In the distant past when there was no language, no words, no paper and no written documents; stil... more In the distant past when there was no language, no words, no paper and no written documents; still in that primitive stage man used to express his feelings or himself in the paintings and engravings on the walls and roofs of caves and shelters where he was residing. Uttarakhand in India has many rockshelter- sites which have paintings done on its walls and/or roofs. Lakhudiyar, Petshal, Phalsima and Lvethaap in Almora district, Gvarkhya caves and rock-paintings in Kimni village of Chamoli District and Hudali caves in Uttarkashi district are famous for their rock paintings. Lakhudiyar is situated on the banks of river Suyal in District Almora of Uttarakhand, India; at a distance of 16 kms. on Almora Barechhina road and 10 kms. from Almora towards Jageshwara and 5 kms. after Golu Devata at Chitai. Lakhudiyar means in Kumaoni "lakh caves" or caves painted with lac (lakha). But at present, a big rock-shelter depicts paintings on its roofs and walls; which are dated to Old Stone Age to New Stone Age (Palaeolithic to Neolithic periods). These paintings are mostly of humans in dancing and hunting poses and of animals. These also depict life-scenes of primitive men and women and symbols and geometrical signs. All are painted in black, white and red colors. These less known paintings of Lakhudiyar rock-shelters are main attraction of following pages.
The book is about the monolithic free standing monolithic pillars of Gupta period, its purpose, d... more The book is about the monolithic free standing monolithic pillars of Gupta period, its purpose, differences between Mauryan and Gupta pillars, different types of capital, etc.
Ashoka (Devanampiya /Devanampriya or “Beloved of Gods and Piyadasi/Priyadarshi or King who is goo... more Ashoka (Devanampiya /Devanampriya or “Beloved of Gods and Piyadasi/Priyadarshi or King who is good in his looks- as he says himself in his inscription instead of Ashoka ) sought to commingle gods and men, men and gods, to make , in other words a heaven in Jambudvipa. In one sence the sub continent of India, and, in another, the whole world of men. But he had not caused all his dhamma-niyamas to be recorded. This deficiency f his records has been made up with side-lights from as many as sources as possible, including the classical writings. More than 33 inscriptions Ashoka are found from the pillars, rocks and cave-walls throughout the areas of modern day India, Pakistan and Nepal e.g. Mansehara (Hazara),Shahabazgarhi (Peshawar), Kalsi (Dehradun), Girnar (Junagarh), Sopara (Thana),Dhauli (Puri), Jaugarh (Ganjam), Iragudi (Kurnool), Roopnath (Jabalpur), Bairath (Jaipur),, Sasaram (Bihar), Govimath, Palki and Gundu (Hyderabad) and yerragudi.
India is developing very fast in the global context. It is necessary for the Government of India ... more India is developing very fast in the global context. It is necessary for the Government of India to materialize the plans of fulfilling the basic needs and facilities to free the population from poverty and to enhance their living standards. For these developments; constructions of roads, industries, railways, dams, SEZ (Special Economic Zone) and smart cities are the demand of time. Any development work cannot be done without land. To materialize these plans a vast land is required and to fulfil the requirement the laws related with land should be improved. Any private land - when taken by the government for any development-work; is called 'land acquisition'. A compensation is given to the land-owner by the government for this land-acquisition. This development; today can be 'industrialization' or 'urbanization' too. The law and order for the land-ownership and land-acquisition were formulated by the scholars and philosophers since ancient times; which were easy to adopt and beneficial for both - the land-owner and the king (ruler). The present paper deals with such laws and orders and also with their use and relevence in modern times.
Jageshwara is located in district Almora, Uttarakhand, India and is famous for being one of the t... more Jageshwara is located in district Almora, Uttarakhand, India and is famous for being one of the twelve Jyotirlingas. There are 125 temples in a group, known as Jageshwara group of temples, constructed in the period of Katyuri kings (7th-11th cent. C. E.) The three temples of Kuber group and fourteen of Dandeshwara group are also situated near the Jageshwara group. The temples are made with flat roof or pidha style, square garbhagriha and antral, Nagar or Rekha-shikhar style (Indo-Aryan style), Ballavi or Gajprishthakar style, Pallavi style, Phamsana style etc.; and off course with in a mixed style. Hence we see more than one architectural pattern in many temples. The architecture of the temples of Jageshwara; including those of Kuber and Dandeshwara group are discussed in this paper.
The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to apprai... more The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to appraise this holy site. Well appraised by Lord Buddha Himself by delivering his first sermon, establishing here Sangha at first and severally visiting this place and by directing his followers to visit this pilgrimage. Thus, the triratna of Buddhism is well perceptible at this holy place. The place is marked with memorial edifices by the great Mauryan king Ashoka and further by Kanishka, Kumargupta, Sthirpal, Vasantpal, Kumar Devi etc. The history of Sarnath goes back to 4th cent. B.C.E. (date found from a dish of BSW and charcoal sample, collected in 2014. C.E.) till 12th cent. C.E. as confirmed by different excavations carried out since 1835-36 till 2014 C.E. which are penned in the book. The construction and destruction are part of life and conservation comes as a lifesaving module for monuments. A comparative study of monuments at Sarnath with the descriptions of Xuan Zang and further with the archival records in the form of paintings, lithographs and photographs is remarkably interesting. The harms occurred by humans or by nature is well documented, which are ecological concerns and which can be restored by the Lords teachings to save the earth and its inhabitants. A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book. The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.
The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to apprai... more The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to appraise this holy site. Well appraised by Lord Buddha Himself by delivering his first sermon, establishing here Sangha at first and severally visiting this place and by directing his followers to visit this pilgrimage. Thus, the triratna of Buddhism is well perceptible at this holy place. The place is marked with memorial edifices by the great Mauryan king Ashoka and further by Kanishka, Kumargupta, Sthirpal, Vasantpal, Kumar Devi etc. The history of Sarnath goes back to 4th cent. B.C.E. (date found from a dish of BSW and charcoal sample, collected in 2014. C.E.) till 12th cent. C.E. as confirmed by different excavations carried out since 1835-36 till 2014 C.E. which are penned in the book. The construction and destruction are part of life and conservation comes as a lifesaving module for monuments. A comparative study of monuments at Sarnath with the descriptions of Xuan Zang and further with the archival records in the form of paintings, lithographs and photographs is remarkably interesting. The harms occurred by humans or by nature is well documented, which are ecological concerns and which can be restored by the Lords teachings to save the earth and its inhabitants.A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book.The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to appraise this holy site. Well appraised by Lord Buddha Himself by delivering his first sermon, establishing here Sangha at first and severally visiting this place and by directing his followers to visit this pilgrimage. Thus, the triratna of Buddhism is well perceptible at this holy place. The place is marked with memorial edifices by the great Mauryan king Ashoka and further by Kanishka, Kumargupta, Sthirpal, Vasantpal, Kumar Devi etc. The history of Sarnath goes back to 4th cent. B.C.E. (date found from a dish of BSW and charcoal sample, collected in 2014. C.E.) till 12th cent. C.E. as confirmed by different excavations carried out since 1835-36 till 2014 C.E. which are penned in the book. The construction and destruction are part of life and conservation comes as a lifesaving module for monuments. A comparative study of monuments at Sarnath with the descriptions of Xuan Zang and further with the archival records in the form of paintings, lithographs and photographs is remarkably interesting. The harms occurred by humans or by nature is well documented, which are ecological concerns and which can be restored by the Lords teachings to save the earth and its inhabitants.A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book.The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.
In the distant past when there was no language, no words, no paper and no written documents; stil... more In the distant past when there was no language, no words, no paper and no written documents; still in that primitive stage man used to express his feelings or himself in the paintings and engravings on the walls and roofs of caves and shelters where he was residing. Uttarakhand in India has many rockshelter- sites which have paintings done on its walls and/or roofs. Lakhudiyar, Petshal, Phalsima and Lvethaap in Almora district, Gvarkhya caves and rock-paintings in Kimni village of Chamoli District and Hudali caves in Uttarkashi district are famous for their rock paintings. Lakhudiyar is situated on the banks of river Suyal in District Almora of Uttarakhand, India; at a distance of 16 kms. on Almora Barechhina road and 10 kms. from Almora towards Jageshwara and 5 kms. after Golu Devata at Chitai. Lakhudiyar means in Kumaoni "lakh caves" or caves painted with lac (lakha). But at present, a big rock-shelter depicts paintings on its roofs and walls; which are dated to Old Stone Age to New Stone Age (Palaeolithic to Neolithic periods). These paintings are mostly of humans in dancing and hunting poses and of animals. These also depict life-scenes of primitive men and women and symbols and geometrical signs. All are painted in black, white and red colors. These less known paintings of Lakhudiyar rock-shelters are main attraction of following pages.
The book is about the monolithic free standing monolithic pillars of Gupta period, its purpose, d... more The book is about the monolithic free standing monolithic pillars of Gupta period, its purpose, differences between Mauryan and Gupta pillars, different types of capital, etc.
Ashoka (Devanampiya /Devanampriya or “Beloved of Gods and Piyadasi/Priyadarshi or King who is goo... more Ashoka (Devanampiya /Devanampriya or “Beloved of Gods and Piyadasi/Priyadarshi or King who is good in his looks- as he says himself in his inscription instead of Ashoka ) sought to commingle gods and men, men and gods, to make , in other words a heaven in Jambudvipa. In one sence the sub continent of India, and, in another, the whole world of men. But he had not caused all his dhamma-niyamas to be recorded. This deficiency f his records has been made up with side-lights from as many as sources as possible, including the classical writings. More than 33 inscriptions Ashoka are found from the pillars, rocks and cave-walls throughout the areas of modern day India, Pakistan and Nepal e.g. Mansehara (Hazara),Shahabazgarhi (Peshawar), Kalsi (Dehradun), Girnar (Junagarh), Sopara (Thana),Dhauli (Puri), Jaugarh (Ganjam), Iragudi (Kurnool), Roopnath (Jabalpur), Bairath (Jaipur),, Sasaram (Bihar), Govimath, Palki and Gundu (Hyderabad) and yerragudi.
India is developing very fast in the global context. It is necessary for the Government of India ... more India is developing very fast in the global context. It is necessary for the Government of India to materialize the plans of fulfilling the basic needs and facilities to free the population from poverty and to enhance their living standards. For these developments; constructions of roads, industries, railways, dams, SEZ (Special Economic Zone) and smart cities are the demand of time. Any development work cannot be done without land. To materialize these plans a vast land is required and to fulfil the requirement the laws related with land should be improved. Any private land - when taken by the government for any development-work; is called 'land acquisition'. A compensation is given to the land-owner by the government for this land-acquisition. This development; today can be 'industrialization' or 'urbanization' too. The law and order for the land-ownership and land-acquisition were formulated by the scholars and philosophers since ancient times; which were easy to adopt and beneficial for both - the land-owner and the king (ruler). The present paper deals with such laws and orders and also with their use and relevence in modern times.
Jageshwara is located in district Almora, Uttarakhand, India and is famous for being one of the t... more Jageshwara is located in district Almora, Uttarakhand, India and is famous for being one of the twelve Jyotirlingas. There are 125 temples in a group, known as Jageshwara group of temples, constructed in the period of Katyuri kings (7th-11th cent. C. E.) The three temples of Kuber group and fourteen of Dandeshwara group are also situated near the Jageshwara group. The temples are made with flat roof or pidha style, square garbhagriha and antral, Nagar or Rekha-shikhar style (Indo-Aryan style), Ballavi or Gajprishthakar style, Pallavi style, Phamsana style etc.; and off course with in a mixed style. Hence we see more than one architectural pattern in many temples. The architecture of the temples of Jageshwara; including those of Kuber and Dandeshwara group are discussed in this paper.
The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to apprai... more The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to appraise this holy site. Well appraised by Lord Buddha Himself by delivering his first sermon, establishing here Sangha at first and severally visiting this place and by directing his followers to visit this pilgrimage. Thus, the triratna of Buddhism is well perceptible at this holy place. The place is marked with memorial edifices by the great Mauryan king Ashoka and further by Kanishka, Kumargupta, Sthirpal, Vasantpal, Kumar Devi etc. The history of Sarnath goes back to 4th cent. B.C.E. (date found from a dish of BSW and charcoal sample, collected in 2014. C.E.) till 12th cent. C.E. as confirmed by different excavations carried out since 1835-36 till 2014 C.E. which are penned in the book. The construction and destruction are part of life and conservation comes as a lifesaving module for monuments. A comparative study of monuments at Sarnath with the descriptions of Xuan Zang and further with the archival records in the form of paintings, lithographs and photographs is remarkably interesting. The harms occurred by humans or by nature is well documented, which are ecological concerns and which can be restored by the Lords teachings to save the earth and its inhabitants. A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book. The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.
The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to apprai... more The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to appraise this holy site. Well appraised by Lord Buddha Himself by delivering his first sermon, establishing here Sangha at first and severally visiting this place and by directing his followers to visit this pilgrimage. Thus, the triratna of Buddhism is well perceptible at this holy place. The place is marked with memorial edifices by the great Mauryan king Ashoka and further by Kanishka, Kumargupta, Sthirpal, Vasantpal, Kumar Devi etc. The history of Sarnath goes back to 4th cent. B.C.E. (date found from a dish of BSW and charcoal sample, collected in 2014. C.E.) till 12th cent. C.E. as confirmed by different excavations carried out since 1835-36 till 2014 C.E. which are penned in the book. The construction and destruction are part of life and conservation comes as a lifesaving module for monuments. A comparative study of monuments at Sarnath with the descriptions of Xuan Zang and further with the archival records in the form of paintings, lithographs and photographs is remarkably interesting. The harms occurred by humans or by nature is well documented, which are ecological concerns and which can be restored by the Lords teachings to save the earth and its inhabitants.A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book.The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.The book “Sarnath The Appraisal” is remarkable because it contains different approaches to appraise this holy site. Well appraised by Lord Buddha Himself by delivering his first sermon, establishing here Sangha at first and severally visiting this place and by directing his followers to visit this pilgrimage. Thus, the triratna of Buddhism is well perceptible at this holy place. The place is marked with memorial edifices by the great Mauryan king Ashoka and further by Kanishka, Kumargupta, Sthirpal, Vasantpal, Kumar Devi etc. The history of Sarnath goes back to 4th cent. B.C.E. (date found from a dish of BSW and charcoal sample, collected in 2014. C.E.) till 12th cent. C.E. as confirmed by different excavations carried out since 1835-36 till 2014 C.E. which are penned in the book. The construction and destruction are part of life and conservation comes as a lifesaving module for monuments. A comparative study of monuments at Sarnath with the descriptions of Xuan Zang and further with the archival records in the form of paintings, lithographs and photographs is remarkably interesting. The harms occurred by humans or by nature is well documented, which are ecological concerns and which can be restored by the Lords teachings to save the earth and its inhabitants.A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book.The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.
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Papers by Dr. Niharika
in that primitive stage man used to express his feelings or himself in the paintings and engravings on
the walls and roofs of caves and shelters where he was residing. Uttarakhand in India has many rockshelter-
sites which have paintings done on its walls and/or roofs. Lakhudiyar, Petshal, Phalsima and
Lvethaap in Almora district, Gvarkhya caves and rock-paintings in Kimni village of Chamoli District
and Hudali caves in Uttarkashi district are famous for their rock paintings. Lakhudiyar is situated
on the banks of river Suyal in District Almora of Uttarakhand, India; at a distance of 16 kms. on
Almora Barechhina road and 10 kms. from Almora towards Jageshwara and 5 kms. after Golu Devata
at Chitai. Lakhudiyar means in Kumaoni "lakh caves" or caves painted with lac (lakha). But at present,
a big rock-shelter depicts paintings on its roofs and walls; which are dated to Old Stone Age to New
Stone Age (Palaeolithic to Neolithic periods). These paintings are mostly of humans in dancing and
hunting poses and of animals. These also depict life-scenes of primitive men and women and symbols
and geometrical signs. All are painted in black, white and red colors. These less known paintings of
Lakhudiyar rock-shelters are main attraction of following pages.
Books by Dr. Niharika
A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book.
The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.
in that primitive stage man used to express his feelings or himself in the paintings and engravings on
the walls and roofs of caves and shelters where he was residing. Uttarakhand in India has many rockshelter-
sites which have paintings done on its walls and/or roofs. Lakhudiyar, Petshal, Phalsima and
Lvethaap in Almora district, Gvarkhya caves and rock-paintings in Kimni village of Chamoli District
and Hudali caves in Uttarkashi district are famous for their rock paintings. Lakhudiyar is situated
on the banks of river Suyal in District Almora of Uttarakhand, India; at a distance of 16 kms. on
Almora Barechhina road and 10 kms. from Almora towards Jageshwara and 5 kms. after Golu Devata
at Chitai. Lakhudiyar means in Kumaoni "lakh caves" or caves painted with lac (lakha). But at present,
a big rock-shelter depicts paintings on its roofs and walls; which are dated to Old Stone Age to New
Stone Age (Palaeolithic to Neolithic periods). These paintings are mostly of humans in dancing and
hunting poses and of animals. These also depict life-scenes of primitive men and women and symbols
and geometrical signs. All are painted in black, white and red colors. These less known paintings of
Lakhudiyar rock-shelters are main attraction of following pages.
A beautiful collection of images related to Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism; their changing paradigm, the significance of the Lord’s hand postures and panels showing his life-scenes are described in this book with rare photographs. The terracotta figurines, seals, sealings and beads of different materials, bricks, arches and Kirtimukhas are never given due importance before. Along with these hundreds of small votive stupas of stone and terracotta are duly categorized and described with their purpose of construction, plan and photographs etc., with thoughtful classifications and details in individual chapters. The excavations carried out have ample proof of Sarnath being a manufacturing cum factory site, which is first time dealt with in this book. Sarnath has the honour of securing Lord Buddha's holy relics in its premises and the history behind its expedition from Lord's parinirvana at Kushinagar to Sarnath is narrated in the book.
The ‘Suggested Readings’, rare photographs and line drawings are very conscious and exhausting efforts to provide a complete picture of Sarnath. We wish that this book with high mottoes in our minds and souls will be fruitful for the scholars, researchers, pilgrims, tourists and visitors alike.