Templars

L’antica cattedrale e chiesa priorale cistercense di Sant’Antioco di Bisarcio, in agro di Ozieri (ante 1073 - 1195),  rappresenta uno dei migliori monumenti del romanico in Sardegna. La ricerca focalizza una serie di decori, in particolare del secondo e terzo ordine della facciata della chiesa, sola sopravvivenza di un partito architettonico segnato da un fulmine nel 1471. Nella ideale ricostruzione dell’intero prospetto si riconosce un grande inedito fregio in forma di croce commissa, qui definito ‘della Esaltazione della Santa Croce’. Tra i numerosi riscontri di questa ipotesi è la stessa Festa dell’Esaltazione che scandisce le attività del calendario benedettino, e l’epigrafe commemorativa della fabbrica della galilea, che in forma di croce riferisce il nome di magister Paulu illuminato e ispirato cistercense, impegnato a Bisarcio  nel 1190/95, tra suggestioni templari e influenze pisane. 
The ancient cathedral and prioral Cistercian church of Sant’Antioco di Bisarcio, in the countryside of Ozieri (ante 1073 - 1195), represents one of the finest monuments of Romanesque architecture in Sardinia. The research focuses on a series of decorations, in particular of the top level of the face of the church, the only surviving side of the facade devastated by a lightening strike in 1471. In the theoretical reconstruction of the entire facade we recognize a large, undocumented frieze in the form of a Tau cross, here defined as ‘of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross’. Among the various arguments of this hypothesis is the very same Feast of the Exaltation which marks various activities on the Benedictine calendar, and the commemorative epigraph on the galilée, which, in the form of a cross, provides the name of magister Paulu enlightened and inspired Cistercian, who worked at Bisarcio between 1190/95, according to Templar suggestions and Pisan influences.

The idea of the Knights Templar looked good on paper. Have knights from across Europe join a monastic order that would defend the Holy Land from non-Christians. They would be devout warriors fighting on behalf of God, an example for all of Christendom. What could go wrong?

In 2016, during the repairing of a wall in the churchyard of San Fermo Maggiore in Verona, an imposing sarcophagus was discovered. Made of sandstone quarried in the nearby hills, the badly flaked tomb bears illegible inscriptions but also a well-preserved cross pattée with point inserted in the bottom arm at both ends, an image closely associated with Templar tombs. As we will see, there are powerful reasons to link this burial to Arnau of Torroja, Master of the Knights Templar, who died in the city in September 1184. This article will give a brief outline of Arnau’s career and explain why he came to be in Verona, together with an analysis of the important presence of the order in the twelfth century with all its properties in the same area of the city, later acquired by the Hospitallers. The article will then follow the scientific trail linking Arnau of Torroja to the bones found in the tomb, which could be the first tomb ever discovered of a Master of the Knights Templar.

The study, developed in three parts, starting from the "corridor of Nazareth", is a contribution to try to formulate hypotheses concerning the place that may have hosted, albeit briefly, the Shroud and, subsequently or at the same time, the holy house of Theotokos. This research aims to reconstruct the ancient "Way of Angels", located between the Duchy of Athens, the Thessaly and the Epirus, one of the four itineraries-the third, in chronological order-followed by the transport of the holy house before his arrival in Loreto. It also aims to provide information on the disputed passage of the Shroud to Athens, highlighting the fundamental elements that unite the two relics (the Shroud and the holy house of Loreto). The study provides new evaluation terms in order to encourage the reflection and reconstruction of possible voids of history, to learn about the ancient fortresses of Thessaly, through the analysis and interpretation of the ancient symbols present in the monasteries and byzantine churches of the 12th and 13th centuries, milestones in the epic of the imperial family of the Comnenos and, later, of the Angel Ducas Comneno.

´After the Templar´s were imprisoned on October 13th, 1307 the Portuguese King D. Dinis did not accept the guilt of the Knights of Solomon and began a long diplomatic process that created the Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ, as is stated in the Papal bull Ad ea ex-quibus Pope John XXII. In general, all Templar´s and their goods were transferred to this new monastic military order. Only the First master of the order, Gil Martins, came from the Order of Avis.
A century later, the Master of the Order of Christ ceases to be elected by chapter and happens to be appointed by the king. Thus, Henry, son of King João I, became governor of the Order of Christ with the papal authorization required for that purpose.
Portugal begins its maritime expansion with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and, from 1420, the Infante Henrique spends much of his time in the former Templar town of Tomar, headquarters of the Order of Christ, building their manors and working with his team on a project that would cause a geopolitical and geographical revolution worldwide.
The first output of this project was the creation of the archetypal knight-browser. The new Grail quest will now take place by sea and the warriors courage would be tested by marine elements. Simultaneously, emerges a methodology of scientific nature that will be the cornerstone of the complex system that allowed the completion of the work. "Science was the soul and Boldness the body" brilliantly synthesized Fernando Pessoa.

Matthew Paris is one of the best known and most controversial of medieval historians. A Benedictine monk, he was chronicler of St. Alban‘s Abbey from around 1236 until his death in 1259. The aim of this article is to examine Matthew’s value as an historian in one important area: events in the Holy Land from 1229 to 1259, of which he was a contemporary. Matthew is an important source for the history of the Holy Land during this period. His writings reveal him to have been very much in favour of Latin Christian control of the holy places in Palestine. But he was hotly critical of the failure of those whose duty it was to protect them: the crusaders and the military orders. The problems of interpretation that his works present are common to monastic chronicles. His reporting of events was distorted; partly because his informants were not always reliable, but mainly by his own prejudices. Because of his hatred of the pope, the king, foreigners, the friars and others, he sometimes misinterpreted his information. He has been accused of forging some of the documents he inserted into his chronicle. He passed off his own personal view as general opinion. At the same time, however, Matthew’s prejudice is interesting in itself. It offers us a window into the thoughts of one well-informed thirteenth-century English monk, and casts some light on the prejudices of his immediate audience. For this reason, Matthew Paris’ treatment of the Templars and Hospitallers is particularly revealing and significant for historians of the crusades and of the military orders.
This article was written in 1992 for a journal aimed at high school children. Suggesting that Matthew Paris was the medieval equivalent of a modern gutter press leader-writer, it opens with a mock tabloid-press headline. The reference to the ‘evil emperor’ was intended to echo the then recent fall of the USSR, which the British tabloid press had labelled an ‘evil empire’.

Recommended to read "Re-Examining the Larmenius Charter" in addition to this.
The Charter of Larmenius has not been considered a reliable historical document regarding a legitimate line of descent of the Knights Templar for nearly 200 years. However, renewed analysis of the Charter's contents, language, and historical correlations have reinvigorated the study of its claims in a new generation. As a result, new historical connections are now being made which may further bolster the
credibility of the Charter's narrative. One potential association with the Charter is a document known as the Avignon Decree of 1326. This Papal Bull was produced by a council of bishops assembled at the abbey of Saint Ruf in what is now Avignon, France and was adopted and enforced by Pope John XXII just two years after the reported writing of the Larmenius Charter in 1324. If a legitimate connection between the two is found to be likely, it would establish an additional primary document that corresponds directly to the narrative of the Charter.

Sažetak: Srednjevekovno, feudalno društvo, naročito u svojim prvim vekovima, bilo je ustrojeno bez jasne centralne vlasti. Rascepkano i razjedinjeno bilo je poprište velikih sukoba između pripadnika plemstva. Rat nije predstavljao samo sredstvo za sticanje novih poseda i bogatstva, već, način i smisao života. Stoga je Crkva uz podršku vladara utemeljila određene norme i pravila ponašanja, zahvaljujući kojima se, ova sirova i neobuzdana sila postepeno transformirala u zaštitnike Crkve i društva. Ove norme, poznate i kao viteštvo, u istoj ili sličnoj formi vladali su i u Srbiji, međ srpskim plemstvom. Cilj ovoga rada jeste da prikaže ulogu viteštva na život našeg plemstva, ali i njihov uticaj na donošenje važnih, ponekad i sudbonosnih političkih odluka. Smatramo da je život despota Stefana Lazarevića, viteza, pripadnika jednog viteškog reda i vladara srpske države, najbolji primer da se oslika ovaj uticaj i njegova snaga u srpskom srednjevekovnom društvu.

This book has to be completed with the meanwhile available edition of Antonino Amico's Templar documents by Luciana Petracca but remains for its other aspects still actual. I uploaded it, as the 2003 edition was very limited and it seems quite difficult to find the book in the libraries outside of Italy or to buy it online.

This volume examines the pervasive and persistent appropriations of the military orders across a broad chronology and several regions, including Mexico, Brazil, and Greece, areas beyond the traditional focus of prior research in medievalism.

Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights, the military orders are among the most iconic aspects of the crusades and several still survive as chivalric honours or charitable organisations. In popular culture, the orders, particularly the Templars, have been the subject of or inspiration for films, books, television, and video games, from Star Wars to The Da Vinci Code and Assassin’s Creed. In this volume, an overview of the early legacies of the military orders in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is followed by studies of the Templar conspiracy theories of Rosslyn Chapel, the Venerable Order of St John’s creation of a medieval past, the legacy of the Hospitallers in modern Greece, the military orders in nineteenth-century Mexico, and the use of the Knights Templar by the far-right in Bolsonaro’s Brazil. Ultimately, it expands the scope of the field and indicates further avenues for research.

The Modern Memory of the Military-religious Orders is a valuable resource for students and scholars of the crusades, the military orders, and medievalism.

U legendama, pričama, narodnim pesmama i odgovarajućim istorijskim spisima, nalaze se dokazi o postojanju viteškog kodeksa u Srednjovekovnoj Srbiji. Oni su bili ratnici na konjima, a kako su oni bili skupi, njihova titulacija se vezivala za plemstvo i povlašćeniji socijalni status, koji je krasio vrline pravičnosti i odanosti gospodaru. Takvi kodeksi ponašanja su bili propagirani od strane crkve, koja je promovisala ideale dobročinstva, a sa kojima je pokušavala da vitezove pretvori u ratnike za hrišćanstvo. Da je srednjovekovni srpski viteški kodeks bio i ostao, naravno u izmenjenoj i savremenijoj formi i sadržaju, jedan od temeljnih izvora naše vojničke etike i službene časti oficirskog kora srpske vojske vidi se kroz brojne primere i dokaze, za koje treba bliže upoznati istorijske prilike i socijalne strukture od Velikog Župana Nemanje do Cara Dušana. Onaj koji udružuje oružje sa pravom i pravdom, donosi i opšti zakon na Saboru, suveren je sa sabljom za pojasom, ` sabljonosac`koji i danas sija estetskim idejnim obličjem prvog reda, onog koji ustanovljava i prvomučeničko znamenje nebeskog sjaja, Orden Svetog Stefana.

in “Marca/Marche”, 4 (2015), pp. 144-169.

Prime presenze nelle Marche - Il Duecento - Decime e precettori - Il Trecento: requisizioni e processi - Soppressione dei Templari - Un ultimo sguardo alle Marche - Inventari dei beni - Quadro di sintesi.

The Journals of Prince Henry Sinclair and his descendants (20 books and a lambskin map) were found by accident in 2005 in a dusty dirty basement in Greeneville, TN. They then lay in a trunk in the back of the closet for almost 9 years before the author realized what she had. Translating the journals from Latin, Old English, and modern English she soon learned the story of her own 17th great-grandfather, Prince Henry Sinclair of Orkney and Scotland. Join the author and her great-grandfathers on a voyage of discovery as you learn about the covenant made between the St. Clair/Sinclair and Wemyss family, the Templars, the Native Americans, and the Freemasons. Travel with us as we search for the artifacts mentioned in the journals and validate the story. Book 1 of 10, tells the story of Henry as a young boy from the age of 8 in 1353 until l395 when he plans a voyage with Captain Nicolo Zeno and his son Antonio Zeno to Greenland and beyond.

PAUL IS DEAD is a subject ripe for mediological excavation requiring occult tools that have always factored into interpretations of Beatles' messaging. The time and place to introduce a new " Science of Magic " with its forbidden apparatus into the academy has never been better. Conspiracy theories surrounding Paul McCartney have been ramped up after the release of his new album Egypt Station and triumphant Freshen Up World Tour ending in July, while a virtual stream of mediology phenomenology (here is one from Revolver where the band's transformation began) about The Beatles' creative process keeps the online investigations fresh. There is always something new to discover, which keeps the discussion open-ended. This article will examine the evolution of PID over the past half century to its current digital status in relation to other conspiracy theories: Sept 11 as an "inside job;" the JFK assassination; the ritual murder of Princess Diana; and QAnon examined by Ethan Zuckerman in the first installment of JoDS #6: Unreal. In order to make effective comparisons, hermeneutics apparatus (astrology, numerology, alchemy) pioneered in the European Graduate School laboratory will be utilized to explore eight topics: tech, bibles, origins, hermeneutics, semiotics, phenomenology, Gesamtkunstwerk and metaphysics.

Solo una indagine accurata di natura artistico-archeologica degli apparati, delle concetrazioni delle simbologie iconografiche presenti nella miriade più disparata di USM delle strutture architettoniche monastiche può portare in termini pressoché scientifici alla corretta individuazione dei significati profondi: di croci patenti o taumate, di calvari stilizzati, di fiori di lys, d' agnus Dei, di triplici cinte, di labirinti, di nodi di Salomone, di sator, di sirene bicaudate, di Baphomet. Apparati omogenei di Usm di decorazione lapidea di "carattere templare", presenti a s. Rabano, a s. Galgano, a s. Salvatore sul Monte Amiata, a sant' Antimo, nella pieve di Corsignani, a s. Pietro a Villore, a s. Giovanni d' Asso, nel duomo di Sovana, a santa Maria in Capita, nella pieve di Confini, a santa Maria Maggiore in Tuscania, nella badia Ardentesca di s. Lorenzo al Lanzo, in santa Maria di Montepiano, in santa Maria Assunta di s. Quirico, in s. Domenico di Trisulti, in s. Domenico di Sora, rivelano senz' altro che furono i Templari a manovrare e finanziare maestranze ad uso della propria e dell' altrui committenza, molte di queste avevano acquisito una grande esperienza soprattutto in Francia e talune furono predilette in modo speciale dai cavalieri del Tempio.


Only an accurate investigation of the iconographic apparatuses of the symbols which are present in the myriad of Wall Stratigraphic Units (WSU) of monastic architectural structures, can lead to the correct meanings of patent c of the pantent and taumate crosses, stylized Calvaries, Fleur-de-lis, Agnus Dei, labyrinths, Solomon' s Knots, Sator Squares, Baphomet, and so forth. Homogenous stone decorations of WSUs of "Templar character", present at the abbeys of San Galgano, Rabano, San Salvatore di Monte Amiata, s. Salvatore on Mount Amiata, San Domenico di Trisulti, and many other church buildings in Italy, undoubtedly reveal that the Templars were the ones who manoeuvred and financed workers for the use of their own and other patrons, many of them had acquired great experience especially in France and some of them were especially favoured by the Knights of the Temple.
Collane:
Studia Archaeologica, 239
ISBN: 9788891320346
Rilegatura: Brossura
Pagine: 280
Formato: 17 x 24 cm

Historische en archeologische biografie van het centrale gedeelte van Zaamslag: het Plein. Aan de hand van de kerkgebouwen en hun plaats in het dorp wordt de geschiedenis van het dorp verteld in tal van verkenningen. Bouwhistorische informatie, oude bronnen en opgravingsresultaten worden samengebracht in dit boek.

Around 1200 a new type of construction emerged along the Way of St. James in Northern Spain, consisting of a burial church associated with a hospital. Several of these churches (Sancti Spiritus in Roncesvalles, Santa María de Eunate, Santo Sepulcro in Torres del Río and San Juan de Acre in Navarrete) included architectural elements with funerary connotations that directly evoked Jerusalem. This paper suggests that it is highly probable that these forms were employed at the express wish of their lay founders, which in all documented cases were women. There is evidence that in some cases, the ladies eventually donated their churches and hospitals to orders based in the Holy Land (Knights Hospitallers and Canons of the Holy Sepulchre), probably because these specialised in funerary services and were sympathetic to lay spirituality.

This volume is devoted to the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller in the Diocese of Lebus. The principal aim of the publication is to present the political, economic and military activities of the orders, both of which left a lasting trace in the history of the Middle Oder region. The author shows the circumstances in which the Templars and the Hospitallers came to the Bishopric of Lebus, conducts a detailed analysis of their endowments and discusses the relationships between the orders and successive rulers in the region. In principle, the chronological scope of this work covers the period from 1229 to 1538. The year 1229 is a surmised date of the first endowment granted to the Knights Templar in the Bishopric of Lebus, whereas 1538 saw the Hospitallers of Brandenburg yield to the pressure of margrave John of Brandenburg-Küstrin and adopt Lutheranism. The time-frame mentioned in the title is formulated in a more general fashion, in view of the numerous references to events beyond the above dates. Thus, this volume constitutes yet another contribution to studies into the many-faceted nature of activities of military orders.

There is no denying the fact that slavery has played an unfortunate but central role in the formation of modern cultures. It is necessary to trace the development of the African slave trade from Arab incursions to European trade routes to ascertain the truth. Focus on the treatment and justification for the African Diaspora and the participation of African slave traders. Slavery is a very old business. In Exodus in the Bible, we read that the Hebrews, or the Children of God, were enslaved in the land of Goshen, Egypt. Ancient Egypt acquired a million slaves over a four-hundred-year period as Pharaohs came to suppress the Hebrews, having apparently forgotten the fact that God had used Joseph, a former slave, to save Egypt from seven years of famine. The Mayans and Aztecs in the Americas and the Sumerians and Babylonians in the Middle East all made slaves out of the people they conquered and subjugated. The Egyptians not only enslaved Hebrews, but also Europeans and Ethiopians. The Africans, meanwhile, were also enslaved, first by their own people, then by the Arabs, then by the Europeans. The slavery of African people in the last millennium was not only one of the greatest tragedies in human history, it is also known as the African diaspora, which literally means " A dispersion of a people from their original homeland ". Not only did millions of people die due to squalor, neglect and in inhuman treatment, but were forced to endure culture shock on an unimaginable level of horror by being shipped off to foreign climes where the ignorance level was so severe that they were not even granted the dignity of being considered human let alone being treated as such. What was the really behind this tragedy? To answer this required a deeper look into the history of African slavery. Before the Arabs arrived, the Africans had enslaved their own people. When African farmers needed more laborers, they bought slaves. This increased production, at a reduced cost. The triangle trade routes would not have been possible without the cooperation of African slave traders who raided villages to capture the commodity in demand. The slaves were cut off from their kin. It was common that when slaves were kept close to their homes, they might escape. Therefore, they were often sold and transported to distant lands. Some sources claim that Arab slave traders enslaved Africans from about the ninth to the nineteenth century, primarily before traders from Europe arrived. Some researchers have alleged that the Arabian enslavement was widespread and cruel, as many of the male slaves were castrated and made into eunuchs so they could not reproduce. This was despite the fact that castrating went against the Qu'ran and other Islamic laws. The Arab slave trade is thought be some sources to have involved approximately fourteen million black Africans from the time of the Muslim conquest. The Qu'ran elevates virgins and polygamy to such a status that thousands of African virgins came to serve in Arab harems. According to the Quran, it was forbidden to keep slaves, and people who adhered to foreign religions could live under some protection. The Arabs employed many Africans as bodyguards and soldiers as they competed against African slave traders who supplied European ships. Slavery appears to have been spawned in sub-Saharan Africa as the result of the misuse of war captives. Although the Portuguese initially appear to have sought to recruit their African laborers for hire, they were later sold slaves as part of the African labour system. Trading for slaves was accepted in 1444 by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal. Some European slavers threatened that, if the Africans refused to engage in this trade in slaves, they would be taken by force.