Seriation

The thesis deals with spatial structure and chronological development of the early Lengyel Culture (4900-4700 cal BC) settlement at the site Svodín - Busahegy in Nové Zámky district, SW Slovakia. The approach is based on the settlement area theory and more generally on the theory of artefacts. The used evidence consists finds from 1756 features, of which 679 belong to the Lengyel Culture and 184 are burials. The work includes a comprehensive electronic catalogue containing all relevant find documentation, localization plans of the trenches and features, plans of archaeological structures, belonging to different phases of the Lengyel culture settlement. The methodical chapters describe a process for direct digitization of ceramic fragments by laser scanning of profiles and automated reconstruction of ceramic shapes. The elaboration of chronology is based on the observed stratigraphic relations and typological analysis of the finds. Morphometric analysis and multivariate statistical methods were applied for the computerized typological classification of 1992 profiles of ceramic vessels. Find units were assigned to chronological phases based on a stochastic model, which integrates stratigraphic and typo-chronological data. A set of solutions was computed using hybrid particle swarm optimisation and genetic algorithm analysed by Monte Carlo simulation using Markov chains and interpreted in terms of Bayesian Statistics. Based on the spatial distribution of archaeological structures, three residential, three funerary and one rondel component have been identified in the settlement area. The final solution of the chronological model divides the settlement into seven phases, three pre-rondel phases, two phases in which subsequently the smaller and the larger rondels were built and two post-rondel phases. A spatial differentiation of settlement area based on social aspects was observed, and a possible association of the localization of the rondels with previous residential structures. In addition of burials in the vicinity of houses for the entire duration of the settlement, we also observe a separate burial area in the pre-rondel period. The typological composition of pottery shows a strong influence from the area Tisza culture, especially in the pre-rondel period. The usability of seriation and multivariate statistical methods for chronological ordering of find units was critically assessed based on the analysis of typo-chronological development of grave inventories.

One of the central issues of contemporary architecture is the possibility of combining the potentialities of industrialized production and the quality of the artisanal work. The process of systematizing architecture allows the coexistence and balance between these two principles. This concept has its antecedents throughout the history of architecture and, from a few decades, it extends to other components of everyday space, such as household appliances. In the present, there are several ways that explore the world of systematization of architecture, aligning with past episodes such as electrification and mechanization of it. An example of these is the work of Fran Silvestre Arquitectos that, thanks to a deep and meticulous study of the field of geometry, has developed its own particular systematization process through the concepts of seriation and modulation: some abstract geometries - the so-called types or systems - enable to generate a better distributions of the different parts and, furthermore, they establish a relationship between formal coherence, resistant structure and manifestation of the concept of order. So systematization involve the different instances of the project - from the ideation to the construction - with the aim of the achieve the efficient beauty.

The ushabti, a small statue made to do the work of the deceased in the afterlife, was a staple of Ancient Egyptian mortuary practice from the Middle Kingdom to the end of the Pharaonic period. This paper builds on the work of Hans Schneider (1977) who did an in-depth study of ushabti iconography. Using his study as groundwork, this paper synthesizes data from the Leiden Museum’s catalog of ushabtis in order to explore some trends in material, time period, provenience, and inscription of ushabtis. Then iconographic, material, and textual evidence is used to establish probable date ranges for the period of manufacture for 12 ushabtis from the Denver Museum of Nature And Science. This evidence is drawn primarily from my analysis of Schneider’s catalogue of ushabtis housed in the Leiden Museum, Netherlands, but also from Schneider’s own work on iconography. Conclusions and applications are dealt with in depth at the end of the paper.

A relative chronology, formulated from a computer-generated seriation of Badarian artefacts, displays significant differences from the chronology formulated by Brunton (1928). These differences do not, however, appear to unduly affect Anderson’s conclusions for social inequalities in the Badarian culture (1992). Her general conclusions in support of a non-egalitarian culture are, nonetheless, questioned here. Supported by new data from the Eastern Desert, the conclusion made in this dissertation suggests that the Badarians were cattle-herders who operated a sophisticated and elaborate age group social system. It is also suggested that the Badarians may have been the first people in the Nile Valley to bury their dead in ‘coffins’ and to have begun other mortuary practices which would eventually result in the mummification customs of Pharaonic Egypt. The Badarians, I suggest, were in consequence, an important  catalyst in the creation of the Ancient Egyptian Civilization.

DRAFT (Please see OJA for published version).  This paper briefly examines how coins are dated, and then looks at how they are used to date archaeological deposits and sites. A series of case studies are examined. The paper concludes with an examination of the impact of assemblage size on the dating of coin hoards.

El artículo presenta los resultados de estudios sobre la cerámica ritual obtenida del primer cementerio chimú excavado en su totalidad al interior de la Huaca de la Luna, en el valle de Moche (Perú). Se ofrece una tipología de formas completas de vasijas, figurinas, ornamentos e instrumentos de producción. Asimismo, se ha realizado la seriación de estos elementos según las cuatro fases conocidas (Chimú Temprano, Medio, Tardío y Chimú-Inca). Finalmente, los fechados radiocarbónicos de dos tumbas de la primera fase, el patrón funerario y el análisis morfológico e iconográfico de las vasijas abren nuevas perspectivas sobre los inicios de la sociedad chimú.

In this paper I will summarize the results of a chronological analysis of the late Nuragic phases.
The research is based upon a general revision of Nuragic contexts and a definition of a detailed
internal sequence, which in turn can be related to the Italian mainland on the basis of several crossdating
elements. I will focus on the contextual analysis of the transition from the Final Bronze Age
to the Early Iron Age and subsequently discuss the cross-dating elements that relate the Sardinian
sequence to the Italian mainland. Equally important in this regard is the Nuragic pottery from the
so-called Ausonio II destruction layers in the Lipari acropolis (Final Bronze Age).

Seriation was one of the earliest applications of computers to an archaeological problem. Despite the origins of the technique in numismatics, the vast majority of coinage studies manually sequence coin hoards and issues. For many periods, the coin designs or legends can be used to provide a date. For the Republican series, however, detailed sequences rely on the use of coin hoard data. In recent years, Correspondence Analysis has become the de facto seriation routine of choice. For coinage studies, however, where the period of manufacture was very short, a successful seriation would leave one triangle empty in the rearranged matrix rather than concentrating the largest values on the diagonal as would be the aim in other situations. The aim of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of various easily-available off-the-shelf opensource seriation routines that have been used in archaeology for the analysis of this type of data. Given that we know a great deal about the pattern of production of Republican coinage, it is possible to create simulated coin hoard assemblages to test the various seriation routines and assess which technique is likely to provide the most successful results. This paper presents the results of applying 14 seriation methods to 27 simulated coin hoard data sets, and discusses the results.

A comprehensive interrogation of Egyptian Predynastic C-ware suggests there is little substantive evidence to support many of the interpretive revisions make in the past few decades regarding the symbolism and ideological content of the wares painted decoration.  And although C-ware still remains enigmatic, this paper nonetheless uses the available data to formulate a number of conclusions with regard to the chronology, development and 'meaning' of the C-ware decorative designs. Firstly, the evidence for the ware being placed at the very beginning of the Nagada sequence (i.e. PNC 1a) is robust and based, in part, on a general seriation of the Nagada period, as well as on the direct morphological links the C-ware ‘keeled’ pots have with their Badarian counterparts. The development of the C-ware decorative linage is similarly interrogated and leads to the conclusion that a number of painted plate/dish designs are descended from top down representations of keeled pottery decoration which were themselves largely the products of basket work designs

Since the 1960s, James Deetz and other archaeologists have attributed the appearance of the cherub icon on colonial-period gravemarkers to religious movements such as the Great Awakening or diminished Puritan influence during the eighteenth century. The cherub has been interpreted by many scholars as a symbol of a heavenly being that reflects freer perceptions on life and the afterlife. This article challenges the long-held religious connotations of the cherub icon. Instead, this article demonstrates that the icon relates to the wider Rococo artistic trend that was the prime influence on the forms and decorations of contemporary material culture. In this artistic fashion, the cherub is a putto, a Classical allegorical element that remained common in architectural and mortuary sculpture. The use of the putto comes with a number of additional contemporary elements and shows that consumer choice connected to the latest fashion instead of changing religious attitudes being the driver behind iconographic and decoration change on colonial gravemarkers.

"Thapsos is the name-site of the Sicilian Middle Bronze Age. It lies in south-eastern Sicily, in the gulf of Augusta, on
a low lying limestone promontory connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The site was systematically investigated by Paolo Orsi at the end of XIXth century: these first researches were focused on the cemetery of rock-cut tombs, lying in the north-eastern part of the site, that yielded the first bulk of the local grey hand-made pottery along with a number of Mycenaean vessels. In the same period (between the end of XIXth and the first years of XXth century) Orsi unearthed a group of Middle Bronze Age cemeteries, lying round the eponymous centre: Cozzo del Pantano, Plemmirio, Matrensa, Molinello. These centres yielded both the local pottery and few Mycenaean imports. In this area the archaeological researches were resumed between the end of 1960’s and the first half of 1980’s and were for the first time focused on the residential quarter lying on the isthmus of Thapsos’ site. Two elaborate rectangular complexes were unearthed, standing out from the circular huts of local tradition. The two structures were regarded, although not unanimously, to be of Mycenaean inspiration, similar to that found in the tholoi-like profile of few rock- cut tombs. In these years a new area of the Thapsos’ cemetery were investigated: the tombs A1 and D yielded local vessels along with Mycenaean and Cypriot pots.
Despite the knowledge of the Middle Bronze Age culture in south-eastern Sicily grew enormously in the second half of the past century, the aspect of the chrono-typological seriation of the Thapsos’ ceramic repertoire was so far neglected. This paper will firstly try to fill this gap, working on the bulk of pottery so far published: we will take into account the tombs with few burials in order to sketch out a possible development of the local pottery’s types; we will distinguish, therefore, three different phases. On the grounds of the association with Mycenaean pots within the local contexts and/or using the cross-dating with other contexts and/or on the basis of the influence of Mycenaean pottery on the local types, we will link our phases to the MIC IIIA1, MIC IIIA2 and MIC IIIB1. The characteristic types and decorations of each phase will be taken into account in order to find out the so called “fossili guida” of the repertoire; we will point out the ties (and/or the differences) with both the preceding Early Bronze Age cultures (facies of Castelluccio and Rodì-Tindari-Vallelunga) and the contemporary Aeolian Milazzese culture. We will take into consideration, moreover, the influence of the Mycenaean culture on the local repertoire in terms of both pottery types and decorations; this topic will be useful, moreover, in order to find out the lower chronological term of the Thapsos’ sequence, which we fix, like we said above, to the early part of MIC IIIB. Subsequently, on the grounds of the different trends of use of the cemeteries under discussion, this paper will be focused on sketching out the historical dynamics involving south-eastern Sicily in the Middle Bronze Age, with special attention to the problematic cultural and chronological relationship with the following Pantalica Nord culture. During our last phase only Thapsos (and, possibly, Cozzo del Pantano) survives, while the other sites (Plemmirio, Matrensa, Molinello) seem to disappear. In the same moment the presence of few (but meaningfully late in date) Thapsos’ sherds found at Pantalica (the name-site of the Late Bronze Age) could be explained with the transfer of people from the coast. This insecurity’s sign could be linked to the Siculi’s invasion from the Italian peninsula, which leads destructive effects on the Aeolian islands. Moreover, was this “geo-political” situation encouraged by the first problems suffered by the Mycenaean centres? In conclusion, as regards the relation between Thapsos and Pantalica Nord, our analysis agrees with the recent overall study of the Late Bronze Age culture and strengthens the Bernabò Brea’s historical frame based on the diachronic sequence between the Middle Bronze and Late Bronze Age cultures."

Introduction: the scope of this paper This paper, dedicated to the memory of István Zalai-Gaál, presents formally modelled date estimates for the sequence of Lengyel funerary pottery in western Hungary, eastern Austria and south-west Slovakia. It is an extension of the dating and modelling already carried out by the project, The Times of Their Lives (ToTL), on the major Lengyel aggregation, including burials, at Alsónyék-Bátaszék in south-east Transdanubia (OSZTÁS et al. 2016a; 2016b; BÁNFFY et al. 2016).

Esta tese de investigação incide sobre questões sobre violência, repressão, mitologia, mídia e da relação com serial killers. Aqui, pretende-se tornar claro que o fenómeno dos assassinos em série não pode ser fixado na fantasia e no grotesco, sendo ele parte do Mal que esta mesma sociedade insiste em suprimir. O trabalho traz para o palco do "real" a discussão sobre a cobertura e identificação dos serial killers frente ao público.
O outro objeto de estudo é o público tomando como “microscópio” o assassino em série para desmistificar e mostrar o lado sombrio do ser humano no dia a dia. E quais os efeitos e comportamentos causados pelo fascínio “repugnante” pelos serial killers. Análise dos textos e adaptação de conceitos para o território que esta tese visa estudar.
Para isso, além das leituras e das reflexões de obras bibliográficas, serão produzidos também pensamentos em cima das mesmas, trazendo as ideias levantadas e propostas para o campo dos serial killers. A investigação procurará contextualizar a pesquisa em sites de internet e de matérias do jornal brasileiro Folha de São Paulo, mas de forma qualitativa. Isto porque o fio condutor dessa tese será o caso de Francisco de Assis Pereira, o Maníaco do Parque, o maior Serial Killer brasileiro e que, após extensa análise, considero um caso perfeito para se enquadrar em todos os conceitos que esta dissertação procurará abordar.
Procura-se traçar um paralelo dessa situação com a maldade em estado puro e bruto representada pelos assassinos seriais e essa busca pela violência extrema que acontece a partir do momento que a “mola” que prende o nosso Mal interno arrebenta. Refletir sobre um conceito de uma nova violência e sobre as questões mais subjetivas que permeiam esse caso, como a seriação, e traçar paralelos entre esse conceito e o fascínio pela violência ritualizada praticada pelos assassinos em série. Questionar-se-á os motivos que levam as pessoas a se envolverem emocionalmente com esse tipo diferente de crime, que à primeira vista não possui significado, o que é desmentido. Pensar se vemos a violência a um novo nível ao ponto de precisarmos de motivos grotescos para expurgá-la.
A metodologia teve como base a pesquisa bibliográfica, análise, comparação e sistematização dessas obras; a análise de casos veiculados pela Folha de São Paulo (num âmbito qualitativo) em especial da história do Maníaco do Parque, e também de sites na internet, filmes, músicas e literatura.  Foi feita a análise das reportagens do ponto de vista do conteúdo, do tratamento espetacularizado, ingénuo, irresponsável em certos casos, na cobertura de crimes praticados pelos assassinos em série. 
Entende-se que, por se tratar de um tema que já por si só é demais subjetivo, não se pretende dar nenhum cunho científico (no sentido de matemática de análises) para o que estamos propondo.
Palavras chave: serial killers, media, serialidade, grotesco, mito, violência.

Teotihuacan, located in the northeastern Basin of Mexico, is best known for its Preclassic and Classic period occupations (ca. 150 B.C.-A.D. 700) but was also an important city-state during the Aztec and Early Colonial periods, circa A.D. 1200-1650. Much has been written about political relations among Aztec city-states in the basin. However, the internal political structures of most city-states remain largely unknown because colonial chroniclers focused mostly on Tenochtitlan-Mexico City and collected little information on the 40 to 50 smaller city-states in the basin. This article addresses the internal political organization of Aztec Teotihuacan and how it changed over time based on analyses of pottery data from the surface collections of the Teotihuacan Mapping Project. A seriation of sherd assemblages using correspondence analysis provides a chronological framework for diachronic analyses. Changes through time pertaining to interresidential status differences and the spatial distributions of elite residences suggest a gradual process of political decentralization. Additionally, pottery and obsidian data, in conjunction with settlement pattern changes, reveal a relocation of the city-state center in the late 1300s or early 1400s, possibly indicating an episode of political upheaval or reorganization.

Zahlreiche Rettungsgrabungen haben im Kanton Schaffhausen (Schweiz) seit den 1980er-Jahren ein umfangreiches mittelalterliches und neuzeitliches Fundmaterial zu Tage gefördert. Da dieses zu einem Großteil aus geschlossenen Grubenkomplexen stammt, wurde beim 2001 angestoßenen Auswertungsprojekt die Idee verfolgt, die Gefäß- und Ofenkeramik nicht über externe Vergleiche, sondern mit Hilfe einer computergestützten Seriation/Korrespondenzanalyse
möglichst aus sich heraus in eine chronologische
Abfolge zu bringen. Für eine konsistente formale Ansprache wurde zunächst eine einheitliche Typologie entwickelt und darauf basierend eine fundstellenübergreifende Datenbank aufgebaut. Um die statistische Datenbasis zu verbessern, wurden auch geeignete Fundkomplexe aus benachbarten Regionen aufgenommen. Die Seriation erwies sich dabei als gutes Werkzeug nicht nur zur Eruierung einer zeitlichen Abfolge, sondern auch zur Überprüfung der  Typendefinitionen.
So konnten etwa zunächst als sehr langlebig erscheinende Formen durch den Einbezug weiterer
Merkmale feiner aufgeschlüsselt oder verwandte Typen mit identischer Laufzeit bisweilen zusammengefasst werden. Mit der Publikation der Resultate durch Homberger und Zubler wurde 2011 die Auswertung zu einem vorläufigen Abschluss gebracht.12 Gleichzeitig wurden auch die Datengrundlagen der Seriation veröffentlicht und für weiterführende Arbeiten zur Verfügung gestellt (www.archaeologie.
sh.ch). Seither wurde die „Schaffhauser Typologie“ mehrfach rezipiert, überprüft und teilweise durch neue Typenvarianten erweitert. Um diese verstreut publizierten Arbeiten zusammenzufassen, gibt es derzeit Pläne, die „Schaffhauser Typologie“ mittelfristig online verfügbar zu machen, verbunden allenfalls mit der Möglichkeit, neue Typendefinitionen und Datierungsansätze per Formular einzureichen und nach einer Überprüfung gegebenenfalls zu publizieren.

In this article a new analysis and chronological determination of the Venetic inscriptions from Ateste (Este)ß is undertaken. Recent chronological re-assignment of some burial contexts from Este, resulting from new archaeological investigations, has given the opportunity to a new epigraphic analysis. The processing of the epigraphic corpus has been made using the tool ‘Seriate’ of the Bonn Archaeological Software Package (BASP).

Cataloging, processing and evaluation of 111 burial finds from a Lengyel Culture settlement in Svodín, Southwest Slovakia, dated cca 4800 calBC.

Katalogizácia, spracovanie a vyhodnotenie hrobových nálezov zo sídliska lengyelskej kultúry vo Svodíne. Aplikácia počítačovo podporovaných postupov a formalizovaných typologických metód viedli k vypracovaniu vnútornej chronológie hrobových celkov. Hľadanie štruktúr metódou vektorovej syntézy, zhlukovania a vypracovanie chronologickej sekvencie korešpondenčnou analýzou typologických skupín hrobov. Boli vyčlenené 4 chronologicko-typologické fázy, z ktorých dve staršie spadajú do fázy Lengyel IA. Bol dokumentovaný vývoj pohrebného rítu na základe skladby a distribúcie príloh v hroboch. Demografické a chronologické zloženie skupín hrobov naznačuje že boli súčasťou sídliska.

In northern Georgia, regional diversity has rendered a comprehensive Woodland ceramic chronology unrealistic. Large, ill-conceived study areas, lack of recognition of mixing in excavated assemblages, dependence on typologies invented for much coarser work, and continued respect to presumed period “diagnostics” are common issues. We argue that better tools are needed, and advocate for mode-based classification and the formal seriation of assemblages as a foundation for chronology building. When the focus is a smaller portion of northwest Georgia, the relative frequency of certain ceramic modes are reliable for ordering site components. A picture of strong ceramic continuity emerges within a series of arbitrarily defined pottery periods, within which change is the norm. An approach that merges radiometric dates with mode-based chronologies will allow us to track cultural implications and to critically reassess the named culture periods inherited from the literature.

In this paper, two types of analysis are presented in order to chronologically classify certain lithic artifacts in Salt and Dry Puna and the South-Central Andes. In the first instance, the value attributed to certain artifacts, particularly projectile points and no other diagnostic value are discussed. It argues that the concept of operational chain allows considering the chronological and cultural aspects that may have an artifact, beyond its function. Then, seriation of diagnostic artifacts found in dated contexts frequently mentioned in various literature sources are presented. A correspondence analysis was realized to assign a timeline on surface sites of early and middle Holocene, and various artifacts in the town of Susques, Province of Jujuy. Finally, the implication of the sequence thus constructed will be discussed, both locally and regionally, in the framework of a discussion on technological change and transmission networks of technological information.

This document is part of the authors 'data archive' of the work he has undertaken on the Egyptian Predynastic. The document consists of a tabulated seriation of the pottery types from the Early Predynastic: PNC I / Nagada I. As there appears to be very little correspondence between the revised seriation and Kaiser’s relative sequencing of ceramic types and wares, the reliability of the entire stufen system must be further questioned.

The application of typological methods is a well-known means to find regularities within an archaeological assemblage. A formalized approach is needed when dealing with larger sets of data to eliminate bias arising from defining types a priori and searching for structures which we already expect to exist. By creating a quantitative descriptive system and using multivariate statistic methods we are able to identify similarities and dissimilarities between single artefacts as well as between individual find complexes. These similarities (or factors) represent chronological and cultural relationships as well as post-deposition transformations. We can further sort find complexes using seriation (e.g. correspondence analysis) to elaborate a chronological sequence. This paper presents an application of a formalized typological and chronological method on graves and their inventories from the Lengyel Culture settlement in Svodín (Southwest Slovakia) using multivariate statistical analysis.

The map reproduced in this short report is the product of a 2011 pottery seriation, which is itself part of a long running project into the chronology of the Egyptian Predynastic. The map displays the relative chronological ordering of a number of graves in the ‘Great New Race’ Predynastic cemetery at Nagada, an analysis of which shows both chronologically homogeneous and heterogeneous areas within the parameters of the cemetery. The clearest homogeneous area consists of a dense population of PNC/Nagada 1 graves which are sited at the mouth of the wadi and adjacent to the presumed location of the Predynastic walled settlement of South Town.

We describe the development of a new chronology for the Postclassic site of Calixtlahuaca, Toluca, Mexico. We identify
three ceramic phases using discriminant analysis of decorated and plainware types. These phases are consistent with excavated stratigraphy, as well as a series of 54 radiocarbon dates. We then assign absolute dates to the phases using Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates and historical information on the date of site abandonment. The resulting chronology identifies three phases at the site: Dongu (A.D. 1130–1380), Ninupi (A.D. 1380–1450), and Yata (A.D. 1450–1530). We then discuss the local and regional implications of the chronology. More broadly, our results demonstrate the utility of using multiple, complementary methods for developing more precise chronologies.

Temporal variation in the morphology and decoration of late Middle Archaic (ca. 6000-5000 B.P.) bone pins from the middle Mississippi and lower Ohio River valleys is explored. A preliminary chronology of pin morphology and decoration is proposed based on seriation, radiocarbon dates, stratigraphy, associations between engraved decoration and head morphology, and similarities in head shape and cross section. Square-top pins appear to be the earliest forms, occurring prior to 5500 B.P. Square-top pins are followed by fishtail/fishtail-cruciform, double-expanded, spade-top, blunt-top, T-top, and crutch-top pins. Pin cross section changes from flat and broad to narrow and oval during this succession of forms. Engraved decoration varies in frequency and form, with straight line decorations peaking in popularity earlier than concentric line designs.

During the Epiclassic period (AD 600–900), the northern frontier of Mesoamerica consisted of a regional network of polities focused on large, hilltop centers, including the site of La Quemada in the Malpaso Valley of Zacatecas, Mexico. Although extensive archaeological research has been conducted at the site, the refinement of its chronology is essential for two reasons: (1) to establish the chronological control necessary to characterize social processes diachronically and (2) to ensure that the occupational history of La Quemada is accurately integrated into the regional chronology of the northern frontier. A combination of frequency seriation, correspondence analysis, and discriminant function analysis results in the recognition of three occupational phases across the areas excavated by the La Quemada-Malpaso Valley Archaeological Project (LQ-MVAP). Our three-phase chronology independently confirms both the intra-context ordering of analytic units and the previously proposed growth trajectory of the site: beginning in the monumental core, expanding into the western flank, and later retracting back into the core. The separation of the LQ-MVAP material record into chronological phases means it is now possible to track changes in the social processes that may have contributed to the formation, maintenance, and decline of La Quemada and other northern frontier polities.

Durante el Epiclásico (600–900 dC), la frontera septentrional de Mesoamérica consistió en una red regional de grupos concentrados en sus respectivos centros ceremoniales, incluido el sitio de La Quemada, Zacatecas. Aunque se han llevado a cabo varios proyectos en este sitio, es esencial un refinamiento de su cronología por dos motivos: (1) establecer el control cronológico necesario para caracterizar los procesos sociales locales diacrónicamente y (2) asegurar que se integre con precisión la historia ocupacional de La Quemada a la cronología regional de la frontera septentrional. La combinación de seriación cerámica, análisis de correspondencia y análisis de funciones discriminantes permite identificar tres fases ocupacionales a través de las áreas excavadas por el Proyecto La Quemada-Valle de Malpaso (LQ-MVAP). Dicha cronología de tres fases confirma tanto el orden de unidades analíticas adentro de ciertos contextos, como la trayectoria de crecimiento del sitio propuesta previamente, empezando en el núcleo monumental, expandiéndose para abarcar la falda occidental del cerro y luego replegándose una vez más hacia el núcleo. El hecho de poder separar el registro arqueológico observado por el LQ-MVAP en fases cronológicas permite rastrear los procesos sociales que pudieron haber contribuido a la formación, el mantenimiento y la caída de La Quemada y otros centros de la región.

The discovery of approximatively seven hundred offering tables within the royal necropolis of Pepy I brought to light the necessity to implement a new, more specific method for dating. A seriation model for measuring the chronological development has been formulated in order to date this material ranging from the 6th to 11th dynasties. A seriation obtained by a permuted matrix is presented in this paper from a methodological point of view, illustrated by forty examples of dating criteria.

Zooplankton play an important role in ocean food web as they ingest phytoplankton which in turn ingested by small fishes. Thus, the decrease population of zooplankton may indicate less population of fish. The study was conducted to provide analysis of marine zooplankton distribution model and seriation index across different types of habitat in the marine water of Opol, Misamis Oriental Philippines. The integration of the occurrence of data sets obtained from the three (3) sampling sites along with the environmental variables from BIO-ORACLE and Maxent software was able to generate the GIS-based zooplankton distribution model. Findings revealed that three (3) groups of zooplankton were identified namely, copepods, noncopepods and gastropods, with the total of twenty nine (29) species. Copepods mainly consume phytoplankton and other photosynthetic plants (herbivores), while non-copepods mainly consume its own kind (carnivores). The findings implied that the marine water is still suitable for its survival. However, the predominating carnivorous zooplankton species may indicate slight
tolerance to the existing water quality as well as to the insufficient food resources. Similarly, Geographic Information System (GIS) is an effective tool for generating maps on the distribution of species that will be used for future conservation and protection of coastal waters.

Keywords: Zooplankton, Seriation, GIS, Habitat

This dissertation is an archaeological study of statecraft in the Virú Valley, Peru, during the Early Intermediate Period (ca. 400 B.C. – A.D. 800). Virú was the subject of an influential research program in the 1940s (the Virú Valley Project), which produced important datasets for studying early complex societies in the region. But recent work has begun to upend many of the original conclusions, pointing to the need for a thorough review of the chronological foundation on which they rested, and calling for the re-analysis of ancient settlement patterns and infrastructure projects as proxies of the increasing centralization of authority during this key period of Andean prehistory.

The starting point for this research is Gordon Willey’s (1953) settlement pattern study and James Ford’s (1949) ceramic seriation—what I call the Ford-Willey sequence. These were seminal works but their conclusions are no longer entirely tenable. The first part of this dissertation re-analyses and updates Ford’s work. It is concluded that corporate and domestic ware ceramics are fundamentally different classes of object that developed along separate timescales and should not be seriated together, that the Virú Valley sequence shows far more continuity than the Ford-Willey sequence indicated, and that the period from ca. 400 B.C. – A.D. 750 should be considered a single cultural sequence—Virú—with an Early, Middle, and Late phase. This updated cultural sequence for Virú provides a more reliable scheme for dating settlement patterns than was previously available. The second part of this dissertation explores Early and Middle Virú statecraft by mapping sites using satellite photography and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software. It is concluded that the valley was unified into a single polity with its capital at the Gallinazo Group during the Middle Virú Period, and that this polity sponsored a program of infrastructure building to materialize its power and to develop political authority over valley.

Appendices are available as supplementary files from http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2687/. A kmz file of all sites is also available.