Seal

Seals can help to identify the unknown aspects a culture. Parthian seals and bullaes not only have played an important role in business in the community, but also they are important to identify the art and culture of this period. Except a few reports about Parthian site and a few works that can be found in collections and museums little has been written with regard to the seals of this period. Therefore, the aim of the present study is the introduction of Parthian seals and Bullae, the designs carved on them and understanding their functional role. The results show that make a distinction between the bullaes and seals of Seleucid and those of Parthian periods is often difficult. Parthian seals are inspired by the traditions of Achaemenid, Greece, Central Asia animals and the local styles. Common motifs of the seals are human bust, winged mythical creatures, full-length human, horseman and deer.

Seals are one of the most important archaeological findings that provide reliable information about geographical names and job positions of the past. During Sasanian period seals were used by individual government officials. The use of seals expanded with the growth of Sasanian economy. In the archives of the Bu'ali Museum of Hamadan, 23 Sassanid seals from the Asadabad area are kept. Eleven of these seals have motifs of human, six have animal motifs, one has hand motif and two others hybrid mythological. The present research deals with the ten seals. Among these ten seals, five have human image (four a man's image and one a woman image), four seals have animal designs (three bull and one ram) and one is a monogram seal. The purpose of this research is to document, read inscriptions and examine the roles of these seals.

The beginning of the Iron Age on the Caspian Sea coast and the adjacent areas on the Iranian plateau and the neighboring lands was accompanied by extensive social, political and cultural changes that led to the collapse of urban centers and exchange economics, the formation of scattered and rural communities, which were often followed by livestock or nomadic economics. Changes in the social structures in the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, for whatever reason, caused extensive changes in the cultural material of the Iranian plateau and the Caspian Sea and formed settlement patterns from which only the associated cemeteries have often been identified and excavated. However, the residential structures, the spatial organization of the settlements and their relationship with the cemeteries are not well known. Excavation at Tepe Parija, 3 km from Qaem-Shahr-Kiakola road on the low shores of the Caspian Sea, resulted in the identification of two stages of settlement from the Iron Age and the Early Islamic period. The Iron Age finds include pottery, metal objects, stones, bones, animal remains, and the remnants of architectural structures. According to the obtained evidence, the largest volume of cultural layers in Parija is related to the Iron Age. The present study indicates that the Parija Tepe has an important place not only in better understanding of the pottery traditions of the Iron Age in the Caspian lowlands, but also in identifying mud-brick architecture and the pattern of sedentary life in this region. Further archaeological excavations of the site will undoubtedly give a clearer perspective on the social organization and settlement patterns of the Iron Age in the coastal areas of northern Iran.

The work is devoted to the found old Russian seal of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, accompanying her three fragments of Western European denarii and the fragment of a silver ingot. The seal, coins and a piece of ingot were found in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region of the Republic of Belarus.

AS ELSEWHERE IN the premodern world, seals — and, even more importantly,conceptions of seals, and of the human behaviors that featured them — were central to the practice of religion in premodern China. They are perhaps most famous in what are called the “ Esoteric, ” or Tantric, forms of Buddhism in China, which, as in India, feature hand gestures and bodily postures known as mudrās — literally “ seal ” in Sanskrit — a word that in Chinese is straightforwardly translated by the main word for seal (and stamp) in that language: yin 印 . Beyond ritual postures, and again following Indic conventions, seals in the Esoteric traditions also provided
central metaphors for a range of practices and ideas in the Esoteric traditions. Seals indeed — in part due to the infusion of Indic conceptions and practices — possessed a nearly unmatched richness of polysemy in Chinese religious discourse and practice. But they did more thanprovide metaphors for practice: actual seals (and stamps) also had their places in the hand of Chinese religious specialists of a range of traditions and
styles. Echoing both older Chinese and Indic techniques alike, seals in the period treated here (ca. 600 – 1000 CE, an age sometimes called “ late medieval ” ) were key tools of ritualists, employed either as adjuncts to spells or as the delivery mechanisms of inscribed spells or talismanic texts and images. These metaphors and physical practices, and the interplay between them, are the subject of this brief survey.

This paper presents a new model of fault development in carbonate rocks involving a crack-seal-slip sequence. The structures of sheared calcite veins from the Les Matelles outcrop, Languedoc (S. France), and the observations used to construct this new model which integrates aspects of `crack-seal' evolution of calcite-®lled veins with concepts of fault valve behaviour are described. In our model, hydraulic mode I reopening of an oblique pre-existing vein in an overall strike-slip stress regime is accompanied by precipitation of calcite, but signi®cant fault slip cannot occur initially despite this obliquity because the ends of the pre-existing structure limit further reopening propagation beyond the tips. The rate of aligned calcite precipitation keeps pace with the rate of dilation of the structure, so that calcite cement essentially seals the system. Stress concentrations at the tips are allowed to rise with reopening until failure of the tip zone results in branch crack formation, triggering both slip along the vein and hydraulic pressure drop. This is followed by sealing within the branch cracks. Such a crack-seal-slip cycle may be repeated several times, as evidenced by fault-perpendicular calcite vein growth interlayered with calc-mylonite lamellae within these structures. Later cycles will become less pronounced because strength recovery of the sealed branch cracks does not regain the initial strength of the intact rock. This model could apply at various scales, and could be a mechanism for triggering
earthquakes.

Sokolov I.A. “Will not disappoint – not to sell”: falsification and fraud in Russian-Chinese tea trade 18-early 19 century // Coffee & Tea in Russia: business magazine, no. 6 (109) for 2013. – PP. 42 – 45.
Соколов И.А. «Не обманешь – не продашь»: фальсификация и мошенничество в русско-китайской чайной торговле 18 – начала 19 века // Кофе & Чай в России: деловой журнал, №6 (109) за 2013 г. – С. 42 – 45.

IRAN's governmental and administration system has changed throughout the history. Some of the jobs and government positions have been disappeared in this procedure, as well as some administrative terminology used in certain periods that are no longer common. Perhaps even, some of these terms have transformed semantically, and today their exact definition and application is unclear to us. Using these terms in their literary and historical texts, the Iranian authors (writers or poets) have occasionally created fantastic interpretations and combinations. Searching for the main meanings of such words/terms used in ancient texts and paying attention to the meanings the writers or the poets intended to transfer can provide a more accurate understanding of the past administrative organization. "Parvāneh" is one of the above mentioned governmental terms had been used in both ancient Persian and Arabic texts and has been semantically transformed. The use of this term, its related interpretation and idiomatic combinations have been studied, in present research, focusing on some outstanding literary and historical texts created up to 8th century AH, and it has been tried to find its accurate meaning and position in the past government agencies. On the basis of the results the meanings are: commandment, permission, bill or document, seal, courier, servant and chamberlain.

ABSTRACT. Preparation procedures as well as ordinary use apparently cause changes in the appearance of Inuit skin clothing. These changes may alter the inherent properties of skin, such as fatty acid composition and shrinkage temperature. The present paper describes studies of fatty acid distribution and shrinkage temperature in a series of items of Inuit origin collected during the Fifth Thule Expedition (1921 –24). The skins used for the clothing originate from ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus). For comparison, freshly prepared skins were studied, as were samples of sealskins found in the mummy burial ground in Qilakitsoq, Greenland. It appeared that ordinary use changed the fatty acid distribution to some extent, as well as the shrinkage temperature, indicating slow deterioration. However, more significant deterioration was observed for samples exposed for longer periods to daylight as, for example, when placed on exhibition. The effect of light was veri...

Cild, yazılanı muhafaza etme gayesiyle oldukça eski tarihlerden itibaren yapılagelmiş kitap kaplarına verilen isimdir. Adını, yapımında en yaygın kullanılan malzeme olan deriden almaktadır. Erken örnekleri Mısır ve Yemen’de görülen İslam cildlerinin şimdiye kadar üç tipi tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar; kutu cild, miklebli cild ve miklebsiz cilddir. Genellikle kodeks formda üretilmiş Orta çağ İslâm yazmaları, miklebli veya miklebsiz cildlerle muhafaza edilmişlerdir. Orta çağ İslâm cildlerinin Anadolu coğrafyasında tespit edilmiş en önemli örnekleri; Selçuklu, İlhanlı, Memlük ve Beylikler döneminde görülmektedir. Bu dönem cildleri, yapım ve tezyînât teknikleri bakımından mühim olduğu kadar üzerlerinde yer alan mühürleri bakımından da önemi haizdir. Damga olarak da isimlendirilebilecek bu mühürlerin şimdiye kadar tespit edilmiş örneklerinin içerisinde ya isim ya da dua ibâreleri yer almaktadır. İçerisinde isim yer alan mühürler incelendiğinde onların cildlerin mücellidlerine işaret ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak içerisinde dua ibâresi yer alan mühürler detaylı olarak ele alınmadığı için henüz anlaşılamamaktadır. Çalışmamızda bu mühür türünden olan “Sikatî billah” yazılı mühür ele alınmaktadır. Bu ibâre, “Güvenim Allah’adır” anlamına gelen Arapça bir isim cümlesidir. Tarafımızca yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde Hasan Paşa, Yusuf Ağa ve İnebey Yazma Eser Kütüphanelerindeki 4 farklı cildde bu mühür tespit edilmiştir. Mührün görüldüğü cildlerin dördü de malzeme, teknik ve bezeme özellikleri bakımından 13. yüzyıla tarihlendirilmiştir. Cildlerde görülen mühürlerin ortak tek bir çivi ile yapılıp yapılmadığı net değildir. Ancak mühür içeriğinin tevekkül maksatlı bir dua ibâresi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

'Sikati Billah' Seal On Medieval Islamic Bookbinding Bookbinding is the name given to the book covers that have been made since the ancient times for the purpose of preserving the writing. It takes its name from leather, which is the most widely used material in its construction. Three types of Islamic bookbinding, of which early examples are seen in Egypt and Yemen, have been identified so far. These are box binding, binding with envelope flap and binding without envelope flap. Medieval Islamic manuscripts, generally produced in codec form, were preserved with or without envelope flap. The most important examples of medieval Islamic bookbinding identified in Anatolian geography; it can be seen during the Seljuks, Ilkhanids, Mamluks and Principalities period. The bookbinding of this period are important in terms of construction and decoration techniques as well as their seals on them. Among the examples of these seals, which can also be called stamps, are either names or prayer phrases. When the seals with the name are examined, it is understood that they point to the bookbinders of the bookbindings. However, the seals with prayer words are not yet understood, since they are not covered in detail. In our study, "Sikati billah" seal, which is a seal type, is discussed. This phrase is an Arabic noun phrase meaning "In Allah I trust".

SEAL is a comprehensive, whole-school approach to promoting the social and emotional skills that are thought to underpin effective learning, positive behaviour, regular attendance, and emotional well-being (Department for Education and Skills, 2005)1. It was first implemented as part ...

Photomosaics are a new form of art in which smaller digital images (known as tiles) are used to construct larger images. Photomosaic generation not only creates interest in the digital arts area but has also attracted interest in the area of evolutionary computing. The photomosaic generation process may be viewed as an arrangement optimisation problem, for a given set of tiles and suitable target to be solved using evolutionary computing. In this paper we assess two methods used to represent photomosaics, genetic algorithms (GAs) and genetic programming (GP), in terms of their flexibility and efficiency. Our results show that although both approaches sometimes use the same computational effort, GP is capable of generating finer photomosaics in fewer generations. In conclusion, we found that the GP representation is richer than the GA representation and offers additional flexibility for future photomosaics generation.

Modeling of the complex tribological behavior of the elastomer parts is required when designing sliding seal applications. Friction, wear, and lubrication mechanisms of rubber-like materials differ from those in case of metals, ceramics, and rigid polymers; therefore, their modeling also requires other techniques. Tribological behavior of a sliding seal was investigated both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental setup, the counterpart of the seal was pressed and rubbed against the section of the seal in various lubrication conditions. The worn surface of the seal was inspected using white light profilometry. The test configuration was modeled by FEA. A wear algorithm (based on the linear wear theory) with an attached damage analysis was applied to the frictional contact simulation. The nonlinear and time dependent material behavior of the seal was also taken into account. The results of the tribological simulation (in which the internal friction and the effects of dama...

Car Setup Optimisation Moises Martınez, Gustavo Recio, Pablo Garcıa, Emilio Martın, and Yago Saez Department of Computer Science, University Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Spain {moises. martinez, emilio. martin, gustavo. recio, yago. saez}@ ...

We take a novel approach to Non-Photorealistic Rendering by adapting genetic programming in combination with computer graphics drawing techniques. As a GP tree is evaluated, upon encountering certain nodes referred to as “Draw” nodes, information contained within such nodes are sent to one of three virtual canvasses and a mark is deposited on the canvas. For two of the canvasses the user is able to define custom brushes to be applied to the canvas. Drawing functions are supplied with little localised information regarding the target image. Based on this local data, the drawing functions are enabled to apply contextualized information to the canvas. The obtained results include a “Shroud of Turin” effect, a “Decal” effect and a “Starburst” effect.

Age dependent changes of the mesenteric lymphatic node of Baikal seal were studied. Microanatomical (relative area of structural components) and cytological characteristics of the mesenteric lymphatic node in adolescent (2 and 3 years) and adult (older than 4 years) seals were assessed. It was shown that the area of a sheath and trabeculas is considerably increased with age. Also the area occupied by nodules with light centre considerably decreased and the area taken by nodules without light centre increased with age. Decrease of the area of cerebral matter with age is significant. In the light centre of the lymphatic node the amount of blast forms of cells, the number of plasma cells and destructively changed cells increased with age. Density of cells in the light centre is higher in the adult animals than adolescent ones. Density of cells in medullar zone is higher in adults. The increase of reticular and destructively changed cells in paracortical zone with age were observed. The number of medium and small lymphocytes decreased. In the plasma cells’ group an increase in the number of unripe cells and a decrease in the number mature cells with age took place.