similarly the shaft line bearing cooling oil pipe, piston bearing cooling oil pipe and main engine lube-oil pipe discharge velocities were seen to be at the acceptable limits obeying the classification rules. All designs were done in accordance to the Lloyd's specification rules and regulations for a sea going tug boat.

Desain/Perancangan Sistem Pemipaan pada dasarnya bertanggung jawab untuk mempelajari dan menghasilkan sebuah sistem perpipaan untuk mentransportasikan fluida yang mengalir di dalam pipa dengan efektif dan efisien berdasar kode dan standar yang berlaku. Sistem pemipaan tidak hanya terdiri dari pipa, tapi merupakan hasil interkoneksi antar pipa dan antara berbagai Distributor komponen pipa (tee, elbow, reducer,dll) ditambah juga katup, sambungan ekspansi yang saling terhubung untuk membentuk sebuah sistem yang dapat bekerja sesuai tujuannya atau fungsinya. PIPA Secara umum, pipa diartikan sebagai sebuah benda yang mempunyai penampang melintang yang bulat dan berlubang, yang digunakan untuk mengangkut/mendistribusikan fluida seperti minyak, gas, air, bahan kimia, dll. UKURAN PIPA Dulu biasa disebut dengan inisial IPS (iron pipe size) untuk penamaan pipa berdasarkan ukuran diameternya dalam satuan inch, misal, pipa IPS 6 adalah pipa dengan ukuran diameter yang mendekati 6 inch, seiring dengan perkembangan kebutuhan akan ketebalan dinding yang lebih tipis dan desain pada kekuatan dan ketahanan korosi material pipa membuat penamaan baru untuk ukuran dan tebal pipa. NPS menggantikan IPS dan istilah schedule (SCH) digunakan untuk nominal tebal dinding pipa. JENIS-JENIS PIPA BERDASAR CARA PEMBUATAN Seamless Dibuat dari pipa padat (billets) yang dipanaskan hingga temperature tertentu, hingga cukup lunak untuk dilubangi dengan cara ditusuk dengan mandrel.

Büyük çaplı kelebek vanalar, hidroelektrik santralların enerji tünellerinde ve sulama ve içme suyu şebekelerinde işletme ve tehlike vanası olarak yoğun şekilde kullanılmaktadır.
Kelebek vana tasarımında en önemli sorun, vana klape ve gövdesinin mekanik tasarımı değil, açma ve kapatma anında vana klapesine etki eden kuvvetlerin belirlenmesi olmaktadır.
Klape ağırlığı, karşı ağırlık, hidrostatik basınç , mil ve sızdırmazlık conta sürtünmeleri gibi tahrik mekanizmasının boyutlandırılmasına doğrudan etki eden kuvvetler, bilinen fizik kuralları ile belirlenebilmekte
iken, akıma karşı kapatmada klape üzerine etki eden hidrodinamik kuvvetlerin belirlenmesi ancak deneysel olarak mümkün olabilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, kelebek vana klapesine etki eden kuvvetlerin belirlenmesi için yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiş ve belirlenen kuvvetlere göre, tipik kelebek vana tahrik mekanizmalarının boyutlandırılması ve analizi için eşitlikler türetilmiştir.