Sequoia

Debugging large-scale parallel applications is challenging. In most HPC applications, parallel tasks progress in a coordinated fashion, and thus a fault in one task can quickly propagate to other tasks, making it difficult to debug. Finding the least-progressed tasks can significantly reduce the effort to identify the task where the fault originated. However, existing approaches for detecting them suffer low accuracy and large overheads; either they use imprecise static analysis or are unable to infer progress dependence inside loops. We present a loop-aware progress-dependence analysis tool, Prodometer, which determines relative progress among parallel tasks via dynamic analysis. Our fault-injection experiments suggest that its accuracy and precision are over 90% for most cases and that it scales well up to 16,384 MPI tasks. Further, our case study shows that it significantly helped diagnosing a perplexing error in MPI, which only manifested at large scale.

• Premise of the study : Leaves at the tops of most trees are smaller, thicker, and in many other ways different from leaves on the lowermost branches. This height-related variation in leaf structure has been explained as acclimation to differing light environments and, alternatively, as a consequence of hydrostatic, gravitational constraints on turgor pressure that reduce leaf expansion.
• Methods : To separate hydrostatic effects from those of light availability, we used anatomical analysis of height-paired samples from the inner and outer tree crowns of tall redwoods ( Sequoia sempervirens ).
• Key results : Height above the ground correlates much more strongly with leaf anatomy than does light availability. Leaf length, width, and mesophyll porosity all decrease linearly with height and help explain increases in leaf-mass-to-area ratio and decreases in both photosynthetic capacity and internal gas-phase conductance with increasing height. Two functional traits — leaf thickness and transfusion tissue — also increase with height and may improve water-stress tolerance. Transfusion tissue area increases enough that whole-leaf vascular volume does not change signifi cantly with height in most trees. Transfusion tracheids become deformed with height, suggesting they may collapse under water stress and act as a hydraulic buffer that improves leaf water status and reduces the likelihood of xylem dysfunction.
• Conclusions : That such variation in leaf structure may be caused more by gravity than by light calls into question use of the terms “ sun ” and “ shade ” to describe leaves at the tops and bottoms of tall tree crowns.

A new abietane, namely, 20-hydroxyferruginol (1), together with known ferruginol (2), 18-hydroxyferruginol (3), sugiol (4), and 6α-hydroxysugiol (5), were isolated from the cones of Sequoia sempervirens. Their structures were elucidated through spectral data. Compounds 1 and 5 strongly inhibited colon, lung, and breast human tumors and oncogene transformed cells with GI50 2–5 μg/mL.New 20-hydroxyferruginol (1) was isolated from the cones of Sequoia sempervirens. Their structures were elucidated by spectral data. Compound 1 strongly inhibited human tumor cells.

Evaluations of plant water use in ecosystems around the world reveal a shared capacity by many different species to absorb rain, dew, or fog water directly into their leaves or plant crowns. This mode of water uptake provides an important water subsidy that relieves foliar water stress. Our study provides the first comparative evaluation of foliar uptake capacity among the

The morphogenetic potential of node, internode and leaf explants of Brahmi [Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst.] was investigated to develop reliable protocols for shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis. The explants were excised from shoots raised from axillary buds of nodal explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Presence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin influenced the degree of callus formation, from which a large number of shoot buds regenerated. Leaf explants gave the largest number of shoot buds followed by node and internode explants. BA was superior to kinetin; BA at 1.5 – 2.0 mg/l appeared to be optimum for inducing the maximum number of shoot buds. MS + 0.1 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid was the most suitable for shoot elongation. Elongated shoots were rooted on full- or half-strength MS medium with or without 0.5 – 1.0 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid or 0.5 – 1.0 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid. The rooted plants were successfully established in soil. Calli derived from nodal explants cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), when subcultured on MS medium containing 0.1 or 0.5 mg/l BA or 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 or 0.5 mg/l kinetin, developed somatic embryos. The somatic embryos germinated either on the same media or on MS basal medium, and the resulting plantlets were successfully transplanted to soil.

A new abietane, namely, 20-hydroxyferruginol (1), together with known ferruginol (2), 18-hydroxyferruginol (3), sugiol (4), and 6α-hydroxysugiol (5), were isolated from the cones of Sequoia sempervirens. Their structures were elucidated through spectral data. Compounds 1 and 5 strongly inhibited colon, lung, and breast human tumors and oncogene transformed cells with GI50 2–5 μg/mL.New 20-hydroxyferruginol (1) was isolated from the cones of Sequoia sempervirens. Their structures were elucidated by spectral data. Compound 1 strongly inhibited human tumor cells.