Ultrasonic NDE/NDT

A great number of procedures have been developed and today a wide assortment of special analytical equipment for the analysis of chemical compositions of metal and alloys, including those widely spread and industrially produced, exists [1]. However, new analytical tasks for the control of steel products, or for individual parts made from them, constantly appear, and it is sometimes difficult to choose the appropriate method and device for the analysis. Very often complications appear when it is necessary to test a finished product, which must be left in for further use. The analysis must then be performed, or the sample taken, in such a way that the object does not loose its technical assignment or demand future restoration or repair. In addition, the more important and the more expensive the object, the less damage there must be and, at the same time, the more accurate the analysis must be. As a rule, these two conditions contradict each other. The list of objects requiring strict control of their composition is long: boilers, which operate under high pressure, and supplementary equipment; tanks for keeping fuel, lubricants and flammable materials; load-lifting or transportation mechanisms, cranes, and so on [2]. These problems are accelerated to the researchers of Metal chemist and got solutions i.e. Identification of Positive Materials by XRF Techniques of Non Destructive Test and Evaluations (NDE). Often, famously it has called Positive Material Identifications (PMI). It is known that non-destructive control of the composition can be conducted by X-ray analysis and portable compact analyzers have been created for performing analyses under field conditions. Based purely on physical features, X-ray fluorescence analysis is realized in high-quality laboratories. In this present study, we would like to develop a procedure for analyzing some selective industrially used steel products using XRF Spectra i.e. PMI and the same comparatively analyzing  by Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES) and Wet Chemistry and also verify the obtained results to prove the best one for NDE.

Introduction The variety and abundance of qualitative characteristics of agricultural products have been the main reason for the development of different types of Non-Destructive Methods (NDTs). Quality control of these products is one of the most important tasks in manufacturing processes. The use of control and automation has become more widespread, and new approaches provide opportunities for production competition through new technologies. The need to intensify the quality and quantity of a product leads to the use of advanced automated machines. Machine tools are increasingly becoming more automated and less reliant on human factors. Nowadays, visual machine technology and image processing techniques are widely used in the industry, particularly common in product quality control, robot guidance and self-guided mechanisms.

Graphical abstract Abstract Infrastructure development is currently taking place rapidly. Designing a dwelling or premises is currently implemented quickly while controlling construction costs in addition to providing guidance on planned development. The architecture uses steel as a main part of the pile and drainage system is connected from sources to consumer. This study focuses on steel pipes that are exposed to corrosion. This problem is considered serious because steel pipes are used not only for the delivery of water supply but also for the delivery of gas and oil to the oil and gas sector, where the same problem occurs. Impacts of the problem of corrosion of steel pipes contribute to the risk of loss to the owner of the premises or industry. An overview of leakage problems, which cause a reduction in the volume of materials or hazards to the environment and consumers, is given, and the occurrence of corrosion in pipelines is evaluated. Monitoring methods use ultrasonic tomography as a major contribution to the implementation of monitoring and assessing the status of pipe durability and ability. This paper looks at the concept of diverse ultrasonic tomography inventions used to assist the process of monitoring of the level of pipeline capacity that will suffer corrosion.

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The art of quality inspection by NDT during manufacture, as well as condition testing on site, on current rotor blades for multi-MW wind turbine generators (converters) is thoroughly explained. The application of dedicated automated UT scanner inspection is penetrated.
Access technology for installed rotor blades are reviewed.

Nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive testing methods have largely improved early crack detection in solid materials. However, the nonlinear signature of the crack can be difficult to measure. In this paper, to overcome this drawback, we present a parametric optimization to automatically find the best driving frequency which maximizes the nonlinear signature. The optimization process is carried out in two steps to maximize a cost function corresponding to the nonlinear-linear ratio (NLR). From the signal received, NLR assesses the energy of the second harmonic over the energy of the fundamental component. This optimization is achieved by the hybridization of two algorithms: the genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead algorithm. The method is applied experimentally on a duraluminium sample including a crack. The optimal frequency is obtained after less than 14 iterations only. Moreover, the gain of the nonlinear-linear ratio reaches up to 12 dB in comparison with that obtained by the usual frequency setting

For corrosion engineers to take Nondestructive Testing (NDT) measurements at height, currently they may need to utilize a lift, scaffolding, ladders, inspection trucks with elevated baskets, rope work, catwalks, cranes and rigging or other solutions. NDT inspection programs can dramatically increase the safety and integrity of infrastructure, industrial and manufacturing assets, access requirements in performing these inspections introduces risk. NDT inspection sites often require access to elevated areas and the use of equipment such as personal fall protection (safety harness and lanyard). Working at height is dangerous, due to the possibility of falls, as well as being time-consuming due to access. In certain instances, it may also require taking an asset, such as a flare stack, offline to allow it to cool so it can be accessed to take NDT readings. Use of handheld digital testing devices is very common in these scenarios.
Utilizing an aerial robotics platform for contact-based NDT measurements such as Dry Film Thickness (DFT), Surface Profile (SP), or Ultrasonic Thickness (UT) allows workers to remain safely on the ground. Further, since there is no need to move a lift, scaffolding or ladders and minimal movements required by the corrosion engineer or the robotic operator, the NDT measurement process can be faster in addition to being safer.

Practical aspects of RF transformers design and application in ultrasonic system excitation channel are analysed. Design steps are discussed for those willing to design their own transformer design for excitation channel. Investigation has been carried out on what generator parameters can be obtained if instead of purely active output stage impedance matching RF transformer is used. It is assumed that low output impedance active stage is coupled into relatively high impedance ultrasonic transducer. Air coupled ultrasonic transducer has been used as reference for the calculations. Several materials are considered for RF transformer core and possible candidates and their properties for 10kHz to 10MHz frequency range are listed. The algorithm for performance investigation using only manufacturer parameters and the Matlab modelling has been presented. The experimental study has confirmed RF transformer suitability as voltage step-up component for ultrasonic transducer excitation. The 0....

In accelerated bridge construction (ABC), prefabricated bridge deck elements are merged using "closure joints." Because of the cast-in-place nature of closure joints that are expected to go into service rapidly and problems observed for some types of closure joints, there have been some concerns about their long-term durability. This has necessitated the need for monitoring the condition of ABC closure joints using non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. Closure joints contain unique features and details that sets them apart from conventional deck panels. This requires a special treatment of closure joints when it comes to selecting the appropriate NDT technique for their health monitoring. A clear guideline for selecting an applicable NDT method for various types of closure joints has not been developed yet. For this purpose, an investigation was carried out in the Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center (ABC-UTC) at Florida International Universit...

In this paper a newly environmental friendly Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method for underground oil and gas pipeline networks is proposed. A suitable equipment extracts small samples of material from installed buried pipes for mechanical testing. Numerical calculations using Finite Element Analysis (FEM) proves that decreasing wall-thickness pipes is safe for in-field operating conditions. Nevertheless, those locations from where samples are cut should be monitored. For instance by means of Acoustic Testing (AT) system. New way of placing sensors is proposed. Sensors are introduced inside the pipe so that any acoustic wave changes from surrounding medium can be measured. In this type of AT a straightforward procedure must be followed to install sensors on pipe. Therefore, there is no need to uncover tested areas with qualified personnel.
The research showed that the signals recorded from internal sensors are comparable to those
results extracted from external ones. The study also revealed lower vulnerability to acoustic
interference of the sensor placed inside the pipeline.