University of Zagreb

Rad se bavi atmosferom među studenskom mladeži u Hrvatskoj u vrijeme trajanja Prvog i Drugog balkanskog rata. Na temelju postojeće relevantne literature, onovremenih brošura i memoarskih tekstova, te izvora privatne naravi, proučava se odnos pojedinih studentskih grupa prema zbivanjima na Balkanu. Obzirom da je studentski politički pokret u Hrvatskoj početkom 20. stoljeća bio razjedinjen, tako je i odnos pojedinih grupa prema zaraćenim stranama bio drugačiji. Ipak, u vrijeme Prvog balkanskog rata opće oduševljenje pobjedama slavenskih saveznika protiv turske vlasti dovelo je do kratkotrajne homogenizacije studentskog mišljenja u vezi saveznica, što je pratilo opću političku atmosferu u Hrvatskoj. To oduševljenje bilo je uzrokovano dijelom teškom političkom situacijom u zemlji (komesarijat), a dijelom i snažnom srpskom propagandom. Ipak, razočarenje je nastupilo već u doba Drugog balkanskog rata kada nestankom slavenske sloge, splašnjava i zanos barem jednog dijela studentske mladeži u vezi južnoslavenskog ujedinjenja.

The paper deals with the question of students’ attitudes toward
the first female students who attended classes as full-time students
at the University of Francis Joseph I in Zagreb. They were
enrolled at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences since
the academic year 1901/1902. The analyses of students’ opinions about
female students are based on students’ publications of that period.
At the beginning of the 20th century students were divided
in three different ideological groups: a group of young people, so-called
Naprednjaci (the Progressives) gathered around the journal
Hrvatski djak, group of catholic youth gathered around the journal
Luč, and a group of students that supported the Party of Right, gathered
around the journal Mlada Hrvatska. Though they belonged
to ideologically different groups, from the articles in their publications,
the most general opinion of the whole society about the
women at the period was stressed: the society did not understand
the issue of university education for women. Few of them were
strictly against the idea of admitting girls to the university, but the
majority of them understood that the purpose of women’s higher
education was not a professional career, but the improvement
for her natural role as a wife and the mother. These attitudes were
in common with the general attitude of the Croatian society and
also with the general mentality of the European civil circles of that
period.

This paper presents the education and scientific work of two Croatian chemistry doctors, Konstantin Georgević (1875–1941) and Zvonimir Pinterović (1904–1954). Georgević and Pinterović  graduated from the Vinkovci High School. Afterwards, they entered the University of Zagreb and earned a doctorate in chemistry. Konstantin Georgević ended a pharmaceutical course and began to study chemistry, physics and natural history at the Faculty of Philosophy, which he ended in 1907. He earned his doctorate at the same university in 1911 with a thesis O uporabivosti Janečekove reakcije platinenih rastopina sa stankloridom za kvantitativno određivanje platine. Georgević was one of the first doctoral students at the renewed University of Zagreb whose mentor was Gustav Janeček. His research continued in collaboration with professor Janeček, and Georgević became a professor of economics and commerce.

Zvonimir Pinterović’s doctoral dissertation was O djelovanju oksalilnog klorida na jedno- i dvovaljane fenole. His college lasted from 1930 till 1935, and he returned to Vinkovci where he taught chemistry and physics at the Vinkovci High School. In 1940, he was employed at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy . He wrote scientific papers, most notably those dedicated to the methodology of teaching natural sciences, especially chemistry. In addition, he wrote chemistry textbooks which included the periodic table of elements based on the knowledge of chemistry in the first half of the 20th century.

"THE HONORARY DOCTORATE OF THE ZAGREB UNIVERSITY
AWARDED TO DON FRANE BULIĆ

Don Frane Bulić (*Vranjic nr. Split, October 4, 1846 +Zagreb, July 29, 1934), the most popular Croatian archaeologist ever, was the eighth doctor honoris causa of the Zagreb University, promoted on December 3, 1921 in the overfilled University's aula magna. The first initiative to this was given on February 5, 1921 by the historians Ferdo Šišić and Gavro Manojlović, who first orally, then also in written, asked the Professors' Council of the Zagreb Faculty of Philosophy to propose to the Academic Senate of the University of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in Zagreb, how the actual Zagreb University was officially called in those days, to award the eminent Croatian scholar with the academic degree of a honorary doctor on the occasion of his 70th birthday (in fact it was his 75th birthday). In this sense the Professors' Council then sent a letter to the University's Academic Senate on July 24, 1921. The rector of that academic year, Vladimir Varićak, the mathematician, accepted the proposal and asked the Committee of Education and Religion of the Royal Croatian Slavonian Government for approval. Having received this on August 26, the Rector informed the lauerate about the honour he was going to receive in a letter, written on October 12. Don Frane Bulić replied with warm words, telling the Rector that he was still uncertain when he would be able to come to Zagreb for the degree ceremony, as he was waiting for the representative of the Danish Rask-Ørsted Foundation (i. e. Ejnar Dyggve, who is not mentioned by name) to come to Split and discuss the future excavations of Salona.
It was another eminent archaeologist, Josip Brunšmid, who furnished the Rector with more details concerning the laureate's merits on November 24, 1921. Soon the Rector was informed by Bulić that he was now free to come to Zagreb, so the date for this solemn degree ceremony was fixed for Saturday, December 3, at 11.30 AM. Several lists of the invitees were compiled, bearing in mind that the Aula was not too spacious. A detailed report of this event was published in the newspapers and also by the laureate's nephew Dr. Ivan Bulić in a brochure published in 1922. Most of the elite, both ecclesiastic, political, civil and military, of the old and the new establishment arrived, including Dr. Antun Bauer, the Archbishop of Zagreb. The ceremony began with a speech given by the Rector V. Varićak – which was in fact written by J. Brunšmid – to be continued by the words of thanks, expressed by F. Bulić. Then the Rector spoke for a second time, inviting, according to tradition, the laureate to give a lecture on the methods and aims of archaeology. F. Bulić's vivid and interesting lecture can be read in the 1922 brochure in extenso. Then came the moment when the ceremony was continued in Latin. Josip Brunšmid acted as the promotor: both Bulić and Brunšmid were excellent latinists, therefore this part of the degree ceremony represented no obstacle to them. Finally the new doctor h. c. approached the Rector, they shook hands and in his turn the Rector handed him the diploma. F. Bulić also signed the Doctors' book of the University. This was followed by congratulations of the representatives of other faculties, corporations and societies, as well as the present notables. A choir sang at the same time the hymn „It is the Lord's day“. When leaving the University building F. Bulić was greeted by the many who were unable to enter the aula. A banquet at the Archbishop's Palace crowned this day. On Christmas F. Bulić wrote a letter of thanks to all those who had taken part in this celebration.

ERRATUM: IN THE PDF OF THE ARTICLE THE RECTOR'S NAME OUGHT TO BE WRITTEN VLADIMIR VARIĆAK AND NOT VARIČAK.

On the basis of literature, periodicals and archival sources presently kept in the Croatian State Archive, Archive of the Croatian Academy, and Archive of Catholic Theologian Faculty in Zagreb, author of this article describes life of A. Franki, a Catholic priest, university professor and rector of the University of Zagreb (1888 – 1889). Franki was known because of his discussions about ecumenism that were impregnated with peaceful irenic views. His scientific career ended after a disciplinary investigation that was initiated by M. S. Trbojević, the Greek-Catholic priest, who accused Franki for writing badly about Zagreb archbishop J. Mihalović and Ban Khuen-Héderváry. Author of this article reveals details about disciplinary process and their effects that influenced Franki’s later life. Namely, Franki was forbidden to return to the University, and, moreover, he could not obtain job even at the St Jerome Institute in Rome. Thus, Franki went to Omišalj on the island of Krk, where he performed duty of the parish-priest until his death.

Over the centuries students from the Croatian lands traditionally studied abroad, at universities throughout Europe, especially at the Apennine peninsula and at the universities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The lack of modern local university institutions was the main reason why they have studied abroad for centuries. This article deals with those student generations who studied in the period after 1874, when modern university in Zagreb was founded – the Royal University of Francis Joseph I, with its three faculties: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Philosophy and Faculty of Theology. These generations, for different reasons, also studied abroad. Some of them studied at the foreign universities for the whole period of their studies, while some of them studied abroad only for a short period and then came back to Zagreb. Quantitative analysis, as well as social and political impacts of foreign education are presented. The focus was placed on the experience of their studies, motives of studying abroad, sociability and less-known aspects of student everyday life of Croatians at the Universities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All these factors shaped the entire experience of young people, formed a background of their education, and indirectly affected Croatian cultural and political scene. These generations, after they had finished their studies, became a part of the local intelligence and made significant contributions to the political, cultural and scientific development of the country.

Kao redoviti profesor hrvatske povijesti na Mudroslovnom fakultetu Sveučilišta Franje Josipa I. u Zagrebu i pravi član Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Ferdo Šišić posebno je bogatu znanstvenu, nastavničku i kulturnu djelatnost razvio za vrijeme Prvoga svjetskog rata. Početak 1914. godine zatječe ga na istraživačkom putovanju po gotovo cijeloj Italiji gdje traži nove izvore za hrvatsku povijest, a krajem iste godine objavljuje znameniti "Priručnik izvora hrvatske historije". Uvod potonjega djela svojim je historističkim shvaćanjima generacijama hrvatskih povjesničara služio kao udžbenik historijske metode, po uzoru na poznato djelo "Lehrbuch der Historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie" Ernsta Bernheima. Od ostalih Šišićevih znanstvenih doprinosa u ovome periodu valja spomenuti izdanja četiriju knjiga "Hrvatskih saborskih spisa" (1915-1918), "Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda od najstarijih dana do god. 1873." (1916) te posebice prvi svezak o ranosrednjovjekovnoj hrvatskoj povijesti njegove planirane sinteze cjelokupne hrvatske povijesti do njegova vremena, koji je za stranu publiku na zahtjev Matice hrvatske objavljen na njemačkom jeziku pod naslovom "Geschichte der Kroaten". Ovaj će rad na temelju bogatih izvora u zagrebačkim i splitskim arhivima, dosadašnjih rezultata projekta digitalizacije Arhiva Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u suradnji Centra za komparativnohistorijske i interkulturne studije te Odsjeka za informacijske i komunikacijske znanosti, a koji se tiču problematike u ovome radu, kao i ostalih relevantnih izvora i literature, ocrtati i ocijeniti sveukupnu djelatnost Ferde Šišića za vrijeme Prvoga svjetskog rata."

Uz ukratko prezentirane rezultate ranijih istraživanja o počecima visokoškolskog obrazovanja žena u Hrvatskoj, upisu prvih djevojaka kao izvanrednih (1895.) i redovnih (1901.) studentica na Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, o kretanju njihovog brojčanog stanja te odnosa muške i ženske studentske populacije, nastojati ćemo dati, na temelju dostupne strane literature, usporedni pregled razvoja pitanja visokoškolske naobrazbe za djevojke u Hrvatskoj, Austriji, Mađarskoj i zemljama na Balkanu. Na temelju toga se može vidjeti koliko se i kako ovaj vid modernizacije u nas odvijao u skladu s procesima koji su zahvatili Monarhiju i druge zemlje.

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the basic information concerning Vladan Desnica's time as a student at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb between 1924 and 1930. For context, the paper also briefly touches upon his family's social status, as well as the political and institutional circumstances that shaped his experience as a student in Zagreb while the city was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Based on archival sources, the paper provides insight into all eight semesters of Desnica's university education, primarily drawing from the testimony of his classmates and professors, but also from other available relevant data about him from the period. When the scarcity of sources allows for it, his life outside of school during that time is also explored. Desnica's departure to study in Paris in the academic year 1928/1929 is mainly attributed to the political circumstances in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Finally, archival materials are used to provide a new perspective on the end of Desnica's studies at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb in 1930. A failure to demonstrate the required level of knowledge in his doctoral exam (the rigorosum) is pointed out as the most likely reason behind his lack of success in obtaining the Ph. D. he was aiming for. In spite of this, Desnica was a diligent student, while his studies shaped his spiritual growth and future intellectual work in ways that are yet to be explored by future researchers.

U radu se govori o prvim generacijama studenata povijesti, u razdoblju od osnutka modernog sveučilišta i katedre za povijest do početka Prvog svjetskog rata. Na temelju podataka iz upisnih listova (nacionala) koji se čuvaju u Arhivu Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, definira se prva zajednica povjesničara školovanih na Zagrebačkom sveučilištu. Osim kvantitativnih analiza osobnih podataka ovih prvih generacija studenata povijesti, obraća se pažnja i na njihove materijalne uvjete studiranja, stipendije, školarinu i neke druge aspekte studentskog života. U radu se analiziraju i uspješnost studiranja, odnosno njihovi završni ispiti (ispiti za profesore srednjih škola i doktorati), izbor tema i profesori kod kojih su ih polagali.

Korespondencija povjesničara i arhivista Josipa Matasovića iz razdoblja njegovih studentskih dana za vrijeme boravka u Zagrebu, Zürichu i Beču bogat je izvor informacija o Matasovićevoj visokoškolskoj izobrazbi, ali i o njegovom svakodnevnom i društvenom životu za vrijeme studija. Također pruža izvrstan uvid u studentsku svakodnevicu i društveni život uopće u razdoblju pred početak Prvog svjetskog rata. Radi se o privatnoj korespondenciji sa rodbinom, prije svega roditeljima, te prijateljima i kolegama, iz koje se iščitavaju brojni nepoznati detalji važni za njegovo obrazovanje, bogatu društvenu aktivnost te svakodnevno funkcioniranje izvan roditeljskog doma. Obrađena korespondencija nalazi se u njegovom osobnom fondu u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu. Obuhvaća razdoblje od 1911. do 1915. godine. Teme koje se mogu iščitati iz njegovih pisama vezane su uz razne aspekte studentskog života – od upisa studija, uvjeta nastave, predavanja i ispita preko svakodnevnih stvari kao to su stanovanje, prehrana, materijalne prilike, stipendije i potpore, do tema studenske dokolice, discipline, studentskih društava, te odnosa prema politici, posebice aktivnosti u mladohrvatskom pokretu.

This paper investigates the actions of the student body from the Royal University of Franz Joseph I. in Zagreb during the National Movement of 1903, with emphasis on their activity in Zagreb. It is based on the relevant literature about the Movement of 1903 as well as less known sources on the student population from the Archives of the Rector’s office of the University of Zagreb and the Archives of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. Not only does it give an account on the participation of the student body in the assembly movement in the spring months of 1903, but it also puts special emphasis on the incident of 20th May 1903 when police forces entered the university building and arrested the students present at the time. It was seen as an act that brutally tarnished the dignity of the University and the students, through the Rector and the University Senate, insisted on an apology which was given three years later. The paper paints a picture of the consequences the student involvement in the Movement of 1903 and the Movement itself had on the student body. The author examines the sanctions the police imposed on the students, the withdrawal of scholarships for the demonstrators and their subsequent reactivation. Examining the Movement as a whole, it can be concluded that the student body certainly was not the only driving force behind the National Movement of 1903/1904 in Croatia, but that it did play an important role, especially in its initial phase.

In this paper the author describes some aspects of social and everyday life of Bulgarian students in Zagreb in the period from the foundation of the University of Zagreb until the World War I. Mainly on the basis of the unpublished material, the author deals with their behavior and the discipline at the university as well as, with the leisure considering different ways of spending free time among the Bulgarian students in Zagreb (parties and concerts, participating in students societies, relations with domicile students and, in general, their affiliation in students life in Zagreb at that time). / L’article traite de certains aspects de la vie sociale et quotidienne des étudiants bulgares à Zagreb depuis la fondation de l’Université de Zagreb (1874) jusqu’à la Première guerre mondiale (1914). Se fondant essentiellement sur les sources manuscrites d’archives, l’auteur se penche sur les conditions matérielles d’études, les lieux de vie, les comportements et la discipline à l’Université et en dehors d’elle, ainsi que sur les loisirs des étudiants bulgares. Sont ainsi observés tous les aspects de leurs passe-temps à Zagreb (les fêtes et les concerts, leur engagement auprès de sociétés estudiantines, leurs rapports avec les étudiants locaux et, plus généralement, leur intégration à la vie zagreboise de l’époque). Au cours de leurs études, les étudiants bulgares à Zagreb se sont non seulement intégrés aux manifestations sociales de leurs collègues croates, mais ils sont également un groupe vu avec plaisir au cours des divers rassemblements publics. Les notables locaux, notamment leurs professeurs, répondent volontiers à leurs invitations en mettant toujours l’accent sur leur comportement modèle et leur soif de savoir. Même s’ils étaient, en règle générale, plus dépourvus matériellement, ils étaient généralement appréciés comme un groupe tranquille, studieux et ambitieux de l’Université, ce dont témoigne également les commentaires de leurs professeurs, avec tout au plus quelques incidents disciplinaires. De plus, l’intégration des Bulgares aux événements estudiantins locaux (à travers les sociétés, les revues, les fêtes) témoigne de leur bonne assimilation dans ce nouveau mais néanmoins proche et apparenté milieu qui, dans l’ensemble, suivait avec sympathie leurs actions et leurs manifestations. Dans ce nouvel environnement, certains d’entre eux, comme les frères Milarov, se sont fortement engagés socialement et ils ont marqué de leur sceau la vie publique et politique. Sont de même montrés les rapports proches et amicaux qu’ils ont établis durant leur scolarité à Zagreb. Il résulte de tous ces contacts des liens personnels et sociaux durables pour ces étudiants jeunes et ambitieux à l’époque, qui ont plus tard apporté une forte contribution culturelle, scientifique et politique à leur pays. Leurs contacts ont également servis à une meilleure connaissance mutuelle entre les deux peuples apparentés et de leurs cultures.

Na temelju građe iz Arhiva Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u radu se analizira konfesionalna, jezična i nacionalna struktura studenata upisanih na Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu u razdoblju od osnutka sveučilišta (1874.) do početka Prvog svjetskog rata. Autorica je na temelju podataka o vjeroispovijesti i materinjem jeziku iz upisnih listova (nacionala) studenata napravila statističke analize te na temelju njih nastojala utvrditi kakva je vjerska i jezična slika studentske populacije Filozofskog fakulteta, te odgovoriti na pitanje je li ta slika odgovarala stanju sveukupnog stanovništva u zemlji, odnosno da li je bilo anomalija i kako su onodobni politički događaji utjecali na nju.

The study is based on the examination of faculty admissions paper and analysis of the structure of the students at the Faculty of Arts according to the data of place of their birth and place of origin in the period from the foundation of the university in 1874 until the beginning of World War I. By applying the quantitative analysis, the author discusses if the University of Zagreb, respectively the Faculty of Arts, accomplished the goals appointed by its founders. Numeric data show that the Faculty of Arts did not achieve its task to attract a greater number of students from Dalmatia and Istria which were then Croatian regions in Austrian part of the Monarchy. In that respect, the University of Zagreb and its Faculty of Arts did not have a significant role in being an important scholar institution in connecting separated parts of the Croatian lands. Moreover, the university also failed in its task to be an educational center for all South Slavic countries because the numeric shares of inscribed students from these lands, except Bulgarians, are very modest and low. From the entire analysis it can be concluded that the Faculty of Arts in Zagreb attracted mostly the students from Croatia and Slavonia and thus the faculty was confined within the borders of these two countries.

Medijska pismenost teži kod učenika razvijati znanja i sposobnosti, te poticati vrijednosti potrebne za djelovanje u društvu medija, a u hrvatskom odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu se realizira u okviru medijske kulture unutar kurikuluma Hrvatskog jezika. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi razinu medijske pismenosti studenata jednopredmetnog studija pedagogije na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu i Rijeci s obzirom na osobne i odgojno-obrazovne faktore. Za potrebe istraživanja je konstruirana anketa kojom je anketirano 47 ispitanika. Većina studenata djeluje na srednjoj razini medijske pismenosti i medije najčešće koristi u informativne svrhe, te procjenjuje da su mediji iznimno
značajni u njihovom životu. Retrospektivno promatrajući studenti procjenjuju kako su najviše sadržaja vezanog uz medije tijekom dosadašnjeg školovanja obrađivali u sklopu nastave informatike te hrvatskog jezika. Broj položenih kolegija na kraju zimskog
semestra ak. 2019/2020. godine i stručna sprema roditelja ne utječu na učestalost razgovora između roditelja i studenata o medijima i medijskim sadržajima.

U radu se analiziraju strukturalna obilježja bugarskih studenata koji su u razdoblju od 1874. do 1914. studirali na Filozofskom fakultetu Zagrebačkog sveučilišta. Prema podacima iz Arhiva Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, autorica obrađuje kretanje njihovog brojčanog stanja, zavičajnu, spolnu, socijalnu, vjersku strukturu, njihovo prethodno obrazovanje, smjerove, stipendije, plaćanje naukovine. Na kraju rada je kraći pregled podataka o njihovoj karijeri u Bugarskoj, te prilog sa popisom svih bugarskih studenata na zagrebačkom Filozofskom fakultetu.

Aufgrund der Angaben aus den Immatrikulationsblättern (Nationalen) der Studenten aus dem Archiv der Philosophischen Fakultät in Zagreb wurde eine Gruppe von 21 Studenten und Studentinnen bestimmt, die Deutsch als ihre Muttersprache angaben, in der Zeitspanne zwischen 1895 und 1914. Aufgrund der Personalien und Angaben bezüglich Studium und Bildung wurde ihre Heimat-, Sozial-, Religions- und ildungsstruktur, die Studium Dauer und deren Beendung analysiert. Diese Zahl war 1% in der Gesamtzahl der Studenten an der Philosophischen Fakultät in der erwähnten Zeitspanne, doch dabei soll angenommen werden, dass viele Studenten mit deutscher Muttersprache zu jener Zeit außerhalb von Zagreb studierten, an Universitäten in der ganzen Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie und außerhalb, desto mehr wo ihnen doch die Sprachkenntnisse das Studium erleichterten. Von der Gesamtzahl der immatrikulierten deutschsprachigen Studenten an der Philosophischen Fakultät studierten 16 regelmäßig, während 5 als auswärtige Studenten verzeichnet wurden, die Vorlesungen hören konnten, aber kein Recht auf Abschlussprüfungen hatten. Was die Heimatstruktur angeht, kamen die meisten aus der Gespanschaft Syrmium, 9, dann aus den Ungarischen Gespanschaften und dann die aus Tschechien stammenden. Es soll erwähnt werden, dass der Heimatort dem Geburtsort des Studenten oft nicht entsprach. Meistens kam es nämlich zur Änderung des Wohnortes der Eltern und des Studenten infolge einer Änderung des Arbeitsortes der Eltern, bzw. einer Migration der ganzen Familie, was für die deutschen Bewohner jener Zeit eine bekannte Erscheinung war. Gemäß Glaubensangehörigkeit der deutschsprachigen Studenten waren dreizehn Studenten römischkatholischen, vier evangelischen und drei jüdischen Glaubens. Die Analyse der sozialen Struktur zeigt, dass die deutschsprachigen Studenten aus verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Umwelten kommen. Die meisten kamen aus Bauernfamilien, danach aus Beamtenfamilien, ihnen folgen jene, deren Väter im Gewerbe, in der Industrie und dem Handel tätig waren. Spezifi sch für diese Gruppe ist, dass sie in sozialem Sinne vom Rest der Studentenpopulation hervorragen, weil in der Gesamtstudentenzahl nur etwa mehr als 10% aus Bauernfamilien kamen, während das bei dere Deutschen fast ein Drittel waren. Was die Bildung vor der Immatrikulation an der Philosophischen Fakultät angeht, ist das Bild sehr bunt: die meisten (neun von ihnen), studierte schon vorher an einer Universität oder technischen Hochschule auf den Gebiete der Monarchie oder in Deutschland, dann immatrikulierten sie das Studium in Zagreb, drei immatrikulierten unmittelbar nach dem Abitur am Gymnasium in Zemun und dann folgten die Abiturienten aus den Gymnasien und Mittelschulen in Osijek, Vinkovci, Zagreb, Varaždin, Sarajevo. Die von den deutschsprachigen Studenten belegten Studiengruppen erörternd kann festgestellt werden, dass laut allgemeinster Einteilung 11 von ihnen naturwissenschaftlichmathematische Fächer während 10 Gesellschaft-humanistischen Wissenschaften studierten. Was die Studienbeendung angeht, beendete von den 21 Studenten in Zagreb ein Drittel das Studium auf die damals übliche Weise (durch bestehen von Rigorosen, dh. Doktoraten oder der Professorenprüfung für Gymnasiumlehrer): sechs von ihnen bestanden die Professorenprüfung und ein Kandidat machte seinen Doktor. Das war Joseph Hartinger, der 1911 in croatischer Geschichte seinen Doktor machte.

This work analyzes the student population of the Faculty of Philosophy at Zagreb. It examines the length of studies undertaken, as well as the taking of exams which marked the culmination of studies: the ‘rigorozi’ and state exams for professors at secondary schools during the period from the creation of the University of Zagreb in 1874 to the beginning of the First World War. On the basis of information from the nacionale (enrollment lists) and the knjige doktorata (books of doctorates) from the Archive of the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb, as well as the record group Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu: Ispitna komisija za polaganje stručnih ispita za zvanje profesora srednjih škola (Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb: examination commission for the setting of qualification exams for secondary school professors) in the Croatian State Archives, the author attempted to address several questions: to what extent did students of the Faculty of Philosophy at the time complete their studies and what was the nature of their studies? How many of them discontinued their studies in Zagreb and where did they go if they did? How many students were there, where did they originate, and how long did they study? How many attained the title of doctor of philosophy or professor?

Javnosti je dobro poznata Strossmayerova uloga velikog mecene, duhovnog pokretača i glavnog materijalnog utemeljitelja Zagrebačkog sveučilišta. U ovom radu, nasuprot te biskupove pomoći institucionalnim oblicima znanosti i visokog obrazovanja, autorica se bavi njegovom pomoći siromašnoj mladeži koja se zahvaljujući njemu uspjela odškolovati na gimnazijskoj i fakultetskoj razini. Rad se zapravo sastoji od dva dijela: prvi dio bavi se biskupovim pomaganjem bugarskih srednjoškolaca i studenata na školovanju u Zagrebu, a drugi bavi se domaćom mladeži koju je biskup financijski pomagao pri školovanju te zakladom koju je osnovao 1874. radi pomaganja siromašnih studenata na Zagrebačkom sveučilištu. Pokušava se dati nacrt slike onih koji su se u drugoj polovici 19. st. uspjeli školovati zahvaljujući financijskoj potpori biskupa Strossmayera.

In the focus of the paper are the activities of Croatian students in publishing their magazines at the beginning of the 20th century. The emphasis is placed on the magazines that were published in Zagreb, but considering a strong student fluctuation at that period, it is not possible to fix certain publication within a single university centre. The analysis of their contents and circumstances of publication are stressed, as well as the analysis of the nature of student magazines as a historiographical source. Belonging to various political and cultural groups, students’ publications illustrate fresh ideas that were brought to Croatian public life but also provide wide range of information of different aspects of students’ social and everyday life.

The article deals with the student strike at the University of Zagreb, which occurred in the summer term of the academic year 1907/1908 and was motivated by the politically influenced forceful retirement and suspension of the university professors Đuro Šurmin and Gavro Manojlović, imposed by the regime of Ban Pavao Rauch, which violated the honor and the autonomy of the university. On the basis of relevant scholarship and sources, in the first place materials from the Archive of the Rector’s office of the University of Zagreb, the Archive of the Faculty of Philosophy, the daily newspaper Obzor [The Horizon], student periodicals and memoirs, the author has tried, besides reconstructing all events connected with this student action, to depict the atmosphere existing among various political student organizations that operated within the university, as well as the reaction of university professors and the domestic and foreign public to the retirement of the professors and the student strike. For the first time in the history of the University of Zagreb, the students, with a fairly small number of exceptions, boycotted the classes and did not enrol in the summer term of 1907/1908. They left Zagreb and continued their studies in foreign university centres, mostly in Prague. From the extant sources one can get an impression of student unity regardless of the political factions to which they belonged, although it is clearly visible that the group of the so-called Naprednjaci [the Progressives] led the action. Their mutual motive was to raise their voice against the attack on academic liberty, and the whole action had a substantial echo within the country and abroad. Although the strike was formally unsuccessful, it still registered as an exceptional joint action of all the students of the university, whose primary goal was the defense of its autonomy, and in the wider sense, it also represented a strong demonstration against the current government of the country.

В статията се разказва за пристигането на първите студентки в Загреб, т.е. във Философския факултет на Загребския университет. Става дума за първото поколение на девойки, които са записали университета в своята родина и в значителен брой, като част от голямата българска студентска емиграция в началото на 20. век, са напуснали университета в София за кратко време. Анализът на техните данни от регистъра, които се пазят в Архивът на Философския факултет в Загреб, показва, че става дума за многобройна част от студентската емиграция: от 1902 г. до 1912 в Загреб са следвали 33 студентки, което е 10 % от общия брой на българите през това време във Философския факултет в Загреб. Освен това, изследването на социалния статус на първите студентки в Загреб показва, че те са били представителки на средния граждански слой, дъщери на търговци, занаятчии и служители, православни по вероизповедание, пристигнали в Загреб като студентки от горните курсове. Трябва да се подчертае, че повечето от тях, както и техните мъжки колеги, са останали за кратко време, най-много един семестър и това в разгара на кризата на техния университет, във втория семестър на академичната година 1906./1907. /
U radu se govori o dolasku prvih studentica iz Bugarske na studij u Zagreb, odnosno na Filozofski fakultet Zagrebačkog sveučilišta. Riječ je o prvim generacijama djevojaka uopće upisanih na sveučilišni studij u njihovoj matičnoj zemlji koje su u većini u sklopu velike bugarske studentske emigracije početkom 20. stoljeća na kraće vrijeme
napustile sveučilište u Sofi ji. Analiza njihovih podataka iz upisnih listova (nacionala) koji se čuvaju u Arhivu Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, pokazala je da se radilo o brojčano značajnom udjelu među onodobnom bugarskom studentskom emigracijom: u Zagrebu ih je od 1902. do 1912. studiralo 33, što je činilo 10% od ukupnog broja Bugara u to vrijeme na zagrebačkom Filozofskom fakultetu. Nadalje, raščlamba strukture
prvih bugarskih studentica u Zagrebu pokazala je da se radilo o pripadnicama srednjeg građanskog sloja, kćerima trgovaca, obrtnika i činovnika, pravoslavne vjeroispovijesti, koje su u Zagreb stigle u najvećem broju kao već zrele studentice starijih godina studija.
Još valja istaknuti i to kako su se u većini, uostalom kao i njihovi muški kolege, u Zagrebu zadržale kratko, najviše jedan semestar i to u jeku sveučilišne krize na njihovom matičnom sveučilištu, u drugom semestru akademske godine 1906./1907.

The issue of university education for women in Croatia was definitely positively solved when in September 1901 women were allowed to enrol as full-time students at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University in Zagreb by the decree of the Department for Theology and Teaching of the Royal Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian country government. As we have seen, teachers of the female boarding school in Zagreb, the first female education institution in Croatia where girls could get higher general education to prepare for studies, were the first to encourage the discussion about the university female education. Since 1895, women could be admitted to the University, but only as part-time students. It has to be emphasized that these important steps forward in female education happened shortly after other European Universities had opened their doors to women. In the then atmosphere about female education, the most acceptable opinion is that the study was almost an ideal solution for those girls from the upper classes who did not get married and thus would get a profession that will bring them financial independence. But, at the same time, in the then professional part of the public, there were also various positive and negative opinions about reasons why women should not be admitted to the university, about their intellectual abilities, about subjects for which they were more or less “predetermined”, etc. In any case, from quite frequent newspaper discussions, it can be seen that the society still became sensible about the issue of female education.

The book deals with the social and everyday life of students at the University of Zagreb in the period between the foundation of the university (1874) and the World War I (1914). The research is based on the data gathered from different kinds of published and unpublished sources, such as students’ publications, official files from the Archive of the Vice-Chancellor’s Office of the University of Zagreb, Croatian State Archive and Archive of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, private correspondences, memoirs and contemporary literature of that period. According to the different aspects of students’ social and everyday life, the thesis is divided into ten major chapters. At the beginning, the analysis of students’ personal identification shows that students did not have any permanent elements of their own external identification. Distinguishing student style was a set of informal attributes, with no particularly defined elements. In the next chapter the material conditions of students were studied. The result of the analysis of their social structure has shown that most of the students came from families of civil servants and educated professionals. It has also shown that, within the period in question, there were certain changes in the composition of the student population, which may be observed in the fact that more and more students belonged to the families of peasants and merchants, which suggests mild but persistent evolution. Students’ material expenses were also analyzed. It was concluded that average material expense for a student in Zagreb at the end of the 19th century was between 30 and 35 forint, which included elemental expenses such as fee, accommodation, food and small expenses for education, social life and leisure. The issue of fees and scholarships are also discussed, as well as different kinds of part-time jobs for students and their perception of their own material condition. In close connection with the material conditions are the issues of accommodation and nourishment, which were observed mostly through data acquired from private sources. In the whole period there were no student dorms in Zagreb. According to the prices of private accommodation, Zagreb was equal to Prague, but cheaper than Vienna and some other university centers. Until 1898 there were no student canteens in Zagreb. After the foundation of »Mensa academica« in the year 1898, the problem of nourishment for one part of the student population was resolved. Also, a great number of students were getting meals in different private places (restaurants, private houses etc.). Speaking of education, despite many difficulties with accommodation, libraries, literature and reciprocity of degrees, significant modernization steps were made in this field at three university faculties (Faculty of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and Faculty of Theology). The question of students’ discipline was analyzed at two points because students were subjected to the governance of both the city authorities and academic organs. Here, more than anywhere else, it can be seen how politics influenced students’ lives. The most common student incidents were offences with political background and the majority of culprits received severe penalties from the city and university authorities. Usually they were relegated from the university for several semesters or, in the worst cases, they were expelled. The research of students’ leisure activities showed that they spent their free time in different ways: organizing parties and dances, visiting taverns and bordels, participating in sports activities, traveling, reading, visiting cultural institutions etc. It is also important to mark that their dances and concerts were visited by numerous public and distinguished personas. Equally, students were invited to different public events as they were considered a part of the city’s social elite. Closely intertwined with this chapter is the chapter about student societies. A specific quality of Zagreb students’ societies is that their number and activity were determined by the actual political situation. The number of students’ associations of all kinds (societies founded according to the native land of students, their religion, nationality, occupation) increased when Governor Khuen Héderváry’s era ended. The largest society during this period was Croatian Supporting Academic Society which provided the underprivileged students with financial support. It has to be stressed that almost every social activity of the time had a political background, which was the reason why many of them existed for a very short time. Last chapters of the thesis deal with students’ political and cultural life. Belonging to several political and cultural groups, students loudly protested against the contemporary political and cultural situation bringing brand new ideas to the Croatian public life which served as triggers for numerous processes that had been waiting to happen. Conclusively, it could be stressed that the modernization, as the prevailing characteristic of the period in question, (1874-1914), affected almost every aspect of everyday life of the student body in Zagreb. The effects of this process can be seen in the fields of education, material life, social composition, nourishment, students’ societies etc. It is also clear that a range of contemporary situations in the country, especially the political situation at the time, had influenced students’ everyday and social life. On the other hand, these generations left a significant trace in Croatian public, political and cultural life of the period. Also, after they had finished their studies, they made significant contributions to the political, cultural and scientific development of the country.

Based on the faculty admissions papers (nacionali), the article analyses the social composition of the student body of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zagreb in the period from the foundation of the university in 1874 to the beginning of World War I. A quantitative analysis of the data regarding the occupations of fathers or guardians of students was utilised in order to answer two basic questions: 1) from which social strata the students of the faculty were coming during that period, and 2) whether the social composition of the student population changed and if so how, particularly with reference to the modernisation processes taking place at that time in Croatian society. The analysis has shown that most of the students came from families of civil servants and from their middling stratum. It has also shown that within the period under discussion, there were certain changes in the composition of the student population, which may be observed in the fact that more and more students belonged to the families of people employed in industry, in the first place of workers, merchants, and employees of financial institutions, but also of peasants, which suggests a mild but persistent evolution. The article deals also with the issue of fees (naukovina), which were at that time paid simultaneously with the enrolment in each semester, as well as the issue of scholarships given to the students. Almost half of the students were, at least partially, freed from the burden of paying fees during their studies, and almost a third of them received scholarships. The results of this research were compared to the available data for the universities of Vienna and Prague, as well as the University of Cluj (Hung. Kolozsvár). The results of all these cases have shown quite similar tendencies to the ones discussed in this article.