TMD

Animal cells internalize specific extracellular macromolecules (ligands) by using specialized cell surface receptors that operate through a complex and highly regulated process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves the binding, internalization, and transfer of ligands through a series of distinct intracellular compartments. For the uptake of a variety of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules, such as glycoproteins, animal cells use specialized membrane-bound lectins as endocytic receptors that recognize different sugar residues or carbohydrate structures present on various ligands. The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, which recognizes glycoconjugates containing terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues, was the first membrane lectin discovered and has been a classical system for studying receptor-mediated endocytosis. Studies of how the asialoglycoprotein receptor functions have led to the discovery of two functionally distinct, parallel pathways of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (called the State 1 and State 2 pathways), which may also be utilized by all the other endocytic recycling receptor systems. Another endocytic membrane lectin, the hyaluronan/chondroitin sulfate receptor, which has recently been purified and cloned, is responsible for the turnover in mammals of these glycosaminoglycans, which are important components of extracellular matrices. We discuss the characteristics and physiological importance of these two proteins as examples of how lectins can function as endocytic receptors.

This paper explores the possibilities of the Eurocode EN 1991-1-4 to be used to predict the response of structures with installed dynamic vibration absorber or TMD.The analysis is performed in a way that Davenport model is used to conduct theoretical calculation, and then is made calculation according to Eurocode procedure 2. Finally, results from both methods are compared. Floor displacements, accelerations, aerodynamical damping of structure and compliance to serviceability criteria ISO 10137:2007 is being calculated. In the end, remarks concerning the usability of the EN standard for predicting wind response of wind susceptible structures are given on the basis of calculated results from both methods.

There is widespread agreement on the need for land reform in Zimbabwe as a means of reducing poverty. This paper assesses the potential consequences of a land-reform scheme that draws on proposals from Zimbabwe's government in 1998 and 1999. The authors analyze the ...

Abstract:
Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of posterior implant supported distal extension removable partial overdenture in the management of patients with anteriorly displaced TMJ discs with reduction compared to conventional distal extension RPD.
Materials and Methods: 8 patients with completely edentulous maxillary ridges opposing Kennedy class I mandibular partially edentulous ridges being already affected by anterior displaced TMJ discs with reduction were selected and divided equally into two groups according to whether they would receive posterior implant or not. Conventional maxillary complete dentures were constructed for both groups. Mandibular RPD was constructed without implant underbeneath (group I) and with implant underbeneath (group II). For both groups, after the definitive partial denture insertion, anterior repositioning splint was constructed and the patients were instructed to wear it for a period of 3 months. Patients' evaluation was undertaken at 3 evaluation times: before denture insertion, 3 months after splint insertion, and 6 months later. MRI measurements of disc position were evaluated.
Results: For both groups there was significant increase in the relative value of TD at the second evaluation time indicating a more posterior disc position while at the third evaluation time, the relative value of TD was decreased significantly in group I and remained unchanged in group II. When comparing the two groups, there was non significant increase in the relative value of TD in group II compared to group I at the second and third evaluation times.
Conclusions: It could be concluded that the posterior implant supported bilateral distal extension removable partial overdenture preserves the TMJ disc in its normal relation in both short and longer term evaluations.

Current trends in construction industry demands taller and lighter structures, which are also more flexible and having quite low damping value. Now-a-days several techniques are available to minimize the vibration of the structure, out of the several techniques available for vibration control; concept of using TMD is a newer one. This study was made to study the effectiveness of using TMD for controlling vibration of structure. The numerical stimulations are performed to study the structure with and without TMD. A twelve storied building with rectangular shape is considered for analysis. Analysis is done by FE software SAP2000 by using direct integration approach. TMDs with percentage masses 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% are considered. Three different recorded time histories of past EQ are used for the analysis. Namely 1940 EL-Centro EQ, Northridge EQ, and Taft EQ. comparison is done between the buildings with TMD and without TMD. From the study it was found that, TMD can be effectively used for vibration control of structure. TMD was more effective when damping ratio is less. Gradually increase in the mass ratio of the TMD result in gradually decrement in the displacement response of the structure.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision and sensitivity of four different pain rating scales in 59 temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. The capacity of describing changes in symptoms during treatment was also addressed. All patients were asked to answer four pain scales: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Scale (NS), Behaviour Rating Scale (BRS) and Verbal Scale (VS). Two measurements were taken before any treatment. After beginning it, follow-ups and repeated measurements were taken 1 week, 15 days, and every month for 6 months. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P < 0·05) for all scales, but the NS (P > 0·05), when the two initial measurements were analysed. Regarding the sensitivity, all pain scales demonstrated general symptom improvement of 30–50%, when initial and final figures were compared (P < 0·01). Also, the most significant improvement occurred in the first 2 months after beginning the management programme. Authors concluded that the NS was more accurate to measure reproducibility of pain. As for the capacity of expressing changes during the treatment, all scales demonstrated symptom decrease of 30–50% in a period of 6 months. Caution when analysing the results is recommended because of the subjective aspect of pain measurement, the absence of a ‘gold standard’ for comparison and the natural fluctuation of TMD symptoms.

Articular eminence participates in the functional formation of the posterior guidance of the mandibular movement, it's the anatomical point where functional stresses can result in alteration of the contours of the articular eminence, and its inclination respectively, Hence, orthodontists need to know the relationship between the articular eminence Inclination and the mesiodistal inclination of upper and lower incisors to achieve more stable results of orthodontics treatment. Aim The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship of upper and lower incisors mesiodistal inclination with the inclination of the articular eminence in class I skeletal occlusion in adult subjects with no clinical nor radiographic symptoms of TMDs. Materials and methods: In result of radiographic study and a multistage clinical examination protocol, 46 Caucasian patients with no prior orthodontics treatment were selected (19 males, 27 females) from 16 to 27 years of age with skeletal class I occlusion and no clinical or radiographic signs and symptoms of TMDs. Furthermore, cephalometric evaluating of the Inclination of the articular eminence and the mesiodistal inclination of the incisors was performed; Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was calculated to investigate the relationship of articular eminence Inclination with the mesiodistal inclination of the incisors. Results: no significant relationship between incisors mesiodistal inclination and the articular eminence inclination was found. Conclusions the steepness of the articular eminence appears not to vary with mesiodistal inclination of the incisors in skeletal class I occlusion adults with no clinical and radiographic symptoms of TMDs.
Key Words: articular eminence Inclination, incisors mesiodistal inclination, skeletal class I occlusion, clinical and radiographic asymptomatic TMDs orthodontics patients.

There is widespread agreement on the need for land reform in Zimbabwe as a means of reducing poverty. This paper assesses the potential consequences of a land-reform scheme that draws on proposals from Zimbabwe&#x27;s government in 1998 and 1999. The authors analyze the ...

This study aimed to assess the relationship between the occurrence of cervical myofascial pain with active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) within the upper trapezius muscle and the electromyographic asymmetry index (AsI) of masticatory muscles: temporalis anterior (TA), superficial part of the masseter muscle (MM), and anterior belly of the digastric muscle (DA). The study group comprised 100 subjects (80 women and 20 men) aged 18 to 30 years (mean 23 ± 2.6 years) reporting pain in the neck muscles, diagnosed with myofascial pain with active MTrPs only within the upper trapezius muscle. The control group comprised 60 healthy, pain-free subjects (42 women and 18 men) aged 20 to 30 years (mean 22.8 ± 2.6 years) without MTrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. The palpation measurement, based on the diagnostic criteria of Travell and Simons, was used to diagnose active MTrPs. The masticatory muscle activity was recorded using an 8-channel device for surface electromyography—BioEMG IIITM....

The effectiveness of multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD) for vibration control of structure over a single tuned mass damper (STMD) is investigated in the paper. A base isolated structure supported with MTMD is considered and the governing differential equations of motion are derived. The response of the structure under four selected earthquake ground motions is obtained by solving the equations of motion numerically using the state space method. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the effects of important parameters such as number of dampers in MTMD, damper frequency spacing, mass ratio, tuning ratio. It is found that for a given structural system and level of excitation an optimum value of the parameters (i.e. frequency spacing, tuning ratio) exists at which the peak displacement of structure attains its minimum value. The response time history of the structure with STMD and MTMD with respect to their optimum parameters is compared. It is found that the MTMD is more effective in controlling the response of the structure in comparison with the STMD having the same mass.

For many pathologies, there is a crescent effort to design multiple ligands that interact with a wide variety of targets. 1-Aminated thioxanthone derivatives were synthesized and assayed for their in vitro dual activity as antitumor agents and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. The approach was based on molecular hybridization of a thioxanthone scaffold, present in known antitumor drugs, and an amine, described as an important pharmacophoric feature for P-gp inhibition. A rational approach using homology modeling and docking was used, to select the molecules to be synthesized by conventional or microwave-assisted Ullmann C–N cross-coupling reaction. The obtained aminated thioxanthones were highly effective at inhibiting P-gp and/or causing growth inhibition in a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562. Six of the aminated thioxanthones had GI50 values in the K562 cell line below 10 μM and 1-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino}-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (37) had a GI50 concentration (1.90 μM) 6-fold lower than doxorubicin (11.89 μM) in the K562Dox cell line. The best P-gp inhibitor found was 1-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethanamine]-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (45), which caused an accumulation rate of rhodamine-123 similar to that caused by verapamil in the K562Dox resistant cell line, and a decrease in ATP consumption by P-gp. At a concentration of 10 μM, compound 45 caused a decrease of 12.5-fold in the GI50 value of doxorubicin in the K562Dox cell line, being 2-fold more potent than verapamil. From the overall results, the aminated thioxanthones represent a new class of P-gp inhibitors with improved efficacy in sensitizing a resistant P-gp overexpressing cell line (K562Dox) to doxorubicin.1-Aminated thioxanthones are dual inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and tumor cell growth.

The objective of this paper is to present a survey of trade issues in agriculture from the perspective of developing countries. Developing countries are a large percentage of the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership, and agriculture is critical for their economic growth, poverty alleviation, food security, and environmental sustainability. First, this paper identifies trends in production, consumption, and trade of food and agriculture over the last decades. Some of the significant developments include the emergence of oilseeds and fruits and vegetables as the main exports from developing countries, replacing traditional exports such as sugar, coffee and cocoa. The trends also show a worsening of developing countries&#x27; net trade position due in part to income growth and population pressures, but also to economic policies in general, and trade policies in particular, both in developing and industrialized countries. Second, this paper focuses on some of the main development i...

We present a detailed atomic-level study of defects in bilayer MoS 2 using aberration-corrected transmission electron micros-copy at an 80 kV accelerating voltage. Sulfur vacancies are found in both the top and bottom layers in 2H-and 3R-stacked MoS 2 bilayers. In 3R-stacked bilayers, sulfur vacancies can migrate between layers but more preferably reside in the (Mo−2S) column rather than the (2S) column, indicating more complex vacancy production and migration in the bilayer system. As the point vacancy number increases, aggregation into larger defect structures occurs, and this impacts the interlayer stacking. Competition between compression in one layer from the loss of S atoms and the van der Waals interlayer force causes much less structural deformations than those in the monolayer system. Sulfur vacancy lines neighboring in top and bottom layers introduce less strain compared to those staggered in the same layer. These results show how defect structures in multilayered two-dimensional materials differ from their monolayer form.