Subotica

A munkám során Szabadka vegetációját térképezem műholdas távérzékelés eszközeivel. Ezen a vizsgálat alatt arra kerestem a választ, milyen mértékben változott a vegetáció 1985-től 2018-ig és mekkora ennek a mértéke városrészenként

Három különböző típusú műholdas felvételt használtam, ezek a: Landsat 5, Landsat 8 és a Sentinel 2. Segítségükkel térképeket készítettem, amelyek kizárólag Szabadka belterületére vonatkoznak. Normalizált vegetációs index használtam, mely segítségével detektálták a növényzetet és így következtettem a beépítettség mértékére és zöld övezetek nagyságára. Ezután az értékeket elemeztem és a változásokat térben és időben ábrázoltam. Fontos megjegyzés, hogy ez a tanulmány nem tartalmaz olyan más jellegű számítást, mint például SAVI (talaj vegetációs index), WUDAPT (egy nemzetközi közösség által generált városi lombkorona-információs és modellező infrastruktúra), Tasseled cap transzormáció, amely segítségével tovább pontosítható az adatok pontosságát.

Következtetésként megállapítottam, hogy a teljes területhez képest (amely 17 km2) a zöldfelületek nagyságát 12 km2, tovább kiszámoltam a belvárosi helyi közösségek zöldfelületi nagyságát is. A zöldfelületek kiterjedésével következtethető az egy főre eső zöldfelületek, ahol a legutolsó, azaz 2010-es lakossági statisztikát használtam. Az egy főre eső zöldfelületek 2018-ban 201 fa/m2. Ugyanazzal az eljárással a helyi közösségeknek definiáltam az egy főre eső zöldfelületeket, illetve konkluzióként megállapítható az egészséges élethez szükséges zöldfelületeket is. Végén a zöldövezet fejlesztésére tettem javaslatokat.

Kulcsszavak: városi vegetáció, vegetációs index, NDVI, egy főre eső zöldfelület, Szabadka

György (Ðuro) Arnold--the composer, teacher, conductor, lexicographer, and founder of the first music school in Subotica--was the regens chori of the Subotica's Sv. Terezija church from 1800 until his death in 1848. He was a prolific composer, writing in a variety of genres, from compositions for the church of Sv. Terezija, choral and chamber works to operas, melodramas, songs, overtures, and verbunkos (the complete list of his works is included in the appendix). Arnold's style was influenced by Viennese Classical church music and the emerging Hungarian national style. In his early sacred pieces, he used quotations from popular operas, but in later compositions he was closer to Haydn, and the Te Deum Solenne dedicated to the Zagreb Bishop Aleksandar Alagović shows possible influences of early Beethoven. In many aspects, Arnold was a composer on the periphery. He liked large ensembles which could impress audiences with the brightness of  the orchestral sound although, as far as we know, he never attempted to build a large symphonic form which would match the richness of such a sound. He usually set the text in short sentences, quickly exhausting its possibilities, undermining the expectations raised by the large-scale gradations which open his compositions. In 1819, Arnold published <Pismenik>, a collection of texts (without tunes) of Croatian Roman Catholic hymns collected in Bačka (western Vojvodina); the preface to <Pismenik> and its complete table of contents are reprinted in an appendix. In 1839-40, he completed the hymnal <Valóságos egyházi kántori fontos énekeskönyv> with 186 church compositions intended for Hungarian and Transylvanian church musicians, which remained unpublished. In 1826, Arnold began working on the <Historisch-musikalisch-bibliographisches Tonkünstler Lexikon>, which expanded to four manuscript volumes in length, but remained unpublished and seems to be lost today.

This original conference topic is devoted to one of the actual problems concerning the current state of facades on apartment buildings – videoecology. Often the terrain dictates its conditions for the creation of banal solutions of facade forms; therefore, this paper focuses on what should be the new facade design that makes a person integrate into the new environment, become interested in this environment. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the method of forming a facade on the principle of variability, which involves in the architectural organization of the residential building facade functional and constructive variability with architectural and spatial solutions of this building. Research proposals in the paper are considered on the example of a competition project of a residential building in the historical centre of Subotica city, Serbia.

A 148 korabeli levéltári iratot, újságcikket és 494 magyarázó lábjegyzetet tartalmazó dokumentumválogatásom a nemrégiben megjelent Egy elmesélhetetlen történet – A szabadkai zsidóság eszme- és politikatörténete (1918–1945) című monográfiám kiegészítő, szemléltető kísérőkötete.
Az iratanyag végigkíséri a szabadkai zsidóság életét a második világháború válságos éveiben; az 1941-es internálótáboroktól és a gazdasági őrségváltáson át egészen a szabadkai gettó felállításáig, valamint a deportálást követő eseményekig.
A könyv mellékletét képező CD tartalmazza a szabadkai gettó 2740 fős névsorát, az azon szereplők anyjának a nevét, születési helyét, idejét, vallását, foglalkozását, gettóbeli pontos lakhelyét, illetve nemét.

This selection of documents, containing 148 contemporary archival documents, newspaper articles and 494 explanatory footnotes, is a supplementary and illustrative accompanying volume to the recently published monograph Egy elmesélhetetlen történet – A szabadkai zsidóság eszme- és politikatörténete (1918–1945) (An Untold Story – Ideology and politics history of the jews in Szabadka/Subotica (1918–1945)).
This book accompanies the life of Szabadka/Subotica Jewry during the crisis years of World War II; from the setting up of internment camps in 1941 through the change of economic guard to the setting up of the Szabadka/Subotica ghetto and the events following the deportation.
The CD attached to the book contains the list of the 2740 people of the Szabadka/Subotica ghetto, the name, place of birth, date of birth, religion, occupation, and exact residence in the ghetto.

Ova monografija govori o sudbini jevrejske zajednice u Subotici, koja je u predratno vreme imala izuzetno značajnu ulogu u intelektualnom, kulturnom, privrednom i političkom životu grada. Ona pokušava da na osnovu arhivskih dokumenata i nekadašnjih novinskih članaka, obradi vreme holokaus-ta, tačnije, istorijski period. Drugog svetskog rata, od 1941. godine, pa sve do kraja rata 1944. godine.

Ez a kismonográfia Szabadka szellemi, kulturális, gazdasági és politikai életében egykoron kiemelkedő szerepet játszó zsidó közösségnek az 1941-től 1944-ig terjedő történelmét elsősorban a levéltári adatok és a korabeli sajtó felhasználásával dolgozza fel, illetve mutatja be.

Részlet Kosztolányi Dezső életrajzából: a Lányi Hedda-epizód.
(The study provides one of the most important sections of Dezső Kosztolányi's biography: the story of his love with Hedda Lányi. To outline the issue, it was necessary to talk about the cultural role of the Lányi-family – with especial regard onto the musical life in Subotica –, since this also means a connecting link between the members of the Lányi-, Kosztolányi- and Brenner-families. After getting acquainted with each other, Dezső Kosztolányi entered into intensive correspondence with Hedda Lányi. This correspondence became the main source of the biographical episode, respectively Hedda Lányi's diary, published by Zoltán Dér. The study also dwells on Kosztolányi's life during the time of love: on the everyday life of the bohemian journalist from Budapest. Besides this, his first Parisian journey is also mentioned – likewise from this period –, in the course of which he planned to meet Rainer Maria Rilke. The love he had for Hedda Lányi after all ended in great disagreement, and also the families quarreled with each other. The description of the biographical episode is based on the result of philological basic researches.)

"Pojam jezični krajobraz odnosi se na jezičnu uporabu na javnim natpisima i od 1990-ih predmet je mnogih studija s područja istraživanja višejezičnosti. Članak se bavi opisom i interpretacijom jezičnoga krajobraza Subotice, u prvom redu s obzirom na mjesto koje u njemu zauzimaju tri službena jezika u tom gradu: srpski, mađarski i hrvatski. Najprije se prikazuju teorijski i metodološki pristupi na kojima se zasnivaju najvažniji dosadašnji radovi o jezičnom krajobrazu. Nakon toga oslikava se sociolingvistička situacija u Subotici i iznose glavne karakteristike jezičnoga krajobraza toga grada. Rad završava zaključkom o relativnom statusu pojedinih jezika u jezičnom krajobrazu te isticanjem dominantnih tendencija koje se u njemu mogu opaziti.

Ključne riječi: jezični krajobraz, Subotica"

Prvi pomeni Bunjevaca u Bačkoj vezani su za crkvene arhive i franjevački red provincije Bosne Srebrne, koji je preuzeo dušebrižništvo nad doseljenim Bunjevcima od vremena njihovog najranijeg doseljavanja, pa sve do kraja XVIII stoleća. Podaci o delatnosti franjevaca među bačkim Bunjevcima predstavljaju najstarije i skoro jedine izveštaje o migracijama, brojnosti, geografskoj poziciji, verskom životu, pismenosti i svakodnevnim nedaćama ovog etnikuma tokom šest poslednjih decenija turske uprave u Bačkoj. Nakon turskog povlačenja, još puno stoleće franjevci i njihove rezidencije i konventi (samostani), bili su jedina duhovna i prosvetna središta Bunjevaca kako u Somboru, tako i u drugim većim naseljima gde su Bunjevci živeli (Baja, Subotica). U znatnoj meri bački bunjevački svet je duhovno i jezički opstao i u najtežim vremenima upravo zahvaljujući dušebrižništvu franjevačkog reda.

The present study examines the history of the Jews of Szabadka/Subotica between 1918 and 1945 on the basis of basic archival research of contemporary Hungarian, Serbian and Croatian press, and Hungarian, South Slavic literature conducted between 2013 and 2019.
Language barriers, the lack of knowledge of Hungarian, Serbian and Croatian languages are the reason why, to this day, we have essentially partial knowledge, in many cases outright misconceptions about the past of the Jews who once played a prominent role in the intellectual, cultural, economic and political life of Szabadka/Subotica. Their existence, all that was left to posterity, was swept away first by the politics of memory and then by history.
This study pays great attention to the analysis and presentation of the Jewish policy of the Belgrade and Budapest governments, as well as the local administrations of the time. In order to under stand this, I reconstructed the anti-Jewish measures of the new state power, its attitude towards Zionism, the restrictions of education policy, and the anti-Semitic manifestations of the Slavic press.
The second part of the study presents the Jewish policy of the Budapest central government and the local administration, which made it clear that the Hungarian authorities saw the Jews living in Bácska/Bačka not as members of the Hungarian community of different religions, but as representatives of a foreign, hostile race. Based on available documents and contemporary newspaper articles, I made an attempt to briefly present the main stages and means of the deprivation of rights and property that took place between 1941 and 1944, then the pro cess of ghettoization, its number, and the deportation process itself.
In the last part of the study, I briefly review what measures the new Yugoslav state power took against them in the last phase of the war, from the late autumn of 1944; what power techniques and legal means did they use to complete their deprivation of rights and property culminating in the Hungarian era, which were essentially direct antecedents and the main reasons why the majority of Holocaust survivors decided to emigrate to Israel and the United States from 1948 onwards.

Tanulmányomban Gyóni (Áchim) Gézának a szabadkai Bácskai Hírlapban 1913-ban, tehát az utolsó békeévben megjelent, elsősorban politikával, közélettel és a helyi viszonyokkal, közállapotokkal kapcsolatos cikkeit térképezem fel. Arra a periódusra fókuszálok, amikor a virágzó és prosperáló délvidéki város, Szabadka minden társadalmi nehézsége, ellentéte és hátránya ellenére történelmének legsikeresebb periódusán volt túl, hirdetve az Alföld – a Bácska – erőteljes bekapcsolódását a polgárosodásba.

Ez a kötet a szabadkai zsidóságról szóló első, nyomtatásban is megjelent teljes monográfia, amely a 2013 és 2019 között folytatott levéltári alapkutatások, a korabeli magyar, szerb és horvát sajtó, valamint a magyar, a délszláv, illetve a nemzetközi szakirodalom alapján dolgozza fel a szabadkai zsidóság 1918 és 1945 közötti történetét.

This volume is the first complete monograph on the Jews of Szabadka/Subotica, published in print.The monograph deals with the history of the Jews of Szabadka/Subotica between 1918 and 1945 on the basis of basic archival research, the contemporary Hungarian, Serbian and Croatian press, as well as the Hungarian, South Slavic and international literature.

Ðuro Arnold (1781–1848), the composer, choirmaster, teacher, conductor, and founder of the first music school in Subotica, lived there from 1800 until his death. His compositions include sacred pieces written for the church of Sv. Terezija (five of them dedicated to Popes), operas, melodramas, overtures, and verbunkoses. In 1819, he published <Pismenik> a collection of Croatian traditional songs from southern Hungary and Vojvodina. His <Historisch-musikalisch-biographisches Tonkünstler Lexicon>, which he considered to be the first music lexicon ever compiled, remained unpublished. Petrus Jakob Haibel (1762–1826) arrived in Ðakovo in 1806, invited by the Bishop Antun Mandić, to organize the cathedral orchestra and choir. In January 1807 he was married there to Maria Sophie Weber, the sister of Mozart's wife Constanze. From his Ðakovo period, the only known compositions preserved are 16 Masses, kept in Kuhač's collection, at the Nacionalna i Sveučilišna Biblioteka, in Zagreb.

Based on previously unknown sources, the article presents the history of the Szabadka (today: Subotica) ghetto, which was established on April 27, 1944 and operated until June 16, 1944. It places great emphasis on the detailed reconstruction of the area and extent of the ghetto. The study also analyses the religious and social structure of the 2,740 people forced into the ghetto based on hitherto unknown documents. The study shows that numerically the largest social mass in the ghetto were homemakers, followed by students and (presumably small) traders. It is striking that employment sectors traditionally associated with Jews, such as journalism, newspaper publishing and printing, are barely even show up in this source. Also noteworthy are the minimal number of factory and plant owners, and the almost complete lack of bankers and bank officials. The almost total absence of teaching staff of any kind is particularly striking from the remaining data.

Lovas Ildikó legújabb kötetében nemcsak életszagú írásokat tár közönsége elé, hanem értékrendeket is ütköztet egymással, ami sokszor morális vetülettel bír. Mottóját Csáth Gézától kölcsönzi, mely gesztussal nem pusztán szabadkai kötődésére utal, s nemcsak az első nyugatos nemzedék Vajdaságból elszármazott nagyjait idézi, hanem saját művei plaszticitását és erejét is előrevetíti. (Ildikó Lovas: Rózsaketrec – book review)

Relying on newly published archival and museum sources, the paper deals with the history of the self‐study circle of the HighS chool of Subotica.The documents of the circle so well-known in Hungarian literary history ,providei mportant data for the history of one of the most important southern centers of the Austro‐Hungarian Monarchy in terms of micro‐, mentality and educational history.
KEYWORDS:High School of Subotica, Self‐Education Circle, Dezső Kosztolányi, Géza Csáth, Gusztáv Toncs, Zoltán Révfy

The report is devoted to one of the actual problems concerning the current state of the facades on apartment buildings-videoecology. The modern city visual environment is contaminated, because composition of the contemporary architecture of high-rise buildings such as office buildings, apartment buildings is usually based on a simple description of a rhythm. It creates a sense of oppressive monotony and leads to psychological and visual fatigue, especially when these repetitions are the only pattern the eye perceives. An increase in the size of houses and a significant increase the number of storeys (while maintaining their former general form) are in conflict with the necessary conditions for normal human life, since they negatively affect people&amp;#39;s psyche and visual apparatus. Yards which are surrounded by huge walls of 16-27-storey buildings are not perceived as recreational spaces. A combination of architecture and the peculiarities of human perception is a kind of source of aesthetic pleasure. This is a source of internal and spiritual health for the urban residents. The main purpose of the report is to determine the method of forming the facade on the principle of variability 1. Which involves in the architectural organization of the residential building facade functional and constructive variability with architectural and spatial solutions of this building. The report is divided into two main blocks-theoretical, which is devoted to the science of videoecology and to its requirements, to the consideration of the principle of variability. And practical block, in which, step by step, by considering the competition project of a residential building in the historical centre of Subotica, the author will give a clear sequence of accomplishment of the theoretical and practical operations to achieve the principle of variability, taking into account the requirements of videoecology. Often the terrain dictates its conditions for the creation of banal solutions of facade forms, therefore, the report focuses on what should be the new design that makes a person integrate into the new environment, become interested in this environment, what should be the modern facades of buildings which try to make a person think? Keywords: residential building; architectural and spatial solutions; street facade; videoecology; the principle of variability; Subotica; visual perception; morphological analysis; human and environment friendly architecture; environmental harmony.

The report is devoted to one of the actual problems concerning the current state of the facades on apartment buildings-videoecology. The modern city visual environment is contaminated, because composition of the contemporary architecture of high-rise buildings such as office buildings, apartment buildings is usually based on a simple description of a rhythm. It creates a sense of oppressive monotony and leads to psychological and visual fatigue, especially when these repetitions are the only pattern the eye perceives. An increase in the size of houses and a significant increase the number of storeys (while maintaining their former general form) are in conflict with the necessary conditions for normal human life, since they negatively affect people's psyche and visual apparatus. Yards which are surrounded by huge walls of 16-27-storey buildings are not perceived as recreational spaces. A combination of architecture and the peculiarities of human perception is a kind of source of aesthetic pleasure. This is a source of internal and spiritual health for the urban residents. The main purpose of the report is to determine the method of forming the facade on the principle of variability 1. Which involves in the architectural organization of the residential building facade functional and constructive variability with architectural and spatial solutions of this building. The report is divided into two main blocks-theoretical, which is devoted to the science of videoecology and to its requirements, to the consideration of the principle of variability. And practical block, in which, step by step, by considering the competition project of a residential building in the historical centre of Subotica, the author will give a clear sequence of accomplishment of the theoretical and practical operations to achieve the principle of variability, taking into account the requirements of videoecology. Often the terrain dictates its conditions for the creation of banal solutions of facade forms, therefore, the report focuses on what should be the new design that makes a person integrate into the new environment, become interested in this environment, what should be the modern facades of buildings which try to make a person think? Keywords: residential building; architectural and spatial solutions; street facade; videoecology; the principle of variability; Subotica; visual perception; morphological analysis; human and environment friendly architecture; environmental harmony.

The paper presents the results of the research on the conditions, aims and outcomes of the establishment of the Faculty of Law in Subotica immediately after the First World War, at the time when the southeastern part of former Hungary considered Serbian Vojvodina became the northeastern part of the newly established Yugoslav state. This is the first institution of higher education in this area. At the beginning of the 1920s two branches of the University of Belgrade were established away from the capital, one in the northeast, and the other in the southeast of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SCS). The establishment of the Faculty of Law in Subotica and the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje was explained by the need to enable young people living far from Belgrade to gain higher education in the closer surroundings. In reality, the Faculty of Law in Subotica had the task of becoming a clearly recognizable and dignified border fortress. University teachers and students were expected to be sophisticated guardians of the north-eastern border of the Yugoslav kingdom. At approximately the same time, two reputable universities in Hungary, whose headquarters after the First World War remained outside Hungary, in Romania and Czechoslovakia, moved to towns near the new southeastern borders. The paper presents examples that in a special way testify of the problems and dilemmas that teachers and students of the Faculty of Law faced during the interwar period, as well as arguments to support the claim that the national mission of the Faculty of Law in Subotica significantly limited the academic autonomy of this institution of higher education.