Traffic and Transportation Engineering

Sound pollution and traffic jam are two major problems in most of the city roads of developing cities like as Dhaka, Bangladesh. Traffic jam, as well as mixed traffic condition, is the major cause of sound pollution in the city roads. Both of these issues affect mostly on country's public health and development. A lot of new roads have been constructed in Dhaka city every year but the majority of the roads have not been constructed considering the future AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic) value. The traffic volume has increased a lot as the population of the country increased rapidly and shifting the status of the country from developing county to the developed country increased the demand for privet car and as a result traffic jam is a regular problem in the Dhaka city. Due to increasing traffic volume, the waiting time in the traffic jam has been increased consequently. Drivers bell the horn of their vehicle to attract the concentration of the traffic police so that the traff...

Pre-planned town is designed considering future development and expansion, whereas there is no scope of easy development in unplanned town. So, any unplanned town is likely to face various problems as population increases; one such problem is traffic congestion problem. Vehicular traffic increases with increase in population, industrial growth, growing commercial activities etc. Anand is a city in Gujarat, which is a education hub and has a big industrial area (GIDC), which attracts students and people seeking employment. Hence, traffic congestion is obvious problem during peak hours. Our project work revolves around this problem. Our objectives are to find reasons for congestion and solutions for the same. For these, we will do surveys and will analyze it and will try to give best possible solutions which will improve vehicle efficiency, user convenience, and intersection capacity and will decrease risk of accidents.
This report presents analysis of route starting from Bhaikaka Circle up to Anand Railway Station in terms of traffic volume, road conditions, and traffic conditions at intersections, road lights, and traffic manners of people. The is sort of case study, which can be useful for improving traffic condition by applying simple solutions and suggestions provided in this report.

As we  all  know  that  day  by  there  is  increase  in  traffic  Congestion  due  to  increase  in  number  of  vehicles on  nearby  region.  For  the  betterment  of  this  reduction  in  Congestion  in  this  particular  region  of  Chandrapur  District  we proposed  Design  of  Multi-Storied  Car  Parking  Building  in  the  most  Crowdy  Areas  like  as  Bus  Stand  Area,  more  likely to  constructed  this  Parking  Building  of  (G+2).  In  which  the  Ground  Floor  can  be  utilize  as  Two-Wheeler  Parking  Total number  of  Two-Wheeler  parking  can  be  near  about  200  Vehicles  at  a  time.  And  in  First  Floor  and  Second  Floor  area  is provided  for  Car  Parking.  Problem  of  such  Parking  we  are  facing  due  to  unplanned  of  Roads  where  width  of  the  road  is improper  so  that  the  flow  of  vehicle  is  improper  manner,  so  that  such  area  may  face  more  Congestion  problem. Irregular  parking  of  Such  vehicles  may  lead  to  Traffic  Congestion. Study  represents  the  design  of  Multi-Storied  Car  Parking  Building  for  the  moderation  of  traffic  challenges  in  particular region.  Total  Area  of  Building  is  80  m  x  30  m  (2400  m2).  Firstly,  plan  was  made  on  AUTO-CAD  Software  with  all details  of  Column  and  Beam  design.  Further  it  was  placed  in  STAAD.PRO  SOFTWARE  to  Analysis  of  the  frame Structure  for  the  Vertical  and  Horizontal  Loads.  The  Design  has been  Studied  according  to  IS 456:2000.

Intersections are critical places which experience high levels of accidents due to the availability of vehicle movements from different directions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the factors that significantly contribute to injuries at such places. These factors can fall under different dimensions in traffic safety such as environmental conditions, road user behavior, traffic police enforcement, road design and crash characteristics. The paper will analyze the factors related to crash characteristics and traffic signal operation that affect the likelihood of accident severity located at intersections. The data for intersection accidents in Abu Dhabi from 2013 to 2016 were used in this analysis. Ordinal logistic model was considered for the analysis to account for the ordinal nature of severity levels. Several diagnostics tests of the model were preformed such as parameters evaluation, overall model evaluation and prediction accuracy. For parameter evaluation, out of 11 independent variables, 6 were non-significant and dropped from the model. Most of the non-significant variables were related to the driver-at-fault details. The results of the final model showed an overall good fit based on a p-value of less than 0.05, as well as a good accuracy of prediction 84.8%. Finally, odds ratios were estimated to interpret the final results of the model.

Sulaymaniyah city is suffering from congestion, vehicle delays on most
streets and intersections especially during peak hours, causing a lot of traffic problems and a negative impact on economy of the country. The increasing number of vehicles and limited new road construction will increase the problem in the network. The correct prediction of delay and queue length become important to make the most efficient use of the existing road system by providing better traffic operation and control.
The objective of this study is the evaluation of traffic performance at
selected network, through the evaluation of intersections performance and development of delay time and queue length models with reference to traffic prevailing conditions at Sulaymaniyah city. This is followed by suggestions of some improvement proposals including changing timing plan, geometric improvement and changing intersection type.
To carry out the above objective, traffic data is collected at the network in CBD area in Sulaymaniyah city. Video camera is used to collect field data because it provides permanent record of data with minimum manpower. These data are abstracted from video records using EVENT program, and processed by prepared EXCEL sheets, while, the spot speed data for each entire link in the network are collected using pavement marking method.
SYNCHRO/SIMTRAFFIC software V.20 is used for evaluation and
analysis of intersections, best timing plan and coordination. Suggested proposals are evaluated for the target year 2017 by using mentioned software.
Regression models, developed to estimate delay and queue length, show
good correlation with field values. The ratio of total width of exit roadway of intersection for traffic departing straight forward to total width of lane groups departing to the same exit roadway at the same phase at stop line (We/Ws) appear to affect the delay. The ratio has a negative effect on delay time when the ratio is less than 1.0.
Delay is estimated by HCM 2000 delay model and compared with field
delay. Based on results obtained from analysis, HCM 2000 delay model has been modified to represent the field delay. It has been observed that, HCM 2000 delay model consistently over estimates delay at degree of saturation more than 1.0. It
has been suggested from the analysis that, theoretical HCM 2000 delay model may be reduced by 81 % to better reflect field conditions. Recommended delay model shows good correlation with field data within the limits of this study.
Improvement strategies applied to the traffic flow in the study area of
Sulaymaniyah city, through the application of the calibrated software
(SYNCHRO/ SimTraffic). The improvement strategies divides into two parts. The first part includes Signal Timing Optimization and Coordination. The second part includes the geometric improvement. This improvement has very good effect on the measure of effectiveness (MOE) for the study network. Finally, the measure of effectiveness obtained from SYNCHRO/ SimTraffic optimization runs after the last improvement strategy for the target year 2017

Abstract:- Research on the hypothetical analysis of the causes of traffic congestion in Umuahia metropolis was carried with a view to identify the perpetual causes of traffic congestion most during peak periods and consequently analyse their effects in their various degrees using the T-test. Traffic congestion in Umuahia, the capital city of Abia State, Nigeria has been frustrating and seeking for lasting solutions to this obvious problem was the main objective of this research work. In the process of the present research work, 48 causes of traffic congestion were identified and analyzed statistically from the understandings of “ROAD users” and “FRSC officers” who are major players in the studied environment through a means of responses to a set of questionnaires and severity index rankings. This lead to the establishment of an agreement based on the analyzed causes by both parties through the process of null hypothesis. And by agreement fully represented in the tables and null hypothesis, the ROAD users and FRSC officers collectively highlighted several factors as the most severe causes of traffic congestion in Umuahia;  “Wrong parking on traffic pavement” that was ranked 1st and 2nd by ROAD users and FRSC officers with Is of 95.833% and 92.453% respectively. “Impatience and intolerance amongst drivers” that was ranked 1st and 4th by FRSC officers and ROAD users with Is of 93.711% and 90.104% respectively. “Construction of one lane instead of two” that was ranked 2nd and 3rd by ROAD users and FRSC officers with index of 91.667% and 91.195% respectively. “Poor road network” that was ranked 3rd by ROAD users with index of 91.146%. “High uneducated and unlicensed drivers” that was ranked 4th by FRSC officers with index of 90.567%. “Dilapidated roads and potholes” that was ranked 5th by ROAD users with index of 89.063%. “Small width of roadway” that was ranked 5th by FRSC officers with index of 89.937%. Consequently, this result will guide FRSC officers, ROAD USERS and GOVERNMENT in taking steps and making policies to reduce the traffic congestion in Umuahia metropolis. Keywords: Hypothetical analysis, traffic congestion, Umuahia metropolis, T-test.

This short document presents a table comparing main features of three roundabout capacity models, namely the Australian model as implemented in the SIDRA INTERSECTION software, the HCM Edition 6 model described in Chapter 22 of the Highway Capacity Manual Edition 6, and the UK TRL model implemented in the RODEL and ARCADY software. The HCM Edition 6 model and the earlier HCM 2010 model are available as model options in the SIDRA INTERSECTION software. The term SIDRA Standard is used to distinguish between the Australian model and these two models in SIDRA INTERSECTION. The HCM Edition 6 model assessments included in the comparison table given in this document apply to the HCM 2010 model as well. The features compared include methodology, model level of detail (lane-based or approach-based), parameters used in the model to represent driver behavior and roundabout geometry, and model calibration methods.

Metoda frecventei a fost elaborata de Habr si consta in introducerea in circuit a arcelor cele mai avantajoase fata de intreaga retea de comunicatii. Pentru perfectionarea metodei, se propune a fi investigate concepte informationale pentru imbunatatirea criteriului de apreciere a candidaturii arcelor la formarea ciclului optim.

This thesis intends to solve difficulties such as low demand and poor service levels in Amman's public transportation system, all of which have resulted in an increase in the number of private vehicles and the emergence of several urban issues such as traffic congestion, pollution, and poor development. This study recommended that several intelligent transportation systems be made available to Amman's public transit modes, which will increase the level of service and demand for these modes, resulting in a positive effect in terms of reducing the number of private vehicles in the city. Data were collected from relevant authorities to determine the impact of intelligent transportation systems, and several simulation scenarios were built to determine the impact of these systems on intersections and public transit routes in terms of delay and level of service. Several types of intelligent systems were simulated, including traffic signals within the study area being equipped with an intelligent system that gives priority when crossing to public transit vehicles, public transit stations being equipped with an intelligent payment system with electronic gates to reduce passengers dwell time, and added an intelligent signal system that optimizes traffic flow by optimizing the signals in all of the study area's intersections. According to traffic simulation scenarios using the Vissim and Synchro software and analytical equations, when intelligent transportation systems are implemented in public transportation modes, demand for these vehicles will steadily increase as the level of service for these vehicles improves, and it was figured that with improvements in travel time reaching 77 seconds, 1.5 percent of trips will be shifted to public transportation, and through the implementation of intelligent transportation systems, demand for these vehicles will steadily increase as the level of service for these vehicles improves, and through the implementation of intelligent transportation systems, In general, it will increase demand for public transportation vehicles

Intelligent Transportation System is about the use of advanced technology in the field of transportation and traffic engineering. There are various technologies used in it, such as navigation of cars, systems which automatically recognizes number plates of cars or speed camera devices, systems having container management services, systems controlling traffic signals, sign boards having changeable signs, to observe the things on the road. CCTV systems, parking guidance information systems, weather information, bridge deicing systems, etc. have been used in it. It will reduce the number of road accidents and it will reduce the traffic congestion. It will also help in mass evacuation of people in case of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, etc. Apart from that, the emergency services provided in Intelligent Transportation System, will save the life of more and more people in case of accidents. The air pollution and journey time in that particular area will be reduced. Plus, the efficiency of traffic lights on the roads will increase drastically, which will benefit the society in both short term and long term basis.

This presentation discusses main features of the network signal timing methodology which has been under development for the SIDRA INTERSECTION software (current Version 6.1 and the forthcoming Version 7). Direct elements of the network signal timing method includes lane-based second-by-second-platoon model using signal offsets, network cycle time and intersection phase time calculations, signal offset calculations, and common control groups (for signalised intersections controlled by a single signal controller). The general aspects of the network model that affects network signal timing include lane blockage (upstream saturation flow rates are reduced) and capacity constraint (downstream arrival flow rates are reduced) as well as the lane movements at the upstream intersection and the midblock lane changes affecting downstream platoon patterns.

Composite traffic control mechanisms at intersections are normally made up of two or more traffic control devices; for example, roundabout and traffic signals combined or if you like, traffic signal and one way flow combined. Roundabouts work on the principle of circulation and entry flows; whereas signalised intersections rely on staging or phasing for effectiveness. Safety at roundabouts is enhanced by limiting circulating speeds and this is achieved in geometric design by entry path curvature. While control strategy of traffic signal is flexible; it hinges on vehicle actuation or fixed time operation. However, there are some vexing traffic safety issues worth considering at signalised roadways; for example, in the event of signal breakdown or malfunction, how would such intersections cope with gridlock; what are the delay trade-offs for installing a standard roundabout at existing signalised intersections or vice versa. As a consequence, delay studies were carried out at a signalised intersection during peak period in Skudai, Malaysia. Delay data for single and composite signalised intersections were analysed and compared. Results show a slightly improved level of service with roundabout, more importantly significant reduction in conflicting movement and gridlock was achieved when the traffic signals were switched off. The study concluded that at signalised intersections, composite traffic control mechanisms have significant influence on vehicular conflict, gridlock and red light running compared with single control devices.

This article decribes the background, implementation details and effects of Low Emission Zones (LEZ) in Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and France and the related compliance and enforcement system. Emission reduction due to LEZ implementation are also compared to those of congestion charging.

In Egypt different construction modes of roads and tracks are known, depending on the intended purpose and the geological subsoil. Egyptian roads were covered with mud, and paved by mud bricks or stone slabs, or even petrified wood. Specially con¬structed slideways paved with mud and with sunken wooden beams were found near the pyramids of Lisht and Lahun. The oldest paved road in ancient Egypt runs through the desert. Nearly 12 km long, the Old Kingdom transport road leads from the Widan el-Faras quarries to Lake Moeris. It was used for the transport of quarried stones. The traveller benefitted from the road network, for better constructed tracks and a well-developed traffic system make travelling and transport more comfortable.

The field of transportation engineering is a way, in which we apply the study of science to provide well-organized and secure journey of individuals and products delivery. Traffic Engineering is a field of engineering where we majorly thinks and find various ways to incorporate well-organized flow of traffic. It also includes dealing with traffic lights, and it deals with the practical part of system of transportation, excluding the provision of infrastructures. Both Transportation and Traffic Engineering are a sub-discipline of the field of Civil Engineering. GIS is also known as Geographical Information System, where a software is intended to apprehend, control and show data related to geographical aspects or spatial aspects of a place. Intelligent Transportation System is an advanced field of technology, where we are using or incorporating the application of Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering and Computer Science Engineering in the field of Traffic Engineering and Transportation Engineering. In this paper we have discussed how to use Geographical Information System in the system of Intelligent Transportation. The various advantages of using GIS in it, has been discussed and the solutions of earlier problems has been deliberated. This will help in designing of secure and advanced traffic system, which will help in reducing the journey time of passengers. This will also help in the reduction of road accidents greatly and in development of new management of traffic policies.

The SIDRA INTERSECTION network model is largely built on the sound foundation of the lane-based methodology used in the single intersection model proven via research and used in practice during the last three decades. The network model elements used beyond single intersection modelling are discussed in this presentation. List of relevant documentation is included.

This paper focuses on real-time traffic management facilitated by modern telecommunication technologies and advanced real-time optimization algorithms. The discussion begins with a recent European project that provides a real-time decision support system for the reduction of traffic congestion and emissions. The work ow and techniques involved therein are explained and issues and potential gaps identified. A more generic real-time decision-making framework based on decision rules and distributionally robust optimization is then introduced. The paper illustrates the wide applicability and unique advantages of such a framework with case studies on responsive signal control, use of an adaptive variable message sign, and air traffic management.

The emirate of Abu Dhabi is setting the stones of its new urban framework and transportation policies, as a crucial step in achieving Abu Dhabi Economic Vision for 2030. The new urban framework recognizes the need for public transit to meet the travel demand of the anticipated three million residents in the city of Abu Dhabi, as well as commuters from neighboring cities. Ongoing work is focused on improving the connectivity and mobility of the Central Business District (CBD), while future work will involve the development of a second pivotal center, a Capital District, along with setting the boundaries of the capital industrial zones.

The Capital District is positioned around major new Emirati neighborhoods. It will become the new face of Abu Dhabi as the center of government and knowledge, while the CBD transforms into the finance and commerce center. High-Tech and clean industries will concentrate east of the Capital District around the airport. The centers will carry similar weights of jobs and office space, distributing the jobs between two employment centers. Both centers will be surrounded by residential districts, which hopes to redirect the traffic flow into several direction and avoid traffic congestion.

The Emirati residential neighborhoods surrounding the capital are built around high dense commercial nodes. Most of the residential neighborhoods are of low density, but higher density alternatives are also included to provide a variety in housing choice. The proposed new residential neighborhoods are mixed used developments. The urban design is configured for family housing clusters that encourage walking. 
This study suggests the implementation of transit-oriented development in the new Capital District and its suburbs, instead of the current design of assigning “zones” for each function and then facilitating the movement between these functional zones with roads and public transit. In order to support this claim, the study examines the historic and future urban growth trends of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in relation to the transportation demand. It analyzes them against external and internal factors that affect transit travel demand, in order to detect possible travel trends that would encourage further transit developments in the new district.

This study suggests a transit-oriented development in the new Capital District and its suburbs. In order to support this claim, the study examines the historic and future urban growth trends of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in relation to the transportation demand. It analyzes them against external and internal factors that affect transit travel demand, in order to detect possible travel trends that would encourage further transit developments in the new district.

An important external factor to transit demand is fuel price. In alignment with the recent elimination of the fuel price subsidy in the UAE, the study examines the potential effect of fluctuating fuel prices on Abu Dhabi public transit demand by analyzing the trends of cross-elasticities of public transit demand with respect to fuel price for a number of countries around the world.

The study also examines policies and legislations that could encourage Abu Dhabi vehicle users to use public transit modes, by looking at the different congestion pricing schemes applied in, New York, Singapore, Stockholm and London, the study examines how congestion pricing schemes can similarly influence commuters to move towards public transit in Abu Dhabi.

The aim of the study is to help the policy makers in Abu Dhabi as well as other cities of similar conditions in the region, develop sustainable cities using transit oriented development, by presenting some of the economic incentives and the implementation tools that are important in realizing such development.

In this paper, based on the theory of rotor dynamics, the nonlinear dynamics of a rotor system with an eccentric rotor is analyzed. Taking the double-support rotor system with a single turntable as the object, the mathematical modeling method of the rotor system with an eccentric rotor and the rotation analysis of the turntable are analyzed in detail. According to ANSYS software, the influence of eccentricity on the rotor system and the relationship between eccentricity and nonlinearity are analyzed.

Nowadays, more than 58% of the trips between the city’s urban cores are made by passenger cars rather than buses, which is not cost-effective and environmentally friendly. It also does not help in the sustainable development of the city. An attempt has been made to see whether changing the Kabul public transport network from functional monocentric to the polycentric structure can help it to be more functional, attractive, affordable, and accessible to the users. Here, we proposed a new integrated line linking the urban cores to each other using the headway-based assignment procedure of the VISUM macro simulation software. From the supposed variants, each variant was further divided into two subvariants. Furthermore, for each variant different routes were studied. Finally, all the subvariants and variants were compared to each other and reference scenario to find the one which can improve the multicore structure of Kabul effectively. Basis for analysis and comparison of the variants ...

Now a day, the traffic congestion is the major problems of our country India. The urbanization of Indian cities increasing and also the vehicle registration of that cities are increasing which is results in increase of the traffic congestion, For the present study, Savala Junction of Visnagar city is selected as a case study which is facing major problems viz. traffic due to uneven vehicle flow, uneven parking, no traffic signals, encroachments etc. and due to this problems time consumption of road users and accidental rate is high. The analysis of the present study junction is carried out from the collected data of videography. The aim of the study is to control the traffic congestion at the Savala junction and to provide the safety to the peoples.

Genetic algorithms are search algorithm based on natural selection and genetics. It is first pioneered by John Holland in the 60’s and based on the Charles Darwin’s principle of “survival of the fittest”. The genetic algorithm method differs from other search methods in that it searches among a population of points and works with a coding of parameters set, rather than the parameter values themselves. GA Randomly generates an initial population of individual and a fitness function is used to evaluate individuals, and reproductive success varies with fitness. In this study optimization of Transfer Time (TT) and Initial Waiting Time (IWT) of existing city bus schedule of Indore city bus network for a given constraint is done. Problem has been formulated in the form of objective function by considering departure and arrival time of buses on different routes as variables and constraint. Data has been collected from Indore City Transport Services Limited (ICTSL) and problem is formulated...

En este artículo se estudia el problema de Red de Transporte, usualmente conocido como TNDP (Transit Network Design Problem) multiobjetivo. Este consiste en encontrar la combinación ideal de rutas y frecuencias, que permita realizar un balance entre los intereses de los usuarios y los opera-dores, que se contraponen. Utiliza como datos de entrada un grafo con sus respectivos costos de transporte (en este caso tiempos) y demandas aso-ciadas a cada par de nodos. Como método de solución a este problema de optimización combinatoria multiobjetivo, se propone el uso de la metaheu-rística Búsqueda en Vecindades Variables (VNS), que resuelve problemas de optimización buscando soluciones competitivas mediante el cambio de vecindario iterativamente. El método propuesto fue probado inicialmente en el caso de estudio diseñado por Mandl, que consiste en 15 nodos y 21 arcos, y una matriz de demandas simétrica; y posteriormente para otras 11 instancias con tres tamaños de grafo diferentes (15, 30, 45 nodos). El modelo primero se corrió con el caso original para compararlo con autores que en oportunidades pasadas han trabajado el mismo problema. Posteriormente el VNS propuesto se probó con un modelo de demanda cambiante en 3 momentos del día (Mañana, tarde y noche) para corroborar los resultados positivos obtenidos en el primer ejercicio y darle un alcance mayor a la solución del problema.

Ever increasing personalized modal share in Indian urban scenario has resulted in multiple issues like congestion, delays, deteriorating ambient air quality and increased accident rates. Existing Public transportation systems are either falling short of meeting the travel needs or deemed ineffective owing to multiple factors. Ever increasing personalized vehicular ownership due to improving per capita income of the household is resulting in gradual drop in occupancy of public transportation systems like buses. This scenario is almost similar in all progressive cities in India. During the recent past, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), State and Central Governments are exploring the option of introducing Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRTS) to alleviate the above concerns. But, financial feasibility of such projects, demanding high capital investment, is a major bottleneck. However, societal benefits of these projects will pay off the investments during their life cycles. It is also important for the authorities to focus on developing sustainable cities which can maintain equilibrium in social, economic and environmental aspects. Opting for sustainable transportation planning would address the said objectives by adopting appropriate planning practices and policy analysis. Sustainable transport planning needs a good assessment of the current scenario and due to non-availability of such assessment mechanisms, it was felt necessary to develop a suitable and comprehensive assessment scheme that appraise the current scenario of existing public transport system with pre-defined Performance Indicators (PI) having its special emphasis on environment, economic, financial and social sectors. Further, an appropriate benchmarking process to carry out a bespoke performance assessment of urban bus system with sustainability as key node is also been developed. Augmenting the same, an Indicator based framework is developed with 30 evaluators nested under 8 Performance Indicators followed by a weight based ranking system. Till date, in the Indian benchmarking system of urban bus transport; no standardized mathematical approach is found to handle the imprecision and uncertainty that prevail in such assessment. In this context, an attempt is being made to normalize such uncertainties in benchmarking using Fuzzy Logic membership functions.

As we know the population of Chandrapur City has increased so far in this years and with that has increased the vehicles causing high traffic volume & rise in pollution. But the transportation system in Chandrapur City is still the same. To reduce the traffic volume & pollution, we have to study & design the new transportation system in Chandrapur City. The system would be as similar to Nagpur City with the implementation of Star City Buses. In this Study we would first compare the speed of various vehicles. Collection of population details of Chandrapur City, approximate number of vehicles running on road, collection of data with respect to Ticket fares in Nagpur City- whether it is according to Kilometers or places to be reached, calculation of Ticket Fares for Chandrapur City on the basis data collected. By all these, the best mode of transport in City can be studied.

The reassessment of ocean economy contribution of nations has become a new strategy for frontier states adjacent to the coastal region for the improvement of their position in the efficiency frontier curve. The continuity of a coastal state to remain a leader in the production and efficiency frontier curve of modern day development will thus depend on their ability to sustainably develop their most strategic economic resource base such as the ocean economy. The major economic bases include sustainable fishing, offshore oil field developments, offshore biodiversity development and marine biotechnology, offshore mining of manganese nodules, offshore wind farm potentials, international shipping (marine transport) and adjoining corridor development, ship dry docking potentials, marine renewable energy as well as other potentials outlined in the definition of African Union strategy for the development of her blue economy. Adopting the regression analysis and analysis of variance analytic...