Suspended Solids

All the physical and biological parameters were determined. The temperature of water sample in studied area was between 26.4-28.5, lower than World Health Organisation (WHO) prescribed limit. The pH of the water samples in Northeast Bangalore is in range of 6.5-8.5, which was in accordance to WHO, Bureau for Indian Standard (BIS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). TDS values in water samples range from 200-820 mg/L. Nine samples showed higher TDS values and TSS values range from 20-400 mg/L. The samples S01, S04, S08, S14, S15, S19, and S20 contain high MPN Index above 50 and S02, S03, S05, S06, S07, S09, S10, S11, S12, S13, S16, S17, and S18 contain low MPN index below 50. BOD and COD values range from 1.2-5.2 mg/l and 8.8-42.1 mg/l respectively. All twenty samples showed higher DO values than the prescribed limit by WHO. But according to BIS and CPCB, S02, S05, were low than their required limit. S11, S15 and S17 were just at 6.0, rest were higher than their required limit. Seven bacterial strains were isolated from the twenty water samples i.e. Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. Enterobacter spp., Vibrio spp., and Salmonella spp. The purification and disinfection is to control the bacterial contamination. Water samples from Northeast Bangalore investigated that moderately contaminated. The presence of bacteria in the water is the indication of poor quality of water. According to WHO, BIS and CPCB standards, the water can be used as drinking water with caution.

The infrastructure of a city, mainly the water supply and sewerage system are vital for urbanization, wastewater generated from urban area is a result of domestic and industrial activities, and domestic wastewater contains organic and inorganic matter in suspended, colloidal and dissolved form. The municipal wastewater management is a critical issue in an urban environment. If the municipal wastewater is not properly collected, treated and disposed, the related effects pose serious threat to the environment. Many small cities do not have proper drainage system, Islampur, Dist. Sangli; Maharashtra, India is one such. As on date all the domestic waste water is either send in open drain or in open area around the houses. This is resulting in hygienic problems and to cater for; Municipal Corporation of Islampur town has come up with underground sewage collection plan. This study aim at designing collection system for Islampur town, the work undertaken uses, GIS as a tool for mapping the collection system (primary and secondary) in order to facilitate further works.

A study of nine coastal communities along the River Forcados and Bomadi Creek (in Delta State, Nigeria) was conducted to: Identify and Geo-reference affected navigable channels in Delta State; qualitatively and quantitatively characterize floating marine debris in affected channels; and create awareness among coastal communities on marine litter dangers. The data for average depth revealed that the water body in Patani and Apelebiri had the highest depth (9m) while Bomadi had the least (5m); average width was highest (850m) at Patani while the least width (233m) was recorded at Olodiama; and the average flow velocity was highest (1.2 m/s) at Patani and Apelebiri and least (0.2 m/s) at Bomadi. The result of the characterization of the suspended debris showed that the debris comprised of "Others" (36%) > Plastic (23%) > Can (16%) > Nylon (14%) > Foil (11%). "Others" was made up of mainly water hyacinth and unidentified objects. Average weight of suspended material ranged from the least value 6,438.5 kg/m 2 at Atobo to the highest value of 11,391.2 kg/m 2 at Bomadi. Based on 20 tons capacity estimate for dumper trucks, 7-12 dumper trucks would be needed to evacuate the wastes which could be used as manure, recycled or electricity generation. In conclusion, navigable channels in Delta State are faced with the recalcitrant problem of suspended debris clogging their paths resulting in socioeconomic problems and harm to aquatic life. It is a clear call for all stakeholders to be cautious of this increasing problem and device means to tackle it.

Suspended sediments have a clear impact on fluvial water quality and aquatic habitats. As the concentrations are highly variable, continuous measurement offers a good way to provide accurate and precise values of sediment concentration and yield. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effect of organic peat particles, which typically appear in boreal fluvial systems. In the present study, the effect of different types of suspended sediments on calibration of a turbidity meter and an acoustic Doppler velocimetry (Triton-ADV) was studied in laboratory conditions. The measurements were performed using particulate organic peat, clay and silt with several concentrations ranging from clear water to 3500 mg L−1. The present study primarily provides organic peat sediment calibration data for used sensors. Regression equations were developed for the different sediment. The results indicate that particle size, shape, concentration and sediment type have an effect on calibration. When the turbidity and the ADV calibration were performed for different particle size groups, sediment types and concentrations, the calibration and suspended solids calculation error was reduced. For the turbidity sensor used, the reliable upper continuous measurement limit for clay, peat and silt sediments was found to be at 1000, 2500 and 3500 mg L−1, respectively. The ADV-sensor was noticed to be reliable only with fine particles. The results enable easy and first step calibration and error assessment for automatic turbidity and acoustic monitoring of the suspended sediment quality typically present in headwater fluvial systems. This study can be used to evaluate the effect of different sediments on turbidity and ADV-measuring error and reliability during changing particles size distributions, characteristics and concentrations. The laboratory-based approach used in this study indicates that the shape of organic peat particles has an influence on sensor calibration, especially when suspended sediment concentrations are high. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A modified approach to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of solid substrates based on the DIN 38414-S9 standard method is proposed. The adapted procedure is assessed and compared with standard methods widely used for water and wastewater such as the American Public Health Association-American Water Works Association-Water Pollution Control Federation (APHA-AWWA-WPCF) standard methods 5220 B-open reflux (SM-OR) and 5220 D-closed reflux colorimetric (SM-CR). Solutions with high suspended concentration of solids, as well as digestates from an anaerobic reactor, were used during the comparative test. For solid substrates, the COD recovery was about 100% when the proposed method was used. For solutions with solid content higher than 20 g TS L(-1), the recovery was only completed when the proposed method was used, showing that the methods traditionally employed are not very appropriate for samples with the described characteristics. For instance, percentages of COD recovery in the ranges of 77.3-87.1% and 89.4-94.1% were achieved when the SM-OR and SM-CR methods were used, respectively.

Partially treated black water from septic tanks and grey water from households in Kuching City were polluting the Sarawak River. A pilot scale ecological sanitation was implemented where blackwater was held in septic tanks and greywater was channeled to a grease trap, biofilters and a constructed wetland before discharge. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of the biofilters and the constructed wetland with two species of terrestrial ornamental plants in greywater treatment. For the combined system, results indicated that the influent dissolved oxygen of below 1 mg/L improved to 3.4-4.6 mg/L. Removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were the highest (99 and 95%). 5 Influent fecal coliform (FC) of 4.0x10 CFU/100mL dropped to 6.3x10 CFU/100mL at the effluent. More than 80% 5 2 of ammonia-nitrogen (NH -N), total nitrogen (TN) and total suspended solids (TSS) were removed. Reactive 4 phosphorus (RP) and total phosphorus (TP) r...

Contamination caused by pesticides in agriculture is a source of poor environmental water quality in some of the European Union countries. Without treatment or targeted mitigation, this pollution is diffused in the environment. Pesticides and their metabolites are of increasing concern because of their potential impacts on the environment, wildlife and human health. Within the context of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive and to promote low-pesticide-input farming and best management practices, the EU LIFE project ArtWET assessed the efficiency of ecological bioengineering methods using different artificial wetland (AW) prototypes throughout Europe. We optimized physical and biological processes to mitigate agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in AW ecosystems. Mitigation solutions were implemented at full-scale demonstration and experimental sites. We tested various bioremediation methods at seven experimental sites. These sites involved (1) experimental prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, a forest microcosm and 12 wetland mesocosms, and (2) demonstration prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, three detention ponds enhanced with technology of constructed wetlands, an outdoor bioreactor and a biomassbed. This set-up provides a variety of hydrologic conditions, with some systems permanently flooded and others temporarily flooded. It also allowed to study processes both in field and controlled conditions. In order to compare the efficiency of the wetlands, mass balances at the inlet and outlet of the AW will be used, taking into account the partitioning of the studied compound in water, sediments, plants and suspended solids. The literature background necessary to harmonize the interdisciplinary work is reviewed here and the theoretical framework regarding pesticide removal mechanisms in AWs is discussed. The development and the implementation of innovative approaches concerning various water quality sampling strategies for pesticide load estimates during flood, specific biological endpoints, innovative bioprocesses applied to herbicide and copper mitigation to enhance the pesticide retention time within the AW, modelling the transport and the fate of pesticides using a 2D mixed hybrid finite element model are introduced. These future results will be useful to optimize hydraulic functioning, e.g. pesticide resident time, and biogeochemical conditions, e.g. dissipation, inside the AWs. Hydraulic retention times are generally too low to allow an optimized adsorption on sediment and organic materials accumulated in AWs. Absorption by plants is also not effective (VanBeinum et al., 2006). The control of the hydraulic design and the use of adsorbing materials can be useful to increase the pesticide’s residence time and the contact between pesticides and biocatalyzers. Pesticide fluxes can be reduced by 50–80% when hydraulic pathways in AWs are optimized by increasing ten times the retention time, by recirculation of water, and by deceleration of the flow. Thus, using a bioremediation method should lead to an almost complete disappearance of pesticide pollution. To retain and to treat agricultural nonpoint-source pollution at the upstream of the hydrosystems form a part of the management of the environmental activities and thus represents a major stake for a sustainable development.

Contamination caused by pesticides in agriculture is a source of poor environmental water quality in some of the European Union countries. Without treatment or targeted mitigation, this pollution is diffused in the environment. Pesticides and their metabolites are of increasing concern because of their potential impacts on the environment, wildlife and human health. Within the context of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive and to promote low-pesticide-input farming and best management practices, the EU LIFE project ArtWET assessed the efficiency of ecological bioengineering methods using different artificial wetland (AW) prototypes throughout Europe. We optimized physical and biological processes to mitigate agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in AW ecosystems. Mitigation solutions were implemented at full-scale demonstration and experimental sites. We tested various bioremediation methods at seven experimental sites. These sites involved (1) experimental prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, a forest microcosm and 12 wetland mesocosms, and (2) demonstration prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, three detention ponds enhanced with technology of constructed wetlands, an outdoor bioreactor and a biomassbed. This set-up provides a variety of hydrologic conditions, with some systems permanently flooded and others temporarily flooded. It also allowed to study processes both in field and controlled conditions. In order to compare the efficiency of the wetlands, mass balances at the inlet and outlet of the AW will be used, taking into account the partitioning of the studied compound in water, sediments, plants and suspended solids. The literature background necessary to harmonize the interdisciplinary work is reviewed here and the theoretical framework regarding pesticide removal mechanisms in AWs is discussed. The development and the implementation of innovative approaches concerning various water quality sampling strategies for pesticide load estimates during flood, specific biological endpoints, innovative bioprocesses applied to herbicide and copper mitigation to enhance the pesticide retention time within the AW, modelling the transport and the fate of pesticides using a 2D mixed hybrid finite element model are introduced. These future results will be useful to optimize hydraulic functioning, e.g. pesticide resident time, and biogeochemical conditions, e.g. dissipation, inside the AWs. Hydraulic retention times are generally too low to allow an optimized adsorption on sediment and organic materials accumulated in AWs. Absorption by plants is also not effective (VanBeinum et al., 2006). The control of the hydraulic design and the use of adsorbing materials can be useful to increase the pesticide’s residence time and the contact between pesticides and biocatalyzers. Pesticide fluxes can be reduced by 50–80% when hydraulic pathways in AWs are optimized by increasing ten times the retention time, by recirculation of water, and by deceleration of the flow. Thus, using a bioremediation method should lead to an almost complete disappearance of pesticide pollution. To retain and to treat agricultural nonpoint-source pollution at the upstream of the hydrosystems form a part of the management of the environmental activities and thus represents a major stake for a sustainable development.

Rainfall variability and extreme events can amplify the seasonality and storm pulses of stream water chemistry in mountainous watersheds under monsoon climates. To establish a monitoring program optimized for identifying potential risks to stream water quality arising from rainfall variability and extremes, we examined water chemistry data collected on different timescales. At a small forested watershed, biweekly sampling lasted over two years, in comparison to three other biweekly sampling sites. In addition, high-frequency continuous measurements of pH, electrical conductivity, and turbidity were conducted in tandem with automatic water sampling at 2 h intervals during eight rainfall events. Biweekly monitoring showed that during the summer monsoon period, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and dissolved ion concentrations generally decreased, but total suspended solids (TSS) slightly increased. A noticeable variation from the usual seasonal pattern was that DO levels substantially decreased during an extended drought. Bi-hourly storm event samplings exhibited large changes in the concentrations of TSS and particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC; DOC) during intense rainfall OPEN ACCESS Water 2015, 7 6118 events. However, extreme fluctuations in sediment export during discharge peaks could be detected only by turbidity measurements at 5 min intervals. Concomitant measurements during rainfall events established empirical relationships between turbidity and TSS or POC. These results suggest that routine monitoring based on weekly to monthly sampling is valid only in addressing general seasonal patterns or long-lasting phenomena such as drought effects. We propose an " adaptive " monitoring scheme that combines routine monitoring for general seasonal patterns and high-frequency instrumental measurements of water quality components exhibiting rapid responses pulsing during intense rainfall events.

Dam construction is one of the methods for storing surface water. Estimating the service life and economic efficiency of dam is one of the most important cases in estimating the design of it. The most important problem that threatens the useful life of the dam is input sediment to reservoir. Life expectancy of a dam reservoir is measured with respect to the incoming sediments. Estimation of suspended sediment in rivers plays an important role in estimating the useful life of dams. Many methods such as statistical methods USBR (United States Bureau of Reclamation) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and moderate categories method are used to measure suspended. In this research the mentioned statistical and some other methods are used in Mahabad dam. By using sediment volume and the estimated flow rate Sediment loads is measured at different times in this method and its accuracy is estimated by correlation coefficient. The gained results show that the sedimentation estimates by using USBR and FAO with two correlation curves methods are useful and have more correlation coefficient.