Urals

В словаре объясняется происхождение географических
названий среднего течения реки Чусовой (от города Ревды
до города Чусового). Топонимы подаются в порядке расположения объектов на местности — так, как знакомятся с ними путешественники, сплавляясь по реке. В приложении
приводятся схемы Чусовой с указанием всех топонимов.
Словарь написан по материалам Топонимической экспедиции Уральского университета и памятников письменности
XVI–XIX вв.

В Свердловской области марийцы компактно проживают в Артинском, Ачитском, Красноуфимском, Нижнесергинском районах и Екатеринбурге и насчитывают, согласно переписи 2010 г., 23801 человек (по переписи 2002 года - 28957 человек). Свердловские марийцы определяют себя как «йепоныш» – уфимские марийцы, проживавшие ранее в Бирском уезде Уфимской губернии, и «кенгыр» – кунгурские марийцы, в прошлом жители Кунгурского уезда Пермской губернии. В Свердловской области насчитывается 39 сельских поселений марийцев, которые компактно проживают в Артинском, Ачитском, Красноуфинском, Нижнесергинском районах и Екатеринбурге.
До сих пор марицы на Урале сохраниют язык, фольклор, древние верования и обычаи.

В сборнике представлены тексты докладов исследователей из разных регионов России, объединенные вопросами изучения художественной культуры уральских заводов. Конференция проводилась в рамках проекта Художественная культура уральских заводов конца XVIII - первой половины XIX века", организованного при поддержке Фонда президентских грантов. Издание предназначено для музейных работников, исследователей, широкого круга читателей, интересующихся культурой и историей Урала

Annotation. The article compares two rare endemic
protected species in the Kurgan region thyme on
morphological features, distribution, and phytocenotic
substrate confi nement, habitat features of life forms. The
necessity to take into account the specifi c independent
status of these taxa for further improvement measures on
their conservation.

Annotation. In the article is investigated speciesspecific
features in the initial stages of ontogeny, the variability of shoots morphology of the Urals alpine
Saussurea. It was found that the South Ural highland
populations of Saussurea are the isolated endemic
taxon, morphologically isolated from S. alpina,
S. controversa and S. uralensis. Differences between
S. igoschinae and S. uralensis manifested even in the
earliest stages of ontogeny. S. igoschinae South Ural
population need the special protection measures and
monitoring of populations.

A new macrofossil genus and species from the Late Vendian of the Urals is described. Fossils are
found on a bedding plane between the sandstone and mudstone and are represented mainly by casts on the
sandstone surface. The casts are negative and flatbottomed, covered with numerous, closely spaced uniform
indentations and rimmed by a small, low, narrow, flat flange. This fossil can be reconstructed as a disk con
sisting of two layers. The top layer was less resistant and probably unstructured. The bottom layer was denser
and was structured (either with a tuberculate surface or consisted of loosely packed spherical elements).
Kuckaraukia multituberculata gen. et sp. nov. could be interpreted as a unitary organism or as a colony of
motionless benthic organisms.

Статья раскрывает влияние российского политического кризиса начала XX в. на жизнь семьи уральского горного инженера А. И. Умова. В условиях революции и Гражданской войны он стремился заниматься профессиональной деятельностью и, насколько возможно, дистанцироваться от политики. Однако избранная линия поведения не спасла его от гибели. Его дети, пережив романтическое увлечение революцией, либо эмигрировали, либо остались в России, рискуя подвергнуться репрессиям. / The article reveals an influence of Russian political crisis of the beginning of XX century on the family life of the Ural mining engineer A. I. Umoff. In the conditions of the Revolution and the Civil War this engineer was striving to continue his professional activity and distance himself from politics as much as possible. However, that chosen line of behavior couldn’t save him from death. His children, having overcome their romantic attraction towards revolution, either emigrated or stayed in Soviet Russia taking the chance during the Purges.

Most of porphyry deposits are located in the South and Middle segments of the Urals. They are confined to three main N-S trending volcanic belts, i.e. the Tagyl−Magnitogorsk (Salavat, Yubileynoe, Voznesenskoe etc.), East-Uralian (Birgilda-Tomino ore cluster, Mikheevskoe etc) and Valerianovka (Benkala, Batala, etc.) megazones. Usually they are genetically linked with subduction-related calc-alkaline low K intrusions.

The article is dedicated to the reconstruction of a medieval Hungarian men's costume on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of graphic materials and archaeological data. This fills the gap in the study of the early medieval Hungarian costume of the “Great Hungary” period, as it has primarily focused on women's clothing and jewelry. The source of reconstruction materials were steel products from the Ural-Hungarian Center of Artistic Metal featuring the image of a rider with a bird of prey - the so-called “falconer” (Fig. 3-2; 4; 5-6). The author is convinced that despite the fact that this plot is widely spread, the images of a hunter with a falcon or eagle is most characteristic of the 9th century and associated with the East-European steppes. The drawings on the products of the Urolo-Hungarian Center and the data obtained from the excavations of the 9th and early 10th century burial grounds in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan suggest that men's ceremonial Hungarian costume (outerwear) included a long caftan, a waist belt, boots, and headwear. The headwear was a low cap with a round top sewn from fur skins and fabrics, or a cloth (felt) cap with a semicircular top and rolled up flaps. The kaftan was double-breasted and decorated with a silk lining along the hem and sleeves. The boots feature a complex design pattern with a soft sole, no heels and high top (Fig.5). The weapons included a saber or quiver. The horse harness consisted of a bridle with psalia, a saddle with stirrups, belts decorated with overlays and round or heart-shaped decorative pendants.

The events that took place between 1825 and 1826 (Nicholas I’s accession to the throne, the Decembrist revolt, and a large- scale investigation) led to a new historical era in Russia. These events divided the life of the Russian nobility, or at least the lives of many of its representatives, into “before” and “after”. Stepan Dmitrievich Nechayev (1792–1860) did not put forward revolutionary ideas, nor was he a mem-ber of later Decembrist societies. He was not under investigation. However, his life was split in two. Before 1826, Nechayev was known as the author of numerous poems, aphorisms, travelogues, and translations. His Love of the Public Goodencouraged him to serve the people’s enlightenment selflessly, erect a monument to the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, and participate in literary, academic, and charitable societies. Nechayev was also a member of the Union of Prosperity. Usu-ally, investigators were not interested in persons who had left Decembrist societies before 1821. But Nechayev signed a false statement according to which he had never been a member of such societies. For such acts of perjury, other members of the Union of Prosperity were sentenced to a month’s imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Nechayev also had artistic and friendly relationships with De-cembrist writers A. A. Bestuzhev, K. F. Ryleev, and V. K. Küchelbecker, who played key or prominent roles in the preparation and realisation of the armed revolt on 14 December 1825 in St Petersburg. What saved Nechayev was his three- month official trip to Perm province, during which he successfully collected information about Old Believers and sectarians. Thus began the second half of his life, in which Nechayev held high positions, such as chief procurator of the Synod and senator, made no dangerous acquaintances, and abandoned the dream of literary fame.
События 1825–1826 гг. (вступление на престол Николая I, восстание декабристов и его масштабное расследование) знаменовали начало новой исторической эпохи в России. Эти события поделили надвое жизнь если не всего русского дворянства, то очень многих его представителей. Степан Дмитриевич Нечаев (1792–1860) не высказывал революционных идей, не входил в поздние декабристские общества и не находился под следствием. Однако и его биография оказалась расколота на две половины. До 1826 г. он был известен как автор многочисленных публикаций стихотворений, афоризмов, травелогов и переводов. «Любовь к общественному благу» побуждала его к бескорыстному служению народному просвещению, к хлопотам о воздвижении памятника героям Куликовской битвы, к участию в работе литературных, научных и благотворительных организаций. Одновременно Нечаев был членом Союза благоденствия. Как правило, следователи не интересовались лицами, покинувшими декабристские организации до 1821 г. Но Нечаев дал ложную подписку в том, что никогда не состоял в тайных обществах. За аналогичное клятвопреступление иные члены Союза благоденствия были наказаны месячным заключением в Петропавловской крепости. К тому же Нечаева связывали творческие и дружеские отношения с декабристами-литераторами А. А. Бестужевым, К. Ф. Рылеевым, В. К. Кюхельбекером, сыгравшими ключевые или заметные роли в подготовке и проведении вооруженного выступления 14 декабря 1825 г. в Петербурге. Спасением для Нечаева стала трехмесячная командировка в Пермскую губернию, в ходе которой он сам с успехом исполнял роль следователя–собирал сведения о старообрядцах и сектантах. Так началась вторая половина жизни Нечаева, в которой он занимал высокие посты обер-прокурора Синода и сенатора, не водил опасных знакомств и отказался от мечты о литературной славе.

This article aims to publish unique specimens of Hellenistic toreutics – a pair of silver phalerae decorated with gilding and forming part of an horses’ harness, which was found during excavation of the Volodarka-I Burial-ground on the west bank of the River Ural in western Kazakhstan
in 1981. A detailed analysis is provided of the subject depicted on the phalerae – fighting between Bellerophon seated on the winged horse Pegasos and the monster Chimaira, of the iconography of the figures, of the details and decorative elements of the depictions and the techniques used.
The phalerae from Volodarka are compared with other phalerae, similar with regard to their construction and the composition of the depictions, which were found in the lower reaches of the Volga (Novouzensk), on the bank of the River Ishim and on the east bank of the Irtysh (Sidorovka), and also with phalerae of unknown origin bearing depictions of elephants from the
Hermitage collection. In this connection a detailed discussion on the question of the “Graeco-Bactrian style” in toreutics and the possibility of classifying of examples of Hellenistic artwork in silver follows. The author draws the conclusion that the given phalerae cannot be regarded as examples of one particular style of Hellenistic toreutics, as certain scholars would have us
believe.

Recent revision of the Ölandian trilobite faunas in Baltoscandia and the Ural Mountains throws new light on the devel- opment of the trilobite faunas in Baltica and possible migration links to surrounding terranes. The trilobite assemblages of 104 genera on the Uralian side of Baltica show different development patterns for the south and north through the Tremadocian to the Darriwilian. The oldest Uralian trilobites – disputably of latest Cambrian or earliest Ordovician age – arrived probably from the Siberian and Kazakh terranes being represented by mostly endemic genera such as Kujandaspis and Jdyia, but also with pandemic Akoldinioidia and Micragnostus. The following Kidryasian, Kolnabukian and Kuagachian faunas change gradually to show increasing difference between the sections in the South Urals and those in the northern Polar Urals or Pay-Khoy. In Kidryasian the olenids dominate in the South Urals as they do in many other regions during the early Tremadocian. The Kolnabukian trilobites represent the most diverse trilobite association in the region, and are comparable to the Ceratopyge fauna. The Kuagachian fauna contains a few additional elements, increasing the difference between south and north but with reduced generic diversity. The routes of faunal ex- change are modified too. Thus during the Early Ordovician migration between the Uralian side of Baltica and the Baltoscandia, Kazakh and Altai-Sayan terranes becomes more important than that between the Uralian side of Baltica and the Siberia, North and South China plates. The Darriwilian Karakoľ-Mikhailovskian faunal association shows a clear separation between north and south Urals with the former region, as in Baltoscandia, dominated by asaphids, while in south a reefal illaenid-cheirurid association of Laurentian genera occurs. This is rather intriguing given the widely ac- cepted palaeogeographical disparate position and latitude of Laurentia at the time.

Статья повествует о деятельности британской акционерной компании «Lena Goldfields» и судьбе ее ведущего менеджера Александра Малоземова в России первой трети XX в. При царском режиме «Lena Goldfields» была крупнейшим золотопромышленным предприятием Сибири, а при советской власти стала крупнейшей иностранной концессией в СССР. Индивидуальная судьба Малоземова сколь удивительна, столь и характерна для той революционной эпохи. В юности он состоял в партии большевиков и был сослан в Сибирь за экстремистскую деятельность. В зрелые годы он стал крупным и успешным хозяйственником и был вынужден покинуть Россию из-за преследования советских спецслужб.

The Volga Tatars continue to exist in the region as the historical heirs of the Turkic groups who migrated and settled in the region between Volga and Kama Rivers since the fourth century. The Turkic groups settled down in the region throughout the ages and created a rooted and a developed sedentary lifestyle. Because of the commercial importance of the region, commercial activities had an important place in their culture and this was later inherited by the Turkic group called the Tatars. The Tatars, who came under the Russian rule since the sixteenth century, kept this cultural heritage alive even during the times of oppression and persecution, and thanks to it, they prospered with the end of the oppression period in the second half of the eighteenth century. They produced a bourgeoisie and an intellectual class and experienced a period of economic and cultural development which provided them a power base in t he rapidly changing world of the nineteenth century.

In our mind movement is traditionally associated with life. However history is full of stories in which a person setting out on a long journey was a deceased ruler, a military leader, a wealthy person, a hero or an “iconic thinker”. Such a “traveler” was treated by the accompanying people not as a dead cargo which had to be transported from one area to another, but rather as a travel companion. In the process of the posthumous relocation and funeral the people wished the deceased bon voyage, asked his forgiveness and gave oaths. His last will which prescribed the route of the movement, the place of the burial, the rituals which had to be observed in the process continued be in full force and effect. Such instructions and the specifics of their fulfillment could later form the basis of various myths and legends influencing the cultural and symbolic codes of the territories and social communities. Within the context of these theoretical ideas the author describes the story of the delivery from Italy to the Ural of the body of a major industrialist of his time Nikolai Demidov (1773–1828). One of the issues discussed was the symbolic importance of the owner's burial in the territory of a factory district which he visited only once in his lifetime. The N. N. Demidov's funeral laid the foundation for the would be  owners necropolis in the territory of the Nizhny Tagil works: later his son and grandson were also buried there (they too died in Europe), as well as the other representatives of the famous dynasty.

В наших представлениях движение привычно ассоциируется с жизнью. Но примеры, когда в дальний путь отправлялся умерший правитель, военачальник, богач, герой или «властитель дум», не составляют исключения в истории. К такому «путешественнику» окружение относилось не как к бессловесному грузу, который необходимо переместить из одной местности в другую, а скорее как к соучастнику путешествия. В процессе посмертного перемещения и похорон умершему желали доброго пути, просили у него прощения, приносили ему клятвы. Продолжала действовать его последняя воля, определявшая маршрут движения, место похорон, ритуалы, которыми должны сопровождаться эти действия. Подобные распоряжения и особенности их исполнения впоследствии могли лечь в основу мифов и преданий, определявших культурно-символические коды территорий и социальных общностей. С учетом этих теоретических положений в статье рассматривается история доставки из Италии на Урал тела крупнейшего горнозаводчика — Николая Никитича Демидова (1773–1828). Поднимается воп рос о символическом значении погребения владельца на территории заводского округа, который он посетил лишь однажды. Похороны Н. Н. Демидова заложили основу владельческого некрополя в Нижнетагильском заводе: позднее здесь же были похоронены его сын и внук (они тоже умерли в Европе), а также иные представители знаменитой династии.

В работе рассматривается проблематика изучения индустриального наследия на страницах научно-теоретического журнала "Архитектон: Известия вузов".
The paper deals with the problems of studying the industrial heritage in the pages of the scientific-theoretical journal "Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education Institutions".

Статья посвящена 60-летию Топонимической экспедиции Уральского университета (ныне Уральский федеральный университет). Автор рассказывает о полевой работе на Урале в 2020–2021 гг. в рамках нового научного проекта, направленного на изучение топонимии, лексики, этнокультурной информации, связанных с добычей и обработкой самоцветов и поделочных камней. Описывается работа экспедиции в населенных пунктах Самоцветной полосы Урала: с. Мурзинка, с. Кайгородское, с. Южаково Пригородного р-на и д. Колташи, д. Медвежка, с. Октябрьское, с. Черемисское Режевского р-на Свердловской области. Отмечается, что исследуемая территория представляет большой интерес в историческом, лингвистическом, этнографическом отношении. Старательство (поиск и добыча самоцветов, их обработка, коллекционное и коммерческое дело) в XVIII–XIX вв. влияло на все стороны жизни местного населения, определяло своеобразие народной культуры и языкового сознания. В статье характеризуется топонимическая система региона, описываются типы топообъектов (месторождения, жилы, копи, карьеры) и особенности их номинации. Показано, что местную топонимию нельзя интерпретировать без связи с диалектной лексикой, этнографией, без знания культурно-исторических традиций самоцветного промысла. Представлены основные лексические группы собранного материала: диалектизмы, профессионализмы, арготизмы. Автор говорит о необходимости скорейшего сбора и изучения материала в связи с разрушением уникальных топонимических систем и забвением профессионального языка горщиков. В статье анализируются новации в методике полевой работы экспедиции, обусловленные особенностями изучаемых объектов, а также связанные с развитием информационных технологий; описаны новые локации сбора материала: минералогические музеи, выставки-ярмарки минералов. Рассказывается об особенностях сбора материала на геологических и минералогических форумах в сети Интернет. В заключение приводится список трудов кафедры русского языка, общего языкознания и речевой коммуникации 2020–2021 гг. с использованием материала полевых сборов на Урале.

The article presents new results of biostratigraphic and isotopic analyses for the Upper Famennian - Lower Tournaisian deep-water deposits of the Syvyu River section. Ostracode and conodont faunal changes, interpretation of lithological particularities and O and C isotopic variations enabled description of the boundary of the Systems, and identify stratigraphic equivalents of the Hangenberg Shale.

В статье дается характеристика формирования нового историографического направления в уральской историографии, связанного с изучением и сохранением индустриального наследия в регионе. Содержится характеристика наиболее значимым направлениям исследования проблемы и ученым, внесшим вклад в разработку этой научной и общественно значимой темы.
The article describes the formation of a new historiographic trend in the Ural historiography related to the study and preservation of the industrial heritage in the region. It contains a description of the most significant areas of research of the problem and the scientists who contributed to the development of this scientific and socially significant topic.

В статье приводится историографический обзор научных работ, посвященных кам¬нерезному искусству Среднего Урала. Анализируются важнейшие публикации с сере¬дины XX столетия до настоящего времени, рассматриваются проблемы, затронутые авторами этих изысканий, глубина их раскрытия в статьях и монографиях, намечают¬ся перспективные направления для будущих или уже ведущихся исследований. // The article provides a historiographic review of scientific works devoted to the stone-cutting art of the Middle Urals. The most important publications from the middle of the 20th century to the present are analyzed, the problems raised by the authors of these studies, the depth of their disclosure in articles and monographs, are outlined, promising directions for future or ongoing research are outlined.

Shulgan-Tash (also known as Kapova) cave located on the western slope of the Ural Mountains (Russia) is the easternmost European cave art monument of late Palaeolithic age. Radiocarbon dates from cultural layers in the cave suggest an age of about 16.3 to 19.6 ka (cal BP), but dates directly on the paintings were not obtained. In order to constrain the age of this art using an independent method, we performed detailed 230 Th-U dating of calcite flowstone underlying and overgrowing the paintings at 22 sites in three halls of the cave. The youngest age for the underlying calcite (i.e., the maximum age of the cave art) is 36.4 ± 0.1 ka, and the oldest overlying calcite (constraining the minimum age of the cave art) is 14.5 ± 0.04 ka. The ca. 21.9 ka-long hiatus in calcite deposition during which the paintings were made is attributed to regional permafrost conditions and sub-zero temperatures inside the cave during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2. This is supported by samples of cryogenic cave calcite, which document seven episodes of freezing and thawing of permafrost associated with stadials and interstadials of MIS 3, respectively.

The study is focused on the traveler’s Stepan Nechaev personality and the effects of two journeys made in the 1820s on this personality’s growth. Despite their chronological proximity these two journeys differed significantly in a number of important characteristics. Nechaev traveled to the Caucasus in 1823 as a private person with the purpose of ethnographic studies and collecting material for his essays about this little-known region. The author hoped that these publications would earn him literary fame. A trip to the Ural was made in 1826–1827 in his official capacity, and his travel notes were not intended for publication but served as the materials for drafting reports to the authorities. In the Ural Nechaev studied the Old Believers and religious dissenters, and his future career in the Synod depended on the success of this mission. General political situation in the country also changed. The first trip was made during the liberal reign of Alexander I, while the second one fell on the troubled times after the defeat of the Decembrists’ mutiny when young Tsar Nicolay I was inclined to suspect secret societies’ activities everywhere. Nechaev was also earlier a member of one of such societies and was on friendly terms with K. Ryleev, A. Bestuzhev and other Decembrists, and even fell himself under suspicion of the gendarmes. However the three months spent in the Ural saved him from prosecution.

Судьба инженера Александра Малозёмова сколь удивительна, столь и характерна для революционной эпохи первой трети XX в. В юности он состоял в партии большевиков и был сослан в Сибирь за экстремистскую деятельность. В зрелые годы стал ведущим менеджером британской акционерной компании «Lena Goldfields» и был вынужден покинуть Россию из-за преследования советских спецслужб. В годы НЭПа «Lena Goldfields» стала крупнейшей иностранной концессией в СССР, а Малозёмов - её директором-распорядителем. При разгроме концессии он был вынужден вторично бежать из России. Последние бизнес-проекты А. П. Малозёмова оказались связаны с Латинской Америкой.

В данной работе рассматриваются (в широком контексте экономики принудительного труда) вопросы строительства Челябинского металлургического завода - одного из важнейших объектов промышленного строительства ГУЛАГа. С этим объектом был связан Челябинский исправительно-
трудовой лагерь, обеспечивавший трудовым ресурсом крупный строительно-монтажный трест
Челябметаллургстрой в период с конца 1941 г. до осени 1951 г. — десятилетие, в течение которого в
лагерной системе накапливался опыт решения задач мобилизационной экономики.

The article is dedicated to the exact dating of the Primary religious school for clergymen’ children which was established in Ekaterinburg. We can find in the historiography different dates of its establishment, but, nevertheless, we can give the exact date on the basis of the unedited sources from the National Archive of Tatarstan and from the Russian State Historical Archive. So, the primary religious school was open on September 14, 1836. The district religious school was open due to the fact that, on the one hand, in 1833 Ekaterinburg got the suffragan bishop, and, on the other hand, that the material resources of religious schools in Perm and Dalmatov were unsufficient to provide education to all the children of clergymen in the vast territory of the Perm diocese. Arkady (Fyodorov), Archbishop of Perm and Verkhoturie, raised this question in 1834, still it took almost a year and a half to make up the decision. When the District religious school was open in 1836, there were 4 teachers there which had graduated from the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy and from the Perm Theological seminary. The school was located first at the College Councilor  Vysotskiy’s house, but in 1843 the heirs of Fyodor Korobkov, the merchant, sold their house to the diocese; as soon as the repair was finished on the spot, the religious school started its  work there, and it is there that it had been working till 1919. The supplement to the article contains a series of unknown documents concerning the opening of the Religious school. They include the Letter of Archbishop Arkadiy to S. D. Nechajev, the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, about the school being established; the report of the Perm theological seminary administration on the opening of the religious school; the message of the Perm Seminary administration concerning the purchase of the Korobkov’s house from his heirs.

Since Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy has increasingly become the captive of its nationalist and fundamentalist wing. Nothing illustrates this more clearly than the remarkable career and dramatic downfall of the priest and monk Sergii (Nikolai Vasil’evich Romanov, b. 1955), a former policeman and convicted murderer who embraced Orthodoxy in the 1990s while serving his 13-year prison term in a colony near the city of Ekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains.

The Upper Devonian — Lower Carboniferous stratigraphic interval of the North of Urals and Urals Foredeep is promising for search of hydrocarbons and other mineral deposits. So urgent is the establishment of a detailed stratigraphic framework and the identification of levels with the high correlation potential. Conodont biostratigraphic boundaries (expansa, praesulcata, sulcata, duplicata, sandbergi, quadruplicata, and isosticha zones) and global events (Dasberg, Hangenberg, and Lower Alum Shale) in the Upper Famennian — Tournaisian of the North Urals and Chernyshev Swell (Kozhim River section, Syvyu River section, Izyael River section and Malaya Usa River section) are characterized. As a result the levels having the highest correlation potential (base of the sulcata Zone, base of the quadruplicata Zone, transgressive phases of the Hangenberg Event and Lower Alum Shale Event) are identified. Detailed studies of the distribution of conodonts in the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval revealed that taxa Polygnathus purus Voges and Pseudopolygnathus primus Branson et Mehl begin its spread on the level of the first appearance of Siphonodella sulcata (Huddle). Consequently, they are on a par with Siphonodella sulcata (Huddle) can determine the position of the boundary between the systems in the sections of the North Urals and Chernyshev Swell.

В работе приведено подробное описание грунтового могильника раннего железного века расположенного на границе горнолесной и лесостепной зон Урала. Могильник представляет собой стационарное кладбище автохтонного населения охотников-рыболовов, имеющих выраженные связи с лесостепным скотоводческим населением.

The article provides a detailed description of the soil burial ground of the Early Iron Age located on the border of the mountainous and forest-steppe zones of the Urals. The burial ground is a stationary cemetery of an autochthonous population of hunters and fishers with strong ties to the forest-steppe cattle-breeding population.

The article is devoted to the little-known source-special card-file on the politically suspected persons made by the Archive department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKWD) of USSR in 1939-1956. The author analyses the opportunities of this source for the study of Russian pre-revolutionary monarchists in the Ural mountains and their life after 1917.

Альтернативная ссылка: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377265954*****

Counter-Bolshevik Movement at the Urals, 1917-1918
Summary of the doctoral dissertation upheld the 12 of November 2013 at the Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia

The Urals played a special role in the events of Revolution and Civil War in Russia. The peculiarity of this region was that here resistance to Bolshevism manifested itself in all the variety of its forms, and this made possible to examine the counter-Bolshevik movement in its entirety and reveal both social and political background of this phenomenon and the process of its development, to discover the regularities to which it was subject.
The goal of this thesis is to reconstruct the history of the anti–Bolshevik movement in the Ural region in 1917-1918 as a phenomenon of systemic nature, to reveal its causes, dynamics, forms and composition of participants, taking into account current level of study of the problem.
Chronologically, the work covers the period from the October 1917 coup to the Omsk coup of November 18, 1918, which brought Admiral A. V. Kolchak to power. Within this period, the author identifies three stages: 1) resistance to the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks (autumn 1917 – spring 1918); 2) insurgency movement of spring – summer of 1918; 3) the experience of recovery of the State by counter-Bolshevik forces in the territory liberated from the Red (summer - autumn 1918).
The dissertation proceeds from a viewpoint considering the developments of Russian Revolution and Civil War as a conflict of competing modernization projects and reveals dynamics of pro-modernization and pro-traditionalist social forces behind the belligerents.
The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it summarizes data on counter-Bolshevik resistance from the end of October 1917 to November 1918 throughout the whole Ural region. The counter-Bolshevik movement is viewed as a holistic phenomenon, which represented a defense reaction of Russian civil society to the actions of the Bolshevik party aimed at seizing and retaining power by force, liquidating the Russian state and creating an absolutely new social and political system. The dissertation shows diversity of manifestations and the essential unity of the studied phenomenon and demonstrates the dynamics of its development in the designated chronological framework.
This thesis reconstructs the events of the late 1917 – early 1918 in the Urals related to the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks and analyzes the resistance of various political forces and social groups to this process. The study reveals changes in the social composition of the counter-Bolshevik movement during the period under review. It demonstrates causal relationship between the Soviet government’s policy and strengthening of protest moods and gradual involving of various social groups in the counter-Bolshevik movement.
The dissertation also establishes close connection between the characteristics of the counter-Bolshevik movement and the peculiarities of modernization in Russia. It shows that the intensity of participation of various social groups in the struggle against Bolshevism as well as the forms of such participation correlated with the degree of respective groups’ involvement in the course of modernization process.
The thesis reveals how the counter-Bolshevik movement, starting with scattered attempts to withstand the October coup, as the policy of the party at power unfolded, grew into a mass insurgency. The latter, with the support of an external force represented by the Czechoslovak Corps, managed to free most of the Urals from the Reds, which led to the recovery of local self-government structures and Russian statehood on the liberated territory. However, already at this victorious stage, weaknesses of the movement became apparent: divergent interests of the social strata involved in it, contradictions between political groups, unwillingness to sacrifice private goals for the sake of national objectives.
The author concludes that these weaknesses of the counter-Bolshevik movement were rooted in the peculiarities of Russian modernization: its “catch-up” type and, consequently, forced character.
Furthermore conclusions drawn in the thesis are the following:
The capture of power by the Bolsheviks in the Urals was not a "triumphal procession" (as V. I. Lenin called it), but a violent struggle that showed the presence of serious resistance potential in Russian society. However, at this first stage, the counter-Bolshevik forces were defeated due to their disunity, lack of initiative and absence of a political force that could unite their actions.
In the counter-Bolshevik movement at its initial stage two trends were singled out. The first, represented by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks, sought not so much elimination of the October coup, as adjustment of its results in order to expand participation of "revolutionary democracy" in the newly established government. The second was on the platform of support for the Provisional Government. Both were united by their commitment to the Constituent Assembly and striving for peaceful development of the revolution.
The Bolsheviks’ policy after they had been consolidated their power infringed interests of almost all social groups and led to escalation of the conflict and to expansion of social base of the counter-Bolshevik movement. In the spring and summer of 1918, the latter took the form of a mass armed insurgency, which played a decisive role in the liberation of the Ural region from the Soviet troops and the formation of military and civil structures of the White here.
In the territories liberated from the Red, the counter-Bolshevik forces restored political institutions of the Russian state. At the local and regional levels, the re-established or newly created organs of government were relatively effective in both military and civilian spheres. However, the attempt to create an all-Russian government revealed serious contradictions between various components of the counter-Bolshevik movement. The compromise reached at the State Conference in Ufa turned out to be short-lived and led the political system of the East of Russia to a crisis that was resolved by the establishment of Admiral A. V. Kolchak’s military dictatorship.

В статье рассматривается реалистичность централизованного планирования в СССР на примере истории создания крупного государственного предприятия - Уральского турбинного завода в Свердловске (Екатеринбурге). Согласно изначальному плану завод намечалось построить в 1932-1936 гг. в качестве структурного подразделения гигантского электромашиностроительного комбината. Основной специализацией будущего завода должно было стать производство паротурбинных двигателей для малых судов военно-морского флота. В результате волюнтаристского завышения руководством страны заданий пятилетних планов, политических репрессий и ряда внешнеполитических факторов ранняя история промышленного предприятия пошла совсем по иному сценарию. Единый комбинат так и не был построен. Основная специализация уральского завода на стадии строительства сменилась на производство паровых турбин для теплоэлектроцентралей.
The article focuses on the role of centralized economic planning in the case of the Ural Turbine Factory in Sverdlovsk (now - Ekaterinburg). According to the initial plan, the factory built in 1932-1936 was to become a structural unit of a huge machine industry complex. The unit was expected to specialize in the production of steam turbines for small military watercraft. However, the targets for five-year plans were set too high and were therefore unrealistic. In combination with mass political persecutions and external factors, this led to the project’s failure. Thus, the specialization of the Ural factory was changed at the construction stage to production of steam turbines for steam-electric power stations.