Safflower

This study was conducted to determine yield and yield components and oil content of some safflower varieties during winter season of 2017-2018, in Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Research Field. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. Eight safflower varieties (Olas, Asol, Linas, Zirkon, Göktürk, Balcı, Dincer, Olein) were used as plant material. The result of this study showed that the investigated plant parameters were significant among the tested safflower varieties. According to the results; seed yield (262.78 kg da-1), crude oil content (38.49%) and crude oil yield (101.17 kg da-1) were greater in Asol variety, number of heads per plant (16.20 pieces) and 1000 seed weight (45.56 g) were greater in Dinçer variety, first branch height (115.90 cm) and plant height (163.67 cm) were greater in Linas variety. Göktürk was a superior variety in terms of number of seeds provided per head (23.70 pieces). Although the number of branches per plant (8.50 pieces) was greater in Balci variety, seed and crude oil yield were lower in the same variety. The results indicated that safflower variety Asol can be successfully cultivated in Hatay conditions.

Interleaves are pieces of paper which are meant to protect illuminations, illustrations, and opposite folios from pigment and ink deterioration. The Dalā’il al-Khayrāt or ‘Guidelines to the Blessings’, one of the most widespread prayer books for Muslims, was written by Muhammad ibn Sulaymān al- Jazūlī (died c.1465 CE), a Moroccan mystic Sufi. Depending on the place and date of production, from West (Morocco) to East (Southeast Asia), the manuscripts reflect local styles in the text design and the cover. From the sixteenth up to the end of the nineteenth century, some Moroccan copies were supplied with interleaves which were dyed in a colour range from pale yellow to bright fuchsia. This study comprises seven copies from collections in Qatar for which the physical features of the interleaves were studied and the dyestuffs were identified with HPLC. The analyses conducted at KIK-IRPA in Brussels have revealed that safflower was used as the main dyestuff until the industrial era, when imported synthetic dyes supplanted natural colorants. Conservation issues were also raised since early synthetic dyes found were very unstable to environmental factors. Then, the significance of these materials was explored in comparison with the silk curtains found in European medieval manuscripts. 
KEYWORDS: Dyestuff, safflower, interleaves, Moroccan manuscripts, Dalā’il al-Khayrāt, HPLC-DAD, safranin, mono azo dyes

In this study the kinetics of oil extraction from partially dehulled safflower seeds under two moisture conditions (7 and 9% dry basis) was investigated. The extraction assays were performed using a stirred batch system, thermostated at 50 °C, using n-hexane as solvent. The data obtained were fitted to a modified diffusion model in order to represent the extraction kinetics. The model took into account a washing and a diffusive step. Fitting parameters were compared statistically for both moisture conditions. The oil yield increased with the extraction time in both cases, although the oil was released at different rates. A comparison of the parameters showed that both the portion extracted in the washing phase and the effective diffusion coefficient were moisture-dependent. The effective diffusivities were 2.81 10-12 and 8.06 10-13 m 2 s-1 for moisture contents of 7% and 9%, respectively.

Silver nanoparticles are widely used in industry, medicine, biotechnology and agriculture. As a consequence, these nanoparticles are reaching the environment as waste products, which might have a negative impact on the environment, especially on plants. In this study, the effects of two concentrations (5 and 7 ppm) of silver nanoparticles on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) were investigated in vitro. Increased germination rate in from 70% (in non treated control) up to 90% (in 7 ppm nanosilver treated seeds) was bserved. 5% higher dry weight biomas in 5 ppm nanosilver treated plants and 12% lower biomas in 7% treated ones as compared to their non-treated controls confirmed that the toxicity threshold level is between these two concentrations. Increased thickness of epidermis layer and root hairs length as well as deletion of schloranchima cells in roots under silver nanoparticle was observed in anatomical study of safflower. The results also showed a remarkable decrease in and proline content in root while induction of MDA and proline content was observed in shoot under nanosilver treatment that can be an indicator for induction of oxidative stress in shoot by treatment. Moreover, nanosilver causes induction of chlrophyll a, total chlrophyll and carotenoid contenten in safflower.

Türkiye, gerek yağlı tohum gerekse bir endüstriyel ürün olarak yağ açısından büyük ölçüde dışa ba-ğımlı durumdadır. Coğrafi şartları sayesinde ise Türkiye, çok sayıda yağlı tohum ve yağ elde edilen bitkilerin yetiştirilebildiği bir ülke olup söz konusu ürünlerde dünya ortalamasının üzerinde verim alınmaktadır. Öte yandan artan nüfusa karşılık yağ üretiminin düşük kalması ve sağlıklı beslenme adına kişi başına tüketilen yağın çok altında bulunuyor oluşu büyük bir problem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmamızda son yıllarda dikkat çekici bir gelişme yaşanan ve 2014'te Cumhuriyet tarihinin en yüksek üretim değerine ulaşılan aspir, ziraat coğrafyası odağında incelenmiştir. Bitkinin botanik ve ekonomik özelliklerinin yanı sıra coğrafi dağılımı ve yetişme şartları analiz edilmiştir. Bunun için de başlıca aspir üreticisi Konya, Ankara, Yozgat ve Kırıkkale illerinde üretim yerinde in-celenmiş ve üreticilerle mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aspirin özellikle son yıllarda bir enerji bitkisi olarak biyodizel imalinde de aranan bir ürün haline gelmesi de çalışmamızda üzerinde durduğumuz bir konudur. Bu kapsamda Türkiye'nin aspir yetiştiriciliği, potansiyeli ve yapılması gerekenler bir bütün halinde ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır.

Turkiye is highly dependent on foreign oil as an industrial product and as oleaginous seed. By means of its geographical conditions Turkiye is a sufficient land where a lot of oleaginous seed and the seeds which are efficient for gaining oil from and the rendement obtained is above the world ava-rage value. On the other hand, an essential problems in this matter are that the oil production has a low ratio comparing the increasing of the population and the oil consumption per person in means of health nutrition. In this investment safflower which has reached its pike production value during of the republic history in 2014 is examined in terms of agriculture. The botanical, economical features , geographical distribution and growth conditions are analysed. For this reason the place of production has been examined and interviews were conducted with manufacturers in main producer of safflower Konya, Ankara, Yozgat and Kirikkale province. It is only emphasized in our study that safflower has become a highly demanded product for biodiesel production in terms of an energy plant during recent years. In this scope combination of the issues of safflower farming, potential of it and works ought to be done are tried to be submitted.