Shafts

This paper presents an assessment study conducted to investigate the structural condition of a drainage shaft that is part of a very large aqueduct system located in the Northeastern United States. A comprehensive three-dimensional finite-element model was generated to simulate the hydrostatic uplift pressures the shaft is subjected to. The behavior of the steel shaft cover, anchor rods, other connecting elements, and the surrounding granite rock stratum are analyzed. The finite-element model covers a large cylindrical region with a radius of 32 m around the shaft centerline to a depth of 15.2 m. The rock material was modeled on the Drucker-Prager failure criterion since the von Mises criterion is not perfectly suited for modeling the yielding of a frictional material like granite rock. A condition assessment study like the one described in this paper required an extensive finite-element model created with comprehensive software like ANSYS to investigate the load and stress distribution of uplift forces through the elements of the shaft to ensure structural integrity. The special features of ANSYS SOLID185 elements are a good fit for the simulation of the nearly incompressible rock stratum of this study. SOLID185 elements with advanced capabilities such as fracture parameter calculations, stress stiffening, creep, nonlinear stabilization, and linear perturbation are used to model the rock. Since a structural condition assessment of a drainage shaft modeled with ANSYS SOLID185 finite elements have not been discussed in detail in a technical publication before, this paper fills that gap.

The automatic transmission is a unit which supplies the power from the Engine to the wheels .There are some types of gear transmission system which help to improve the economy and efficiency of the work transfer .Besides the traditional automatic transmission, there are also other types such as continuously variable transmission (CVT),dual clutch transmission (DCT) and automated manual transmission system .Gear shifting strategy is the core of intelligent control of any automatic transmission used in modern vehicles. It directly effects the vehicle performance, drivers comfort and fuel economy .The comparison between all types of transmission system, the gear shifting strategy in transmission systems and power transmitting drives are explained.

During the last two decades, environmental awareness has grown in relation to building design, as a means of mitigating environmental problems, such as blatantly high levels of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. It has been found that the majority of these emissions come from buildings, particularly in extreme climates, where thermal comfort is provided by mechanical systems, either for heating or cooling. Moreover, with ongoing population growth, the demand for buildings, especially mega-buildings, is inevitable. In hot and humid climates, adaptive thermal comfort is a challenge to achieve in modern architectural styles without HVAC systems. Despite vernacular architecture having presented very good examples to follow, it is still completely ignored, which is clearly seen in architecture today. Due to the importance of natural ventilation in hot and humid climates as a passive cooling strategy, this paper therefore analyses the integration of two natural ventilation strategies into residential towers in Dubai. The first configuration is a central shaft and the second, a horizontal ceiling duct. The concept of both integrations is aimed at improving cross-ventilation performance – critical in hot and humid climates - in the simulated Test rooms. The results were obtained by modelling a residential tower on Design Builder software. A CFD tool was also used to determine internal air movement speeds in each room. Three periods were chosen for simulation and these were determined according to an analysis of weather data in Dubai. The results demonstrated that natural ventilation performed better in Configuration 2 (ceiling ducts) than in Configuration 1 (a central shaft). Furthermore, internal air movement speeds in Configuration 2 were double those indicated for Configuration 1. The results of Configuration 1 were in fact very similar to those found in the Reference rooms, which proves this Configuration is not feasible in the assumed context. On the other hand, the integration of ceiling ducts (Configuration 2) helped achieve thermal comfort at the beginning of summer, which was not achieved with the integration of a central shaft (Configuration 1). In addition, due to improved internal air speeds, the potential to achieve thermal comfort on humid days in spring or autumn appeared to be much higher in Configuration 2. Therefore, the results conclude that Configuration 2 was successful under the assumed conditions, although the corresponding results were not very significant for Configuration 1.

Nowadays, in Speed breaker systems that receive their kinematic energy from vehicles passing over them in which generated kinetic and potential energies are converted to electrical energy. The speed bumps systems transfer energy in axial direction by means of spring in which energy is stored during operation. Speed bumps constitute an excellent solution for energy recovery in countries that are poor in national energy resources such As Lebanon; Lebanon suffers from limited natural resources that are used in generating electrical power. Hence, lighting streets during night time is a secondary to the local authorities since providing power to streets lighting needs a considerable amount of power. In this context, the present work concerns a prototype of speed bumps as well as an experimental study of the system performance.

The main objective of this analysis is to investigate the stresses& deflections of drive shaft subjected to
combine bending & torsion. Then checking for fatigue life as well as comparing the results with analytical
calculations to verify accuracy of the results. Drive shaft is a critical component used in paper converting
machines. It carries a load of two vacuum rollers weighing around 1471N and rotates at 1000 rpm, also
subjected to reaction force of knife cutter and gears. This shaft has key slots and at the area of change in cross
sections giving rise to localize stress concentration. Hence there is a scope of analyzing this part to predict its
fatigue life and damage.
Keywords: Fatigue Analysis, Shaft stress analysis, FEM analysis, shaft failure analysis

In Automobile industry, Adjustable Unified wheel opener is a special purpose tool made to open/close all the nuts of a wheel in single operation with less effort. Although various methods are used for opening nuts, they require a lot of effort to open a single nut and also time consuming because you should open/close single nut separately. The main objective of work is to develop a single tool with use to open multiple nuts in single operation with simple mechanisms, which is widely use during assembling and dismantling of wheels in automobiles. It can be successfully used as a standard tool irrespective of the model of the vehicle. Also it can be used in assembly line of automobiles, garages, workshops and service stations.

This document provides design, analysis and evaluation of a compound reverted geartrain with respect to loading, stress and safety factors to obtain specifications for gears, shafts and bearings which satisfy the customer requirements for the desired power and torque.

Polymer based gears are finding major application where load carrying capacity is less with less requirement of maintenance. Since most of the application necessitates load/motion transmission in only one direction, asymmetric gears can replace conventional symmetric gears. In this work, usefulness of asymmetric polymer composite gears is established. Symmetric gear 20/20 asymmetric gears 20/34 were injection molded using unreinforced and 20 % glass fiber reinforced polypropylene materials.
It is well established that polymer gears are less susceptible to contact fatigue failure due to its poor material Young’s modulus. Hence evaluation of bending fatigue performance would be more appropriate for the new material /design of polymer based gears. In this work, a fixture has been specially designed and developed to integrate with the servo hydraulic fatigue testing facility for bending fatigue evaluation of gear teeth. Unlike prior research work carried out, the present testing condition imitates the actual gear mesh condition so that localized loading conditions are significantly minimized. Test gear teeth were subjected to sinusoidal bending fatigue at various constant displacement magnitudes and at various frequencies of loading. Load carrying capacity for various gear teeth deflection was continuously measured and monitored.
Addition of glass fiber reinforcement found to improve the bending load carrying capacity of both symmetric and asymmetric gears. Test gears found to exhibit improved performance at higher load frequency due to the strain rate sensitiveness of polymer based materials. Effective cantilever length of gear teeth found to improve the load carrying capacity of 34/20 over 20/34 asymmetric gears as well as symmetric gears. Thickness of weakest portion at the gear teeth root found to improve the load carrying capacity of 20/34 asymmetric gear over 20/20 symmetric gears.
Keywords: Asymmetric gear, Bending fatigue, Injection moulding, Polymer gear, Composite.

The fortification of the archaeological complex near the village Sidorovo – the largest hillfort of Khazar time on this territory is analyzed in the paper. Fortification consists of two lines of ditches and ramparts, located at a distance of 120 m from each other. The East side of the slope of the hillfort is fortified with the escarpment. Investigations produced on the inner and outer lines of fortification, showed that they were originated at different times. The small settlement was fortified by an internal line (perimeter 1,2–1,3 km). There was a need for the construction of another line of fortification in the process of its growth (the perimeter of at least 2.5 km). The time of the construction of ditches and ramparts internal lines – not earlier than the middle of the IX century – has been defined by the artefacts, found in their filling. Remains of wooden structures in the filling of the ditches indicate that the settlement had wooden or wood-earthen walls. The author considers the materials on fortifications of close type, existed in this territory in the XVII century, which contain data on the size of the garrison necessary for the normal defense of these fortresses. Comparison allows the author to suggest that there had to be a considerable military contingent on the hillfort near the village of Sidorovo. Otherwise, the construction of the fortifications described above would be meaningless.

PËRMBLEDHJE

Boshtet e zhvillimit 10 dhe 8 për vitet e nëntëdhjeta (1991),  perëndim-lindje, veri-jug për Maqedoninë, pë arsye të embargos së naftës nga ana e Greqisë, hapja e korridorit perëndim-lindje nga Shqipëria dhe Bullgaria për të furnizuar me naftë dhe për nevoja të tjera, sidomos për turizmin transitor  është i kushtëzuar nga zhvillimi i boshteve të zhvillimit të trafikut. Kjo mbështetet në njohuritë teorike empirike dhe metodologjike të pozitës gjeografike të Maqedonisë, Moduli i këtij punimi është jo vetëm themelori i sistemit ndërkombëtar të marrëdhënieve në hapësirë, por është një nga faktorët kryesorë që ka ndikuar në zhvillimin e turizmit transitor.

Fjalët kyçe: Boshtet, embargo, moduli, hapësirë, transitor.


SUMMARY

Development shafts 10,8 for  the nineties (1991),west-east north-south for  Macedonia by the Greece side known with the name oil blockade, the opening of the west-east corridor by Albania and Bulgaria supplied with oil and other needs, especially the transit tourism which is conditioned by the development shafts of the traffic. Based on theoretical empirical and methodological knowledge of geographic position of Macedonia, the Module of this paper is not only the fundamental of the international  system of relations in space, but is one of the key factors which have affected the development of transit turism.

Key words: shafts, blockade, module, space, transit.

"Use of the hob milling tools for producing splined shafts of medium and high classes of precission. Their importance is actual again due to developing of machines with CNC control, with high speed cutting, muffed vibrations etc. Theory of construction of the hob
milling tools for splined shaft is very comprehensive and complicated. In this paper the bases for the application of CAD and CAM in the process of the design and production of hob-milling cutters for splines machining are given. By applying the numerically controlled machine tools the necessity of hob-milling cutters producing by special machine tools for relieving is avoided. It can be concluded that given bases enable easier, more efficient and more accurate design and production of hob-millin cutters for splines machining."

The present review provides brief information about the design of eccentric shaft for cotton ginning machine. The author suggest that, significant of eccentric shaft are as follows, 1. Due to the small eccentric distance in design of eccentric shaft; friction torque is very small, which result in small friction loss and high system efficiency. 2. The torque acted on motor increased as eccentric distance expanded which result in poor force condition and complicate structure. 3. Eccentric shaft are usually with features of small eccentric distance, thus its can only provide small displacement. Eccentric shaft is the important element, which play the important role in ginning operation. These shafts provide an oscillatory motion or action to moving knives. Eccentric shaft is required in various industries according to their application. In traditional case, implementation of the proper selection of raw material, latest and advance methodologies is typical task. Examination of parametric linkages reveals that eccentric shaft life is dependent on load acting on the eccentric shaft, its geometry, metallurgical properties and wear. Today in design and development of eccentric shaft by using the good quality of raw material that is alloy steel with composition of Fe (98.5%), Al (0.5%), C (0.5%), and Mo (0.5%) by using that composition the life of eccentric shaft is increases. latest and advance methodologies for ginning machine increases productivity and high quality of operation is possible.

Integrated intelligent CAD systems (IICAD) can be developed for different purposes. The objective of this article is to emphasize the advantages of the use of IICAD systems in comparison with the classic systems. The article shows a structure of one such developed system, namely the IICADv system. This system is used for automatization of activities undertaken during the realization of certain phases of the process of designing of shafts, especially the synthesis phase. The development of a module for computation of the shaft and integration of the entire system was performed in the C# programming language, while shaping of the shaft was performed in the CATIA system. The interlinking was performed thanks to previously modelled basic 3D models. In such way, utilizing the advanced IICADv system, the computation and shaping of the shaft is done almost instantly. The results of the use of the IICADv systems are generated final 3D models of the shaft, ready for use by numerous other applications.

The deepening of a mine shaft is a difficult and dangerous operation. Moreover, it requires the continuous operation of the shaft during the process of deepening. Because of this, it is necessary to leave the plug on the shaft bottom or install an artificial shaft bottom. The main task of an
artificial shaft bottom is to provide safety from falling objects for the employees working on the shaft bottom. Many solutions for shaft safety platforms have been used in Polish mines over the years.
A new construction of the artificial shaft bottom consists of using layers of highly durable net. It allows a reduction in the construction weight as well as the installation time. This article presents a new construction of an artificial shaft bottom and the simulations and calculations that confirm the possibility of its application to mine shafts during their deepening.

This paper analyses and reports on processing and  solid particle erosion wear
response of a new class of hybrid composites prepared by reinforcement of short glass
fibers (SGF) in blast furnace slag (BFS) filled polypropylene (PP) matrix. In this
investigation, composites with different BFS content (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt %) in a
polypropylene matrix base, with and without 20 wt% SGF reinforcement, are prepared
by injection molding route.  To study the erosion wear response of these BFS filled
composites, a plan of experiments based on the Taguchi technique is followed to
acquire the wear data in a controlled way. This systematic experimentation has led to
identification of significant process parameters and material variables that
predominantly influence the erosion rate and also enables us to determine optimal
parameter settings that lead to minimization of the erosion rate. An artificial neural
network (ANN) approach is also implemented to predict the wear rate of the
composites. The morphology of eroded surfaces is then examined by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and possible erosion mechanisms are discussed. This
study reveals that addition of blast furnace slag improves the erosion resistance of
glass-polypropylene composites significantly and thus makes them suitable for
tribological applications.

The deepening of a mine shaft is a difficult and dangerous operation. Moreover, it requires the continuous operation of the shaft during the process of deepening. Because of this, it is necessary to leave the plug on the shaft bottom or install an artificial shaft bottom. The main task of an artificial shaft bottom is to provide safety from falling objects for the employees working on the shaft bottom. Many solutions for shaft safety platforms have been used in Polish mines over the years. A new construction of the artificial shaft bottom consists of using layers of highly durable net. It allows a reduction in the construction weight as well as the installation time. This article presents a new construction of an artificial shaft bottom and the simulations and calculations that confirm the possibility of its application to mine shafts during their deepening.

The rock breaking is required for various purposes such as mining, tunneling, foundation and other infrastructure projects. There are various methods for the rock breaking. But breaking of rock in the urban area is most challenging due to limited working space, local administration approvals, adjoining structures and low noise & vibration. The Mechanical hydraulic breaking of the rock is most common methods used in urban areas. The efficiency of hydraulic breaking machine is depends on rock type, rock strength, type of machineries and Chisel to be used for breaking. There are various Chisel, used for different purpose with different operating machines. The impact of Chisel varies in different rocks class and different machines. In this paper we discussed the types of non-explosive rock breaking available in markets and focused on challenges faced during used of hydraulic rock breaker in Mumbai; and concluded that planning for deploying breaking machine should be based of geological data with worst rock condition, suitable machine, chisel and other rock breaking options if encountered hard rock and project progress is going down. It is also suggested that geologist can better suggest the breaking methods in hard rock as per rock mass and jointed plan.

The geological structure of most Polish mining regions is rich in groundwater, making shaft sinking difficult. In recent years, more than a dozen shafts, some almost 700 m deep, have been sunk in Poland using various methods of water hazard elimination. The vast majority of shafts that pass through aquifer formations have been sunk using artificial rock freezing, waterproof tubing, and concrete lining. Generally, this system has proven to be very effective. However, there have been cases of complications during sinking, including occasional flooding. This paper presents two cases of highly problematic flooding in shaft sunk using the freezing method, both leading to considerable construction delays and a significant increase in shaft sinking costs. The first case involved water inflow into the bottom section of the R-XI shaft at KGHM with rocks near the melting point of ice. In the other case, problems occurred passing through an Albian layer in the S. 1.3 shaft sunk for the Lubelsk...