Testes

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Garcinia kola seed is commonly used in African Traditional Medicine as a remedy for liver disorders, hepatitis, bronchitis, throat infections as well as an aphrodisiac and fertility enhancing substance. Owing to the abundance of complex mixture of phenolic compounds in Garcinia kola seed, there is a growing safety concern on its long-term use in folklore medicine. The present study evaluated the hepatic, testicular and spermatozoa antioxidant status in rats chronically treated with Garcinia kola seed. Materials and methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each and were orally administered with Garcinia kola at 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 6 consecutive weeks. Clinical observations, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, spermatozoa parameters and histopathological examination of the organs were assessed to monitor treatment-related adverse effects in rats. Results: Long-term treatment of Garcinia kola had no adverse effect on the spermatozoa characteristics but significantly elevated testosterone concentration when compared to the control group. Improvement of antioxidant systems was accompanied by a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level in the liver, testes and spermatozoa of Garcinia kola-treated rats. Histological observation revealed that chronic administration of Garcinia kola had no effect on the liver and testes at all doses when compared with control. Conclusion: Garcinia kola seed boosts the antioxidant status and exhibits no adverse effect on the liver, testes and spermatozoa after a long-term oral exposure in rats.

Males must partition their limited reproductive investments between traits that promote access to females (sexual ornaments and weapons) and traits that enhance fertilization success, such as testes and ejaculates. Recent studies show that if the most weaponized males can monopolize access to females through contest competition, thereby reducing the risk of sperm competition, they tend to invest less in sperm production. However, how males invest in sexual ornaments relative to sperm production remains less clear. If male ornaments serve as badges of status, with high-ranking males attaining near-exclusive access to females, similar to monopolizing females through combat, their expression should also covary negatively with investment in post-mating traits. In a comparative study across primates, which exhibit considerable diversification in sexual ornamentation, male weaponry and testes size, we found relative testes size to decrease with sexual ornaments but increase with canine size. These contrasting evolutionary trajectories might be driven by differential selection, functional constraints or temporal patterns of metabolic investment between the different types of sexual traits. Importantly , however, our results indicate that the theory of relative investments between weapons and testes in the context of monopolizing females can extend to male ornaments.

Epididymo-orchitis is one of the most important reproductive diseases in rams
caused by various pathogens. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical,
ultrasonographic and histopathological characteristics of epididymo-orchitis caused
by Brucella melitensis in rams. Nine rams with a large unilateral scrotal swelling
were admitted to the surgery clinic. Full case history, thorough clinical examination,
Rose Bengal test (RBT), Microagglutination test, ultrasonographic and
histopathological examinations were carried out for all rams. The mean age of the
diseased rams was 4±1.7 years. The diseased rams showed positive RBT (++) and
the mean antibrucella titer was 1/140±7.8. For rams admitted between 1 to 2 months
from the onset of clinical signs, the main ultrasonographic findings included thick
hyperechoic scrotum, thick hyperechoic testicular tunics, anechoic fluid into vaginal
cavity, enlarged testis, absence of testicular echogenic pattern, wide appearance of
the mediastinum testis and multiple hypoechoic testicular and epididymal abscesses.
For rams admitted between 2 to 3 months from the onset of clinical signs,
hyperechoic multiple testicular abscesses, hyperechoic fibrous foci and thick
hyperechoic epididymes were seen. The pathognomonic lesions were multiple focal
testicular and epididymal abscesses, microgranulomas and microcalcification,
necrosis of germinative epithelium, atrophy of seminiferous tubule with absence of
spermatogenesis and interstitial edema associated with inflammatory cells
infiltration. Scrotal lymph node showed focal caseous lymphadenitis with capsular
edema. In conclusion, the ultrasonographic and histopathological findings of
epididymo-orchitis caused by B. melitensis in rams are characteristics and vary
depending on the chronological stage of the disease.

The testicles are the primary sexual organs of male and their function is to produce sperm and sexual hormones. Disorders of the testicles are common in domestic cats. Therefore, detailed assessment of the testes is of great importance in veterinary medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and B-mode ultrasonography in testes evaluation in cats. B-mode ultrasonography of the testicles combined with haemodynamic analysis in real time by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography can assist as diagnostic tool in evaluating testicular abnormalities in sick cats. Furthermore, ARFI elastography is a new ultrasound method that evaluates tissue elasticity by elastogram and shear weave. Ultrasonographic study of the testes is a common diagnostic imaging procedure.

Aims: Conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells have a positive effect on repairing damaged tissues because of having metabolites, growth factors and cytokines. The aim of current study was to investigate the healing effect of conditioned medium of adipose tissue-derived stem cells on histomorphometric changes of testis in treated mice with busulfan. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 18 adult male mice were divided into the three equal groups including control group (Without treatment), azoospermia sham and experimental groups. The sham and experimental groups were induced azoospermia by two injection of 10mg/kg busulfan intraperitoneally, with 21 days interval. 35 days after the second injection of busulfan, the experimental group treated with conditioned medium of adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and 60 days after conditioned medium injection, the testes of mice were removed and histomorphometric evaluation was done. The results were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. Findings: The lumen diameter and area of the seminiferous tubules in the three groups did not have any significant difference; however, the total diameter, cellular diameter, cellular area, cross-sectional area and spermatogenesis index of the seminiferous tubules were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05), while they were significantly increased compared to the azoospermia sham group (p<0.001). Also, the number of tubules and numerical density of the seminiferous tubules were significantly increased in the azoospermia sham compared to the control and experimental groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Secretory factors of conditioned medium from adipose tissuederived stem cells could be effective in the restoration of spermatogenesis in busulfan-induced infertile mice.

Introduction: Undescended testis (UDT) or cryptorchidism is a common childhood condition in which a boy is born without having one or both testes in their scrotum. It is a very frequent clinical finding in boys, with a prevalence of about 2-4%. The inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent normally takes place in the last trimester of pregnancy. The regulation of prenatal testicular descent in humans is not fully understood, but numerous genetic and endocrinal factors are thought to have been involved. Preterm boys have been described to have a higher rate of UDT. The classification of UDT is performed according to palpable or nonpalpable testis. If the testis is located inside the normal path of descent, the testis is called 'intra-abdominal', for those located in the abdomen is called 'intracanalicular', for those located between the internal and external rings or 'suprascrotal', for those located between the entrance of the scrotum and the external ring. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of anatomical location of undescended testis in pediatric patients undergoing orchidopexy as well as to compare the mean size of undescended testis at different anatomical location in pediatric patients undergoing orchidopexy as a secondary objective. Methods: It's a cross sectional study of 94 patients with total 110 testes as per inclusion criteria. Study was performed at pediatric surgery department of Liaquat National university hospital Karachi, Pakistan for a duration of eight months. Orchidopexy was performed under general anesthesia as a surgical day care procedure. At orchiopexy, the outcome variables i.e. location and size of the testis was noted. The size of the testis was measured in anteroposterior and mediolateral dimensions vernier caliper, graduated in mm. The size of testis was calculated by modified Lambert's formula (0.71xlengthxwidth2). All the collected data were entered into the proforma attached at the end. Results: Mean±SD of age was 4.29±2.19 with C.I (3.38…….4.74) years. Mean±SD of size of testis was 425.68±244.43 with C.I. (375.89……..475.47) mm. In location of testis 4 (4.2%) was located at intra-abdominal, 15 (16%) at intracanalicular and 75 (79.8%) was located at distal to superficial ring. Mean size of testis in intra-abdominal location was 276.29±145.47, intra-canalicular 367.89±196.15, distal to superficial ring was 442.27±54.08 and non-significant P-value was found i.e. (p=0.264). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between mean size of testis and location of undescended testis. The most common location was distal to superficial ring.

The current study aimed to measure the testicular ultrasonographic dimensions (length, width, thickness
and volume) as well as spectral Doppler indices (resistive index and pulsatility index) of testicular artery,
and to investigate the possible differences between the paired testes based on testicular dimensions
and blood flow Doppler indices. Five Awassi rams of normal fertility, with a body weight 50-65 kg and
aged 3-5 years were subjected to testicular ultrasound examination for testicular dimensions and
pulsed-wave Doppler, twice monthly for five consecutive months. The testicular volume of the left testis
(69.34±6.66 mm3
) was higher than the right testis (66.85±5.46 mm3
). Testicular thickness was signifi-
cantly affected by the laterality of the testes (P<0.05). Doppler measures for RI (resistive index) as well
as pulsatility index (PI) were slightly higher (P>0.05) in the right testicular artery rather than the left
one. In conclusion, the testicular ultrasound measures and Doppler flow indices varied between the
paired right and left testes in mature rams. In addition, the blood flow indices are highly correlated in
the testicular artery of rams.

Bacteria can damage sperm and thus reduce the reproductive success of both males and females; selection should therefore favour the evolution of antimicrobial protection. Eusocial hymenopterans might be particularly affected by such bacterial infections because of their mating ecology. In both sexes, mating is restricted to a short window early in the adult stage; there are no further chances to mate later in life. Males die shortly after mating, but queens use the acquired sperm to fertilise their eggs for years, sometimes decades. The reproductive success of both sexes is, thus, ultimately sperm-limited, which maintains strong selection for high sperm viability before and after storage. We tested the antibacterial activity of the contents of the male and female sperm-storage organs-the accessory testes and the spermatheca, respectively. As our study species, we used the bacteriumand the garden antwhose queens can live for several decades. Our results provide the first empirical ev...

Indigenous bull breeds attain puberty late in life when compared to the breeds of &lt;italic&gt;Bos taurus&lt;/italic&gt;. Cross breeding between &lt;italic&gt;Bos taurus&lt;/italic&gt; and &lt;italic&gt;Bos indicus&lt;/italic&gt; has decreased the age at puberty and increased the total semen production period of bulls. However, some of the drawbacks like impaired semen production, poor libido, and low freezability are common among the crossbred bulls in India. Leydig and Sertoli cells are the most important non–germinal cells of testes that are essential for sperm production. The development and differentiation of these testicular cells occurs during postnatal period in bull calves and are dependent on the transient rise in gonadotropins, insulin–like growth factor 1 (IGF–1), and other growth factors. Administration of gonadotropins or gonadotropin–releasing hormone (GnRH) before the transient rise initiates the multiplication of Leydig and Sertoli cells, and results in hastened on...

Introduction: Children, adolescents and young adults in tropical Africa occasionally presents to the emergency department with testicular torsion. However, no estimates of the burden of the condition is available and there is also sparse evidence of a seasonal variation in incidence. Objective: To determine the incidence and seasonality of the condition in a Nigerian community. Subjects and methods: A retrospective review of incident cases of testicular torsion occurring in a typical tropical sub-Saharan African community between January 2011 and December 2016 was performed. Incidence rates were calculated and trend analysis performed to evaluate for seasonality. Results: Twenty-three patients were seen during the study period and the average annual incidence of testicular torsion among 'at risk' males (<40 years) was 2.7/100,000. Testicular salvage rate was 81%. Cases occurred 91% higher than average during the cold season (November to January). Trend analysis revealed a significant seasonal difference in the number of cases seen (p = 0.045) and Post Hoc tests (Tukey) further showed that this is attributable to the seasonal difference between the cold season and the warmer early rains period (p = 0.036). Conclusion: The burden of testicular torsion found in the studied tropical sub-Saharan community is comparable to other regions of the world and seasonal variation in incidence does occur with a significant increase in cases during the cold season.

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Tropical gar A. tropicus plays an important ecological role, as a regulator of other fish stocks, in the water bodies of Mexico but their wild populations are being reduced. One conservation alternative is breeding which requires the study of germ and somatic structures of testis to characterize the reproductive cycle, basic knowledge required to create exploitation and conservation models. Three sexually mature males were captured on a monthly basis (N=24), in wild populations of Pomposu lagoon, municipality of Jalpa de Mendez (18°19&#39;59&quot; N - 93°01&#39;12&quot; W), Tabasco, Mexico. The capture technique was trawl net; they were transported live to the Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, DACBiol, UJAT. Males were sacrificed by decapitation; testis fragments from all of the specimens collected were processes using a routine histological procedure, that consisted of dehydration for ascending etanol series, xylol, and inclusion in paraffin, with a sliding microtome 7µm thick cuts,...

Current experiment was planned to investigate the deleterious effects of the graded dose of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on White Leghorn Male Birds. For this purpose, 100 birds of 8 week age were divided into 4 equal groups and reared on feed contaminated with different doses of AFB1 for 10 weeks. Group A was kept as a control group and was fed with normal toxin free diet, group B, C, and D were offered feed containing 100 ppb, 200 ppb, and 400 ppb of AFB1 respectively. The birds were euthanized at the 4th and 10th week of the experiment. Clinical signs, behavioral changes, absolute and relative organ weight of testes, sperm motility were measured. Cellular immune response was observed through CCA, P-HAP, and antibody response against SRBC. Results showed a dose-dependent decline in the immune response of birds with the increase in the level of AFB1 in the feed. A significant decrease in the serum levels of testosterone, prolactin, and LH was observed. Grossly, testicular size and volume we...

Purpose of the study: to investigate the impact of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) on the indicators of preservation of murine testis interstitial cells (IC) under cryopreservation.

Materials and methods. To isolate IC the enzymes were used: 0.2 mg/ml collagenase and 0.1 mg/ml DNase. The obtained cell suspension was cryopreserved in the solutions that contained 0; 0,7; 1,4; 2,1; 2,8 M of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and/or 10%, 20% fetal cow serum, 10 mg/ml PEO or HES. The samples (1 ml) were cooled at a rate of 1 °C/min to -80 °C then stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). They were warmed at 37 °C in the water bath. Cryopreservation solution was removed. The number of cells and their preservation were assessed before and after with the assistance of Goryaev’s camera. Viability of IC, Leydig cell preservation and preservation of metabolic activity were measured with trypan blue dye, histochemical staining for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.

Results. It was shown that 1,4 M DMSO without supplements favored IC preservation. Addition to the cryopreservation solution 10% and 20% of fetal cow serum or 10 mg/ml HES increased total preservation of IC by more than 10% and Leydig cell cryopreservation by an average 15%. HES 10 mg/ml may decrease DMSO concentration to 0,7 M. This combination had the best indicators of total preservation of IC, preservation of viable cells and Leydig cells: 75,8 (53,3; 93,3), 55,6 (45,1; 69,4), 57,1 (40,2;70,3) %, respectively. PEO was ineffective.

Conclusion. High-molecular weight synthetic polymers such as HES can substitute protective properties of blood serum under cryopreservation and allow decreasing effective concentration of permeable cryoprotective such as DMSO.